Force and Energy

Curved mirrors - Types of curved mirrors

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify different types of curved mirrors
- Differentiate between concave, convex and parabolic mirrors
- Show interest in curved mirrors

- Cut out an orange section as instructed
- Make reflecting surfaces using aluminum foil
- Compare reflecting surfaces with concave and convex mirrors
- Discuss types of curved mirrors

How are curved mirrors used in day-to-day life?

- Oxford Integrated Science pg. 111
- Orange, aluminum foil, knife
- Concave and convex mirrors

- Observation - Oral questions - Practical skills assessment

Force and Energy

Curved mirrors - Terms associated with curved mirrors
Curved mirrors - Principal focus and focal length

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain terms associated with curved mirrors
- Identify center of curvature, pole, radius of curvature
- Show interest in understanding key terms

- Study charts showing curved reflectors
- Identify key features on mirrors
- Discuss meanings of terms such as center of curvature, pole, principal axis, and radius of curvature

How are curved mirrors described using technical terms?

- Oxford Integrated Science pg. 113
- Concave and convex mirrors
- Charts with illustrations
- Oxford Integrated Science pg. 114
- Charts on curved mirrors

- Oral questions - Written exercises - Group discussions

Force and Energy

Curved mirrors - Focal length of a concave mirror

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Determine the focal length of a concave mirror
- Set up experiment to find focal length
- Show interest in practical applications

- Set up concave mirror on mirror holder
- Focus image of distant object on screen
- Measure distance from mirror to screen
- Calculate focal length

How can we determine the focal length of a concave mirror?

- Oxford Integrated Science pg. 115
- Concave mirror
- Mirror holder
- Screen
- Meter rule

- Observation - Practical skills - Written reports - Measurements

Force and Energy

Images formed by concave and convex mirrors - Using a screen
Images formed by concave and convex mirrors - Special rays

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Locate images formed by concave mirrors using a screen
- Determine image positions for different object positions
- Demonstrate real and virtual images

- Construct special rays for locating images
- Draw rays for concave and convex mirrors
- Appreciate geometrical constructions

- Determine focal length of concave mirror
- Place burning candle at different positions
- Adjust screen position to see clear image
- Record positions and characteristics of images
- Draw two horizontal lines as principal axes
- Mark center of curvature and draw arcs for mirrors
- Draw different special rays (parallel to principal axis, through focus, through center)

What kinds of images are formed by concave mirrors at different positions?
How do special rays help locate images formed by curved mirrors?

- Oxford Integrated Science pg. 116
- Concave mirror
- Mirror holder
- Burning candle
- Screen
- Oxford Integrated Science pg. 118
- Geometrical set
- Chart paper
- Ruler

- Observation - Practical skills - Written records - Group work
- Drawings - Accuracy of ray diagrams - Group work

Force and Energy

Images formed by concave and convex mirrors - Ray diagrams (concave)
Images formed by concave and convex mirrors - Ray diagrams (convex)

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Locate images using ray diagrams
- Draw accurate ray diagrams for concave mirrors
- Show confidence in ray diagram construction

- Draw principal axis and represent concave mirror
- Mark object position and focus
- Draw rays using special rays method
- Locate image position through ray intersection

How can we use ray diagrams to locate images formed by concave mirrors?

- Oxford Integrated Science pg. 120
- Geometrical set
- Chart paper
- Graph paper
- Oxford Integrated Science pg. 121

- Drawings - Accuracy of ray diagrams - Written explanations

Force and Energy

Images formed by concave and convex mirrors - Graphical method

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Locate images using graphical construction
- Use graph paper for accurate measurements
- Appreciate the precision of graphical method

- Read the worked example
- Draw accurately to scale on graph paper
- Calculate image position and size
- Verify results by measurements

How does graphical construction provide more accurate image locations?

- Oxford Integrated Science pg. 124
- Graph paper
- Geometrical set
- Ruler
- Calculator

- Accuracy of drawings - Calculations - Written explanations

Force and Energy

Images formed by concave and convex mirrors - Characteristics of images

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe characteristics of images formed by curved mirrors
- Use terms: erect, inverted, real, virtual, magnified, diminished
- Compare images from different mirror types

- Review ray diagrams from previous lessons
- Identify image characteristics for different object positions
- Complete table of image characteristics
- Discuss findings

What are the characteristics of images formed by curved mirrors at different object positions?

- Oxford Integrated Science pg. 124
- Previous ray diagrams
- Reference charts
- Table templates

- Oral questions - Written exercises - Completed tables

Force and Energy

Images formed by concave and convex mirrors - Applications of concave mirrors
Images formed by concave and convex mirrors - Applications of convex mirrors
Curved mirrors - Applications of parabolic mirrors

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain uses of concave mirrors in daily life
- Relate mirror properties to specific applications
- Appreciate the practical value of concave mirrors

- Explain uses of convex mirrors in daily life
- Relate mirror properties to specific applications
- Appreciate the practical value of convex mirrors

- Discuss uses of concave mirrors in dentistry and salons
- Explain how the mirror properties serve these functions
- Study images of concave mirrors in use
- Research additional applications
- Discuss uses of convex mirrors in vehicles and security
- Explain why wide field of view is important
- Study images of convex mirrors in use
- Complete table of curved mirror applications

Why are concave mirrors used in specific applications?
Why are convex mirrors preferred for driving and security?

- Oxford Integrated Science pg. 126
- Pictures of mirrors in use
- Digital resources
- Sample applications
- Oxford Integrated Science pg. 127
- Pictures of mirrors in use
- Digital resources
- Sample applications
- Oxford Integrated Science pg. 128
- Pictures of parabolic reflectors

- Oral presentations - Written explanations - Group discussions

Force and Energy

Curved mirrors - Project work

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify curved mirrors in everyday life
- Categorize mirrors by type and application
- Show confidence in practical applications

- Find examples of curved mirrors in daily life
- Determine if they are concave, convex or parabolic
- Explain why each mirror is best for its purpose
- Complete a table of curved mirror uses

What curved mirrors can you identify in your environment?

- Oxford Integrated Science pg. 129
- Environment observations
- Digital resources
- Table template

- Project work - Presentations - Completed tables

Force and Energy

Curved mirrors - Assessment

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Answer questions on curved mirrors
- Draw ray diagrams for image formation
- Show confidence in knowledge application

- Answer assessment questions
- Draw ray diagrams for curved mirrors
- Explain image characteristics
- Relate mirror types to applications

How can we apply our knowledge of curved mirrors to solve problems?

- Oxford Integrated Science pg. 129
- Assessment questions
- Graph paper
- Geometrical set

- Written test - Diagrams - Explanations

Force and Energy

Waves - Meaning of waves

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain the meaning of waves in science
- Define a wave as a disturbance
- Show interest in wave phenomena

- Search for meaning of 'wave' in a dictionary
- Discuss meaning in scientific context
- Define wave in own words
- Present findings

What is a wave as used in science?

- Oxford Integrated Science pg. 130
- Dictionary
- Science textbooks
- Digital resources

- Oral explanations - Written definitions - Group presentations

Force and Energy

Waves - Generation of waves in water
Waves - Generation of waves in rope and springs
Waves - Classification of waves

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Demonstrate the generation of water waves
- Explain how energy is transferred
- Show interest in wave production

- Generate waves using rope and springs
- Observe wave patterns
- Compare different wave generation methods

- Strike water surface in a basin
- Observe ripples formed
- Identify source of energy
- Discuss energy transfer
- Move rope up and down to create waves
- Use Slinky spring to create waves
- Observe speaker vibrations
- Compare different wave types

How are waves generated in water?
How are waves generated in ropes and springs?

- Oxford Integrated Science pg. 131
- Large basin with water
- Stick
- Visual aids
- Oxford Integrated Science pg. 132
- Rope (3m)
- Slinky spring
- Speaker
- Paper strip
- Oxford Integrated Science pg. 133
- Text resources
- Charts showing wave types
- Digital resources

- Observation - Practical skills - Oral explanations
- Observation - Practical skills - Drawings - Explanations

Force and Energy

Waves - Parts of a wave

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Demonstrate the parts of a wave
- Identify amplitude, wavelength, phase
- Appreciate wave characteristics

- Generate waves using rope
- Measure amplitude at different speeds
- Create longitudinal waves with Slinky spring
- Identify compressed and expanded parts

What are the parts of a wave?

- Oxford Integrated Science pg. 134
- Rope (3m)
- Slinky spring
- Meter rule

- Observation - Practical skills - Diagrams - Explanations

Force and Energy

Waves - Wave terms

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Define wave terms: amplitude, wavelength, frequency, period
- Identify these properties on wave diagrams
- Show interest in wave physics

- Study diagrams showing wave parts
- Identify amplitude, wavelength on diagrams
- Discuss meaning of frequency and period
- Identify points in phase on a wave

How are the parts of a wave measured and described?

- Oxford Integrated Science pg. 136
- Charts showing wave diagrams
- Tables of wave terms
- Digital resources

- Oral explanations - Written definitions - Diagrams - Quizzes

Force and Energy

Waves - Wave equations

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- State wave equations
- Apply equations to solve wave problems
- Show confidence in wave calculations

- Learn wave equations: v = fλ and T = 1/f
- Work through example problems
- Calculate frequency, wavelength, velocity, period
- Solve practice problems

How are wave properties mathematically related?

- Oxford Integrated Science pg. 136
- Wave equation reference
- Calculator
- Problem sets

- Calculations - Problem solving - Written exercises

Force and Energy

Waves - Straight line motion
Waves - Bending of waves
Waves - Movement around objects

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Demonstrate that waves travel in straight lines
- Set up experiments to show straight line propagation
- Apply knowledge to real situations

- Demonstrate movement of waves around objects
- Set up experiment with pencil slit
- Explain diffraction pattern

- Set up cardboards with holes aligned
- Observe light through holes
- Displace one cardboard to block light
- Explain observations
- Create slit using two pencils
- Shine light through the slit
- Observe pattern on white paper
- Explain how light moves around edges

How can we demonstrate that waves travel in straight lines?
What happens when waves encounter small openings?

- Oxford Integrated Science pg. 138
- Cardboards
- Wooden blocks
- Candle
- Matches
- Oxford Integrated Science pg. 139
- Glass block
- Water container
- Light source
- Diagrams
- Oxford Integrated Science pg. 139
- Two pencils
- Rubber bands
- White paper
- Light source

- Observation - Practical skills - Explanations - Group work
- Observation - Practical skills - Diagrams - Explanations

Force and Energy

Waves - Remote sensing meaning

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain the meaning of remote sensing
- Relate to human sense organs
- Identify remote sensing devices

- Find meanings of 'remote' and 'sensing'
- Discuss combined meaning
- Compare with eyes and ears functioning
- Identify remote sensing devices

What is remote sensing?

- Oxford Integrated Science pg. 140
- Dictionary
- Images of remote sensing
- Digital resources

- Oral explanations - Written definitions - Group discussions

Force and Energy

Waves - Remote sensing process

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe remote sensing in relation to waves
- Explain transmission of waves in sensing
- Appreciate technological applications

- Read and discuss technician's notes
- Identify stages of remote sensing
- Discuss transmission of waves from objects
- Explain role of ground stations

How does remote sensing use waves?

- Oxford Integrated Science pg. 141
- Diagrams of remote sensing
- Digital resources
- Manila papers
- Felt pens

- Oral presentations - Written explanations - Diagrams - Group work

Force and Energy

Waves - Applications in communication
Waves - Applications in medicine

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe applications of waves in communication
- Explain how different devices use waves
- Show interest in wave technology

- Study images of communication devices
- Discuss how radio, TV, phones use waves
- Explain Wi-Fi and drone control
- Research additional applications

How are waves used in communication?

- Oxford Integrated Science pg. 143
- Images of communication devices
- Digital resources
- Chart paper
- Oxford Integrated Science pg. 144
- Images of medical equipment

- Oral presentations - Written explanations - Group projects

Force and Energy

Waves - Other applications
Waves - Assessment

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe other applications of waves
- Explain microwave cooking
- Appreciate diverse wave applications

- Answer questions on waves
- Apply knowledge to solve problems
- Show confidence in understanding

- Discuss how microwaves heat food
- Explore laser surgery applications
- Research additional applications
- Summarize all wave applications
- Answer assessment questions
- Solve wave equation problems
- Explain wave characteristics
- Relate to applications

What other technologies use waves in daily life?
How can we apply our knowledge of waves to solve problems?

- Oxford Integrated Science pg. 145
- Images of applications
- Digital resources
- Chart paper
- Oxford Integrated Science pg. 146
- Assessment questions
- Calculator
- Previous notes

- Oral presentations - Written explanations - Group projects
- Written test - Calculations - Explanations