Force and Energy

Curved mirrors - Types of curved mirrors
Curved mirrors - Terms associated with concave mirrors

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe the types of curved mirrors
- Differentiate between concave and convex mirrors
- Appreciate the applications of curved mirrors in day to day life

- Discuss the types of curved mirrors (concave, convex, and parabolic surfaces)
- Use shiny spoons to demonstrate the difference between concave and convex reflective surfaces
- Observe and record how images are formed by the inner and outer surfaces of the spoon

How are curved mirrors used in day to day life?

- Mentor Integrated Science (pg. 133)
- Shiny spoons
- Digital resources on curved mirrors
- Mentor Integrated Science (pg. 135)
- Digital resources
- Charts showing the structure of a concave mirror

- Observation - Oral questions - Written assignments

Force and Energy

Curved mirrors - Determining focal length of concave mirror
Curved mirrors - Ray diagrams for concave mirrors
Curved mirrors - Image formation by concave mirrors (beyond C)
Curved mirrors - Image formation by concave mirrors (at C)

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain how to determine the focal length of a concave mirror
- Perform an experiment to determine the focal length of a concave mirror
- Value the practical approach in determining properties of mirrors

- Draw ray diagrams to locate images when objects are placed beyond C
- Describe the characteristics of images formed
- Appreciate the systematic approach in determining image properties

- Set up a concave mirror to focus an image of a distant object on a screen
- Measure the distance between the mirror and the screen
- Record and analyze the results to determine the focal length
- Draw ray diagrams to locate images when objects are placed beyond the center of curvature
- Use the ray diagrams to determine image characteristics (size, position, nature)
- Compare theoretical predictions with practical observations

Why is it important to know the focal length of a concave mirror?
What are the characteristics of images formed when objects are placed beyond the center of curvature?

- Mentor Integrated Science (pg. 137)
- Concave mirrors
- Rulers
- White screens or plain paper
- Mirror holders
- Mentor Integrated Science (pg. 140)
- Plain paper
- Pencils
- Drawing instruments
- Mentor Integrated Science (pg. 143)
- Concave mirrors
- Drawing instruments
- Digital resources
- Mentor Integrated Science (pg. 144)

- Observation - Practical assessment - Written reports
- Observation - Ray diagram assessment - Written descriptions

Force and Energy

Curved mirrors - Image formation by concave mirrors (between C and F)
Curved mirrors - Image formation by concave mirrors (at F)

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Draw ray diagrams to locate images when objects are placed between C and F
- Describe the characteristics of images formed
- Appreciate the systematic approach in determining image properties

- Draw ray diagrams to locate images when objects are placed between the center of curvature and the principal focus
- Determine the characteristics of images formed
- Verify the results through practical observation

What are the characteristics of images formed when objects are placed between the center of curvature and the principal focus?

- Mentor Integrated Science (pg. 145)
- Concave mirrors
- Drawing instruments
- Digital resources
- Mentor Integrated Science (pg. 147)

- Observation - Ray diagram assessment - Written descriptions

Force and Energy

Curved mirrors - Image formation by concave mirrors (between F and P)

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Draw ray diagrams to locate images when objects are placed between F and P
- Describe the characteristics of images formed
- Appreciate the practical applications of this image formation

- Draw ray diagrams to locate images when objects are placed between the principal focus and the pole
- Determine the characteristics of images formed
- Discuss practical applications like magnifying mirrors

What are the characteristics of images formed when objects are placed between the principal focus and the pole?

- Mentor Integrated Science (pg. 148)
- Concave mirrors
- Drawing instruments
- Digital resources

- Observation - Ray diagram assessment - Written descriptions

Force and Energy

Curved mirrors - Characteristics of images formed by concave mirrors
Curved mirrors - Locating images formed by concave mirrors experimentally

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Summarize characteristics of images formed by concave mirrors for different object positions
- Create a comprehensive table of image characteristics
- Value the systematic organization of scientific information

- Create a summary table of image characteristics for different object positions (at infinity, beyond C, at C, between C and F, at F, between F and P)
- Discuss the patterns and relationships observed
- Compare theoretical predictions with practical observations

How do image characteristics vary with object position for concave mirrors?

- Mentor Integrated Science (pg. 149)
- Concave mirrors
- Digital resources
- Previous ray diagrams
- Mentor Integrated Science (pg. 150)
- Mirror holders
- Screens
- Candles or light sources
- Rulers

- Observation - Table completion assessment - Written assignments

Force and Energy

Curved mirrors - Terms associated with convex mirrors
Curved mirrors - Ray diagrams for convex mirrors
Curved mirrors - Image formation by convex mirrors
Curved mirrors - Locating images formed by convex mirrors experimentally

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify the terms associated with convex mirrors
- Compare the structure of convex mirrors with concave mirrors
- Appreciate the differences between concave and convex mirrors

- Draw ray diagrams to locate images formed by convex mirrors
- Describe the characteristics of images formed by convex mirrors
- Appreciate the consistent nature of images formed by convex mirrors

- Discuss the terms associated with convex mirrors (aperture, center of curvature, pole, principal axis, principal focus, focal length)
- Draw and label the parts of a convex mirror
- Compare terms used in convex mirrors with those in concave mirrors
- Draw ray diagrams to locate images formed by convex mirrors for different object positions
- Determine the characteristics of images formed
- Discuss why convex mirrors always form virtual, upright, and diminished images

How does the structure of convex mirrors differ from concave mirrors?
What are the characteristics of images formed by convex mirrors?

- Mentor Integrated Science (pg. 153)
- Convex mirrors
- Digital resources
- Charts showing the structure of convex mirrors
- Mentor Integrated Science (pg. 154)
- Plain paper
- Rulers
- Pencils
- Drawing instruments
- Mentor Integrated Science (pg. 156)
- Convex mirrors
- Drawing instruments
- Digital resources
- Mentor Integrated Science (pg. 159)
- Mirror holders
- Objects of various sizes
- Rulers

- Observation - Drawings and labels - Written assignments
- Observation - Ray diagram assessment - Written descriptions

Force and Energy

Curved mirrors - Applications of curved mirrors (concave mirrors)
Curved mirrors - Applications of curved mirrors (convex mirrors)

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify applications of concave mirrors in daily life
- Explain how the properties of concave mirrors make them suitable for specific applications
- Appreciate the practical importance of curved mirrors

- Research and discuss applications of concave mirrors (magnifying mirrors, dentist mirrors, solar concentrators, projectors)
- Explain how the image-forming properties of concave mirrors relate to their applications
- Demonstrate applications using actual mirrors where possible

What are the practical applications of concave mirrors in our daily lives?

- Mentor Integrated Science (pg. 161)
- Concave mirrors
- Digital resources
- Examples of devices using concave mirrors
- Mentor Integrated Science (pg. 162)
- Convex mirrors
- Examples of devices using convex mirrors

- Observation - Oral presentations - Written assignments

Force and Energy

Curved mirrors - Applications of curved mirrors (parabolic reflectors)

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify applications of parabolic reflectors in daily life
- Explain how the focusing properties of parabolic reflectors make them suitable for specific applications
- Show interest in advanced applications of curved mirrors

- Research and discuss applications of parabolic reflectors (solar cookers, car headlamps, photography equipment)
- Explain the special focusing properties of parabolic surfaces
- Demonstrate applications using models or examples

What are the practical applications of parabolic reflectors in our daily lives?

- Mentor Integrated Science (pg. 163)
- Digital resources
- Examples of devices using parabolic reflectors

- Observation - Oral presentations - Group projects

Force and Energy

Waves - Meaning of waves
Waves - Generating waves in nature

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain the meaning of waves in science
- Describe waves as a transmission of disturbance that carries energy
- Show interest in understanding wave phenomena in nature

- Read the story about John and ripples in the dam
- Discuss what happens when an object is dropped in still water
- Observe the movement of water waves and how they transport energy without moving matter

How are waves applied in our day to day life?

- Mentor Integrated Science (pg. 166)
- Basin with water
- Small objects to drop in water
- Digital resources
- Mentor Integrated Science (pg. 167)
- Rope
- Speakers
- Rice or sand

- Observation - Oral questions - Written assignments

Force and Energy

Waves - Transverse and longitudinal waves
Waves - Classifying waves
Waves - Amplitude and wavelength
Waves - Frequency and period

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Differentiate between transverse and longitudinal waves
- Demonstrate the generation of both types of waves using a slinky spring
- Show interest in classifying waves based on particle movement

- Define amplitude and wavelength of waves
- Identify these parameters on wave diagrams
- Appreciate the importance of these measurements in wave description

- Use a slinky spring to demonstrate transverse waves (moving left to right)
- Use a slinky spring to demonstrate longitudinal waves (moving to-and-fro)
- Compare the motion of particles in both types of waves
- Observe and record the differences between these wave types
- Study diagrams of transverse and longitudinal waves
- Discuss the meaning of amplitude and wavelength
- Identify amplitude and wavelength on various wave diagrams
- Measure these parameters on drawn wave patterns

What is the difference between transverse and longitudinal waves?
How are amplitude and wavelength measured in different types of waves?

- Mentor Integrated Science (pg. 169)
- Slinky springs
- Cloth pieces for marking
- Digital resources showing wave motion
- Mentor Integrated Science (pg. 171)
- Digital resources
- Charts showing different wave types
- Wave demonstration equipment
- Mentor Integrated Science (pg. 172)
- Wave diagrams
- Rulers
- Graph paper
- Digital simulations
- Mentor Integrated Science (pg. 173)
- Digital resources
- String and masses
- Stopwatches

- Observation - Practical assessment - Drawings and diagrams - Written reports
- Observation - Practical measurements - Diagram labeling - Written assignments

Force and Energy

Waves - Practical: Period of waves
Waves - Wave speed

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Determine the period of oscillation experimentally
- Calculate frequency from period measurements
- Value precision and accuracy in scientific measurements

- Set up an experiment with a mass on a string
- Time multiple oscillations and calculate average period
- Calculate frequency from period measurements
- Record and analyze results

How is the period of oscillation measured experimentally?

- Mentor Integrated Science (pg. 175)
- Stands with clamps
- Strings
- Masses
- Stopwatches
- Mentor Integrated Science (pg. 176)
- Calculators
- Wave speed problems
- Digital resources
- Wave demonstration equipment

- Observation - Practical assessment - Data analysis - Written reports

Force and Energy

Waves - Phase of waves

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain the concept of phase in wave motion
- Differentiate between in-phase and out-of-phase oscillations
- Appreciate the mathematical precision in describing wave relationships

- Conduct experiments with identical pendulums oscillating in phase
- Observe pendulums with same frequency but different amplitudes
- Compare pendulums oscillating in opposite directions
- Create and analyze displacement-time graphs for different phase relationships

What determines whether waves are in phase or out of phase?

- Mentor Integrated Science (pg. 178)
- Stands with clamps
- Strings and identical masses
- Stopwatches
- Graph paper

- Observation - Practical assessment - Graph interpretation - Written reports

Force and Energy

Waves - Oscillation in phase
Waves - Oscillation out of phase

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Set up pendulums oscillating in phase
- Compare the displacement-time graphs of in-phase oscillations
- Show curiosity in investigating wave phenomena

- Set up identical pendulums oscillating in phase
- Record period and create displacement-time graphs
- Analyze the characteristics of in-phase oscillations
- Compare theoretical and experimental results

What are the characteristics of oscillations that are in phase?

- Mentor Integrated Science (pg. 179)
- Pendulum apparatus
- Stopwatches
- Measuring equipment
- Graph paper
- Mentor Integrated Science (pg. 181)

- Observation - Practical assessment - Graph construction and analysis - Written reports

Force and Energy

Waves - Characteristics of waves: straight-line motion
Waves - Characteristics of waves: reflection
Waves - Characteristics of waves: bending
Waves - Characteristics of waves: diffraction

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify parts of a ripple tank
- Demonstrate that waves travel in straight lines
- Show interest in systematic investigation of wave properties

- Demonstrate bending (refraction) of waves in a ripple tank
- Explain how wave speed changes with medium depth
- Show interest in how waves interact with different media

- Identify parts of a ripple tank
- Set up a ripple tank to demonstrate straight-line motion of waves
- Observe and trace wave fronts on paper
- Analyze the direction of wave propagation
- Set up a ripple tank with shallow and deep regions
- Generate waves and observe their behavior at the boundary
- Measure and compare wavelengths in different depth regions
- Relate wavelength changes to speed changes

How do we demonstrate that waves travel in straight lines?
How do waves bend when moving between different media?

- Mentor Integrated Science (pg. 183)
- Ripple tank
- Water
- Paper for tracing
- Rulers
- Mentor Integrated Science (pg. 184)
- Metal strips as reflectors
- Paper for tracing wave patterns
- Mentor Integrated Science (pg. 185)
- Ripple tank
- Water
- Glass plate to create shallow region
- Paper for tracing wave patterns
- Mentor Integrated Science (pg. 186)
- Metal barriers with adjustable gaps

- Observation - Practical assessment - Drawing analysis - Written reports

Force and Energy

Waves - Remote sensing in relation to waves
Waves - Transmission, absorption and reflection in remote sensing

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe remote sensing process
- Explain the role of waves in remote sensing
- Show interest in technological applications of wave properties

- Search for information about remote sensing using digital resources
- Discuss the remote sensing process and how waves are used
- Identify where absorption and reflection occur in remote sensing
- Prepare and present findings on remote sensing

How is remote sensing related to waves?

- Mentor Integrated Science (pg. 187)
- Digital resources
- Diagrams of remote sensing processes
- Video clips on remote sensing
- Mentor Integrated Science (pg. 188)
- Examples of remote sensing data

- Observation - Research reports - Oral presentations - Written assignments

Force and Energy

Waves - Applications of waves in everyday life

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify various applications of waves in everyday life
- Explain how wave properties are utilized in different technologies
- Appreciate the importance of waves in modern society

- Research applications of waves in everyday life (communication, medical imaging, entertainment)
- Discuss how specific wave properties are utilized in different applications
- Present findings on wave applications
- Relate wave theory to practical applications

What are the practical applications of waves in our everyday life?

- Mentor Integrated Science (pg. 190)
- Digital resources
- Examples of wave-based technologies
- Video clips on wave applications

- Observation - Research reports - Oral presentations - Written assignments