Work, Energy, Power and Machines

Gears and Hydraulic Systems

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Understand gear systems and their operation
-Calculate V.R. for gear systems
-Explain hydraulic lift principle
-Apply Pascal's principle to hydraulic systems
-Calculate M.A. and V.R. for hydraulic systems

Review inclined planes through Q/A
-Demonstration: gear system operation
-Calculation of gear ratios and V.R.
-Explanation of hydraulic lift principle
-Demonstration: Pascal's principle using syringes
-Calculation of hydraulic system parameters

Gear wheels
-Bicycle for gear demonstration
-Syringes of different sizes
-Water
-Tubes
-Calculator
-Hydraulic system diagrams
-Gear ratio charts

KLB Secondary Physics Form 3, Pages 116-119

Work, Energy, Power and Machines

Gears and Hydraulic Systems
Efficiency of Machines

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Understand gear systems and their operation
-Calculate V.R. for gear systems
-Explain hydraulic lift principle
-Apply Pascal's principle to hydraulic systems
-Calculate M.A. and V.R. for hydraulic systems
Understand factors affecting machine efficiency
-Calculate efficiency using different methods
-Investigate efficiency of various machines
-Understand energy losses in machines
-Discuss methods to improve efficiency

Review inclined planes through Q/A
-Demonstration: gear system operation
-Calculation of gear ratios and V.R.
-Explanation of hydraulic lift principle
-Demonstration: Pascal's principle using syringes
-Calculation of hydraulic system parameters
Q/A on gears and hydraulic systems
-Investigation: efficiency of pulley system
-Discussion on factors causing energy losses
-Measurement of input and output work
-Calculation of efficiency for different machines
-Discussion on improving machine efficiency

Gear wheels
-Bicycle for gear demonstration
-Syringes of different sizes
-Water
-Tubes
-Calculator
-Hydraulic system diagrams
-Gear ratio charts
Various machines for testing
-Spring balances
-Measuring tape
-Stopwatch
-Calculator
-Efficiency measurement setup
-Lubricants for demonstration

KLB Secondary Physics Form 3, Pages 116-119
KLB Secondary Physics Form 3, Pages 120-123

Work, Energy, Power and Machines

Efficiency of Machines

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Understand factors affecting machine efficiency
-Calculate efficiency using different methods
-Investigate efficiency of various machines
-Understand energy losses in machines
-Discuss methods to improve efficiency

Q/A on gears and hydraulic systems
-Investigation: efficiency of pulley system
-Discussion on factors causing energy losses
-Measurement of input and output work
-Calculation of efficiency for different machines
-Discussion on improving machine efficiency

Various machines for testing
-Spring balances
-Measuring tape
-Stopwatch
-Calculator
-Efficiency measurement setup
-Lubricants for demonstration

KLB Secondary Physics Form 3, Pages 120-123

Current Electricity (II)

Electric Current and Measurement

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define electric current and state its SI unit
-Understand conventional current flow
-Use ammeters correctly to measure current
-Read ammeter scales accurately
-Understand current as rate of flow of charge

Q/A review on basic electricity from Form 2
-Definition of electric current and conventional flow
-Demonstration: proper ammeter connection in series
-Practice reading different ammeter scales
-Discussion on digital vs analogue meters
-Safety precautions when using electrical equipment

Ammeters (analogue and digital)
-Dry cells
-Connecting wires
-Bulbs
-Switches
-Ammeter scale charts
-Safety equipment

KLB Secondary Physics Form 3, Pages 126-130

Current Electricity (II)

Series and Parallel Circuits - Current Distribution

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Investigate current in series circuits
-Investigate current in parallel circuits
-Apply Kirchhoff's current law
-Understand current division in parallel circuits
-Solve problems involving current distribution

Review ammeter usage through Q/A
-Experiment: measuring current in series circuit
-Experiment: measuring current in parallel circuit
-Analysis of current readings and patterns
-Statement of Kirchhoff's current law
-Problem-solving on current distribution

Multiple ammeters
-Bulbs
-Connecting wires
-Dry cells
-Switches
-Circuit boards
-Calculator
-Current distribution worksheets

KLB Secondary Physics Form 3, Pages 130-133

Current Electricity (II)

Series and Parallel Circuits - Current Distribution

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Investigate current in series circuits
-Investigate current in parallel circuits
-Apply Kirchhoff's current law
-Understand current division in parallel circuits
-Solve problems involving current distribution

Review ammeter usage through Q/A
-Experiment: measuring current in series circuit
-Experiment: measuring current in parallel circuit
-Analysis of current readings and patterns
-Statement of Kirchhoff's current law
-Problem-solving on current distribution

Multiple ammeters
-Bulbs
-Connecting wires
-Dry cells
-Switches
-Circuit boards
-Calculator
-Current distribution worksheets

KLB Secondary Physics Form 3, Pages 130-133

Current Electricity (II)

Series and Parallel Circuits - Current Distribution

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Investigate current in series circuits
-Investigate current in parallel circuits
-Apply Kirchhoff's current law
-Understand current division in parallel circuits
-Solve problems involving current distribution

Review ammeter usage through Q/A
-Experiment: measuring current in series circuit
-Experiment: measuring current in parallel circuit
-Analysis of current readings and patterns
-Statement of Kirchhoff's current law
-Problem-solving on current distribution

Multiple ammeters
-Bulbs
-Connecting wires
-Dry cells
-Switches
-Circuit boards
-Calculator
-Current distribution worksheets

KLB Secondary Physics Form 3, Pages 130-133

Current Electricity (II)

Potential Difference and Voltage Measurement

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define potential difference in terms of work done
-State the SI unit of potential difference
-Use voltmeters correctly to measure voltage
-Understand voltage measurement across components
-Read voltmeter scales accurately

Q/A on current distribution
-Definition of potential difference and work done per unit charge
-Demonstration: proper voltmeter connection in parallel
-Practice measuring voltage across different components
-Comparison of voltmeter and ammeter connections
-Safety considerations in voltage measurement

Voltmeters (analogue and digital)
-Dry cells
-Resistors
-Bulbs
-Connecting wires
-Switches
-Voltmeter scale charts
-Work and charge demonstration materials

KLB Secondary Physics Form 3, Pages 126-129

Current Electricity (II)

Series and Parallel Circuits - Voltage Distribution

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Investigate voltage in series circuits
-Investigate voltage in parallel circuits
-Apply Kirchhoff's voltage law
-Understand voltage division in series circuits
-Solve problems involving voltage distribution

Review voltage measurement through Q/A
-Experiment: measuring voltage across series components
-Experiment: measuring voltage across parallel components
-Analysis of voltage readings and patterns
-Statement of Kirchhoff's voltage law
-Problem-solving on voltage distribution

Multiple voltmeters
-Various resistors
-Connecting wires
-Dry cells
-Switches
-Circuit boards
-Calculator
-Voltage distribution worksheets

KLB Secondary Physics Form 3, Pages 130-133

Current Electricity (II)

Series and Parallel Circuits - Voltage Distribution

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Investigate voltage in series circuits
-Investigate voltage in parallel circuits
-Apply Kirchhoff's voltage law
-Understand voltage division in series circuits
-Solve problems involving voltage distribution

Review voltage measurement through Q/A
-Experiment: measuring voltage across series components
-Experiment: measuring voltage across parallel components
-Analysis of voltage readings and patterns
-Statement of Kirchhoff's voltage law
-Problem-solving on voltage distribution

Multiple voltmeters
-Various resistors
-Connecting wires
-Dry cells
-Switches
-Circuit boards
-Calculator
-Voltage distribution worksheets

KLB Secondary Physics Form 3, Pages 130-133

Current Electricity (II)

Ohm's Law - Investigation and Verification

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
State Ohm's law
-Investigate relationship between voltage and current
-Plot V-I graphs for ohmic conductors
-Verify Ohm's law experimentally
-Understand conditions for Ohm's law validity

Q/A on voltage distribution
-Experiment: varying voltage and measuring current through resistor
-Data collection and table completion
-Plotting V-I graph and analyzing slope
-Statement and verification of Ohm's law
-Discussion on temperature and other conditions

Rheostat
-Ammeter
-Voltmeter
-Resistor coils
-Connecting wires
-Dry cells
-Graph paper
-Calculator
-Ruler

KLB Secondary Physics Form 3, Pages 131-135

Current Electricity (II)

Ohm's Law - Investigation and Verification

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
State Ohm's law
-Investigate relationship between voltage and current
-Plot V-I graphs for ohmic conductors
-Verify Ohm's law experimentally
-Understand conditions for Ohm's law validity

Q/A on voltage distribution
-Experiment: varying voltage and measuring current through resistor
-Data collection and table completion
-Plotting V-I graph and analyzing slope
-Statement and verification of Ohm's law
-Discussion on temperature and other conditions

Rheostat
-Ammeter
-Voltmeter
-Resistor coils
-Connecting wires
-Dry cells
-Graph paper
-Calculator
-Ruler

KLB Secondary Physics Form 3, Pages 131-135

Current Electricity (II)

Electrical Resistance and Ohm's Law Applications

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define electrical resistance and its SI unit
-Apply Ohm's law to calculate V, I, and R
-Understand the relationship R = V/I
-Solve problems using Ohm's law
-Convert between different units of resistance

Review Ohm's law investigation through Q/A
-Definition of electrical resistance as V/I ratio
-Worked examples applying Ohm's law triangle
-Unit conversions: Ω, kΩ, MΩ
-Problem-solving session on Ohm's law calculations
-Discussion on factors affecting resistance

Calculator
-Ohm's law triangle charts
-Resistor color code charts
-Various resistors
-Multimeter
-Problem worksheets
-Unit conversion charts

KLB Secondary Physics Form 3, Pages 131-135

Current Electricity (II)

Electrical Resistance and Ohm's Law Applications
Ohmic and Non-Ohmic Conductors

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define electrical resistance and its SI unit
-Apply Ohm's law to calculate V, I, and R
-Understand the relationship R = V/I
-Solve problems using Ohm's law
-Convert between different units of resistance
Distinguish between ohmic and non-ohmic conductors
-Investigate V-I characteristics of different materials
-Understand why some materials don't obey Ohm's law
-Analyze V-I graphs for various conductors
-Identify practical applications of non-ohmic conductors

Review Ohm's law investigation through Q/A
-Definition of electrical resistance as V/I ratio
-Worked examples applying Ohm's law triangle
-Unit conversions: Ω, kΩ, MΩ
-Problem-solving session on Ohm's law calculations
-Discussion on factors affecting resistance
Q/A on Ohm's law applications
-Experiment: V-I characteristics of filament bulb
-Experiment: V-I characteristics of diode
-Comparison of different V-I graph shapes
-Discussion on temperature effects on resistance
-Applications of non-ohmic conductors

Calculator
-Ohm's law triangle charts
-Resistor color code charts
-Various resistors
-Multimeter
-Problem worksheets
-Unit conversion charts
Filament bulbs
-Diodes
-Thermistors
-LDR
-Ammeter
-Voltmeter
-Rheostat
-Graph paper
-Various conductors for testing

KLB Secondary Physics Form 3, Pages 131-135
KLB Secondary Physics Form 3, Pages 134-135

Current Electricity (II)

Ohmic and Non-Ohmic Conductors

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Distinguish between ohmic and non-ohmic conductors
-Investigate V-I characteristics of different materials
-Understand why some materials don't obey Ohm's law
-Analyze V-I graphs for various conductors
-Identify practical applications of non-ohmic conductors

Q/A on Ohm's law applications
-Experiment: V-I characteristics of filament bulb
-Experiment: V-I characteristics of diode
-Comparison of different V-I graph shapes
-Discussion on temperature effects on resistance
-Applications of non-ohmic conductors

Filament bulbs
-Diodes
-Thermistors
-LDR
-Ammeter
-Voltmeter
-Rheostat
-Graph paper
-Various conductors for testing

KLB Secondary Physics Form 3, Pages 134-135

Current Electricity (II)

Ohmic and Non-Ohmic Conductors

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Distinguish between ohmic and non-ohmic conductors
-Investigate V-I characteristics of different materials
-Understand why some materials don't obey Ohm's law
-Analyze V-I graphs for various conductors
-Identify practical applications of non-ohmic conductors

Q/A on Ohm's law applications
-Experiment: V-I characteristics of filament bulb
-Experiment: V-I characteristics of diode
-Comparison of different V-I graph shapes
-Discussion on temperature effects on resistance
-Applications of non-ohmic conductors

Filament bulbs
-Diodes
-Thermistors
-LDR
-Ammeter
-Voltmeter
-Rheostat
-Graph paper
-Various conductors for testing

KLB Secondary Physics Form 3, Pages 134-135

Current Electricity (II)

Types of Resistors and Their Applications

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Identify different types of resistors
-Understand fixed and variable resistors
-Read resistor color codes
-Understand applications of special resistors
-Use rheostats and potentiometers

Review ohmic vs non-ohmic conductors through Q/A
-Identification of resistor types: carbon, wire-wound, variable
-Practice reading resistor color codes
-Demonstration: rheostat and potentiometer operation
-Discussion on thermistors and LDR applications
-Practical applications in circuits

Various resistor types
-Color code charts
-Rheostat
-Potentiometer
-Thermistor
-LDR
-Multimeter
-Circuit boards
-Application examples

KLB Secondary Physics Form 3, Pages 135-140

Current Electricity (II)

Types of Resistors and Their Applications
Measurement of Resistance - Voltmeter-Ammeter Method

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Identify different types of resistors
-Understand fixed and variable resistors
-Read resistor color codes
-Understand applications of special resistors
-Use rheostats and potentiometers
Describe voltmeter-ammeter method
-Set up circuits for resistance measurement
-Calculate resistance from V and I readings
-Understand limitations of the method
-Analyze experimental errors

Review ohmic vs non-ohmic conductors through Q/A
-Identification of resistor types: carbon, wire-wound, variable
-Practice reading resistor color codes
-Demonstration: rheostat and potentiometer operation
-Discussion on thermistors and LDR applications
-Practical applications in circuits
Q/A on resistor types
-Setup of voltmeter-ammeter circuit
-Measurement of voltage and current for unknown resistor
-Calculation of resistance using R = V/I
-Discussion on measurement errors and accuracy
-Comparison with multimeter readings

Various resistor types
-Color code charts
-Rheostat
-Potentiometer
-Thermistor
-LDR
-Multimeter
-Circuit boards
-Application examples
Unknown resistors
-Voltmeter
-Ammeter
-Rheostat
-Connecting wires
-Dry cells
-Switches
-Calculator
-Multimeter for comparison

KLB Secondary Physics Form 3, Pages 135-140
KLB Secondary Physics Form 3, Pages 140-142

Current Electricity (II)

Measurement of Resistance - Voltmeter-Ammeter Method

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe voltmeter-ammeter method
-Set up circuits for resistance measurement
-Calculate resistance from V and I readings
-Understand limitations of the method
-Analyze experimental errors

Q/A on resistor types
-Setup of voltmeter-ammeter circuit
-Measurement of voltage and current for unknown resistor
-Calculation of resistance using R = V/I
-Discussion on measurement errors and accuracy
-Comparison with multimeter readings

Unknown resistors
-Voltmeter
-Ammeter
-Rheostat
-Connecting wires
-Dry cells
-Switches
-Calculator
-Multimeter for comparison

KLB Secondary Physics Form 3, Pages 140-142

Current Electricity (II)

Wheatstone Bridge Method

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Understand the principle of Wheatstone bridge
-Set up Wheatstone bridge circuit
-Balance the bridge for resistance measurement
-Calculate unknown resistance using bridge equation
-Appreciate accuracy of Wheatstone bridge method

Review voltmeter-ammeter method through Q/A
-Introduction to Wheatstone bridge principle
-Demonstration of bridge balance condition
-Setup and operation of Wheatstone bridge
-Calculation using R₁/R₂ = R₃/R₄
-Comparison of accuracy with other methods

Wheatstone bridge apparatus
-Galvanometer
-Known resistors
-Unknown resistors
-Connecting wires
-Battery
-Calculator
-Bridge equation charts

KLB Secondary Physics Form 3, Pages 142-144

Current Electricity (II)

Resistors in Series - Theory and Calculations

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Derive formula for resistors in series
-Calculate total resistance for series combination
-Understand current and voltage in series circuits
-Solve problems involving series resistors
-Apply series resistance in circuit analysis

Q/A on resistance measurement methods
-Derivation of Rs = R₁ + R₂ + R₃...
-Demonstration: measuring total resistance of series combination
-Analysis of current (same) and voltage (divided) in series
-Worked examples on series resistance calculations
-Problem-solving session

Resistors of known values
-Multimeter
-Connecting wires
-Circuit boards
-Calculator
-Series circuit diagrams
-Problem worksheets

KLB Secondary Physics Form 3, Pages 144-147

Current Electricity (II)

Resistors in Series - Theory and Calculations

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Derive formula for resistors in series
-Calculate total resistance for series combination
-Understand current and voltage in series circuits
-Solve problems involving series resistors
-Apply series resistance in circuit analysis

Q/A on resistance measurement methods
-Derivation of Rs = R₁ + R₂ + R₃...
-Demonstration: measuring total resistance of series combination
-Analysis of current (same) and voltage (divided) in series
-Worked examples on series resistance calculations
-Problem-solving session

Resistors of known values
-Multimeter
-Connecting wires
-Circuit boards
-Calculator
-Series circuit diagrams
-Problem worksheets

KLB Secondary Physics Form 3, Pages 144-147

Current Electricity (II)

Resistors in Parallel - Theory and Calculations

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Derive formula for resistors in parallel
-Calculate total resistance for parallel combination
-Understand current and voltage in parallel circuits
-Solve problems involving parallel resistors
-Apply parallel resistance in circuit analysis

Review series resistance through Q/A
-Derivation of 1/Rp = 1/R₁ + 1/R₂ + 1/R₃...
-Demonstration: measuring total resistance of parallel combination
-Analysis of voltage (same) and current (divided) in parallel
-Worked examples on parallel resistance calculations
-Problem-solving session

Resistors of known values
-Multimeter
-Connecting wires
-Circuit boards
-Calculator
-Parallel circuit diagrams
-Problem worksheets

KLB Secondary Physics Form 3, Pages 147-150

Current Electricity (II)

Resistors in Parallel - Theory and Calculations

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Derive formula for resistors in parallel
-Calculate total resistance for parallel combination
-Understand current and voltage in parallel circuits
-Solve problems involving parallel resistors
-Apply parallel resistance in circuit analysis

Review series resistance through Q/A
-Derivation of 1/Rp = 1/R₁ + 1/R₂ + 1/R₃...
-Demonstration: measuring total resistance of parallel combination
-Analysis of voltage (same) and current (divided) in parallel
-Worked examples on parallel resistance calculations
-Problem-solving session

Resistors of known values
-Multimeter
-Connecting wires
-Circuit boards
-Calculator
-Parallel circuit diagrams
-Problem worksheets

KLB Secondary Physics Form 3, Pages 147-150

Current Electricity (II)

Mixed Circuits - Series-Parallel Combinations

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Analyze circuits with series-parallel combinations
-Apply reduction techniques to complex circuits
-Calculate total resistance of mixed circuits
-Determine current and voltage in different branches
-Solve complex circuit problems

Q/A on parallel resistance
-Introduction to mixed circuit analysis techniques
-Step-by-step reduction of complex circuits
-Worked examples on series-parallel combinations
-Problem-solving on mixed circuits
-Discussion on circuit analysis strategies

Various resistors
-Circuit boards
-Connecting wires
-Multimeter
-Calculator
-Complex circuit diagrams
-Step-by-step analysis charts

KLB Secondary Physics Form 3, Pages 150-153

Current Electricity (II)

Mixed Circuits - Series-Parallel Combinations

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Analyze circuits with series-parallel combinations
-Apply reduction techniques to complex circuits
-Calculate total resistance of mixed circuits
-Determine current and voltage in different branches
-Solve complex circuit problems

Q/A on parallel resistance
-Introduction to mixed circuit analysis techniques
-Step-by-step reduction of complex circuits
-Worked examples on series-parallel combinations
-Problem-solving on mixed circuits
-Discussion on circuit analysis strategies

Various resistors
-Circuit boards
-Connecting wires
-Multimeter
-Calculator
-Complex circuit diagrams
-Step-by-step analysis charts

KLB Secondary Physics Form 3, Pages 150-153

Current Electricity (II)

Electromotive Force (EMF) and Terminal Voltage

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define electromotive force (EMF)
-Distinguish between EMF and terminal voltage
-Understand the concept of lost voltage
-Relate EMF to work done by the cell
-Measure EMF using high resistance voltmeter

Review mixed circuits through Q/A
-Definition of EMF as work done per unit charge
-Demonstration: measuring EMF with open circuit
-Comparison of EMF and terminal voltage under load
-Discussion on energy conversion in cells
-Measurement techniques for EMF

High resistance voltmeter
-Various cells
-Switches
-Resistors
-Connecting wires
-EMF measurement setup
-Energy conversion charts

KLB Secondary Physics Form 3, Pages 150-152

Current Electricity (II)

Electromotive Force (EMF) and Terminal Voltage

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define electromotive force (EMF)
-Distinguish between EMF and terminal voltage
-Understand the concept of lost voltage
-Relate EMF to work done by the cell
-Measure EMF using high resistance voltmeter

Review mixed circuits through Q/A
-Definition of EMF as work done per unit charge
-Demonstration: measuring EMF with open circuit
-Comparison of EMF and terminal voltage under load
-Discussion on energy conversion in cells
-Measurement techniques for EMF

High resistance voltmeter
-Various cells
-Switches
-Resistors
-Connecting wires
-EMF measurement setup
-Energy conversion charts

KLB Secondary Physics Form 3, Pages 150-152

Current Electricity (II)

Internal Resistance of Cells

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define internal resistance
-Understand the relationship E = V + Ir
-Calculate internal resistance experimentally
-Understand factors affecting internal resistance
-Apply internal resistance in circuit calculations

Q/A on EMF concepts
-Introduction to internal resistance concept
-Derivation of E = V + Ir relationship
-Experiment: measuring internal resistance using different loads
-Plotting E vs R graph to find internal resistance
-Discussion on factors affecting internal resistance

Various cells
-Resistors of different values
-Voltmeter
-Ammeter
-Connecting wires
-Graph paper
-Calculator
-Internal resistance apparatus

KLB Secondary Physics Form 3, Pages 150-153

Current Electricity (II)

Internal Resistance of Cells

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define internal resistance
-Understand the relationship E = V + Ir
-Calculate internal resistance experimentally
-Understand factors affecting internal resistance
-Apply internal resistance in circuit calculations

Q/A on EMF concepts
-Introduction to internal resistance concept
-Derivation of E = V + Ir relationship
-Experiment: measuring internal resistance using different loads
-Plotting E vs R graph to find internal resistance
-Discussion on factors affecting internal resistance

Various cells
-Resistors of different values
-Voltmeter
-Ammeter
-Connecting wires
-Graph paper
-Calculator
-Internal resistance apparatus

KLB Secondary Physics Form 3, Pages 150-153

Current Electricity (II)

Cells in Series and Parallel

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Analyze cells connected in series
-Analyze cells connected in parallel
-Calculate total EMF and internal resistance
-Understand advantages of different connections
-Solve problems involving cell combinations

Review internal resistance through Q/A
-Analysis of identical cells in series connection
-Analysis of identical cells in parallel connection
-Calculation of equivalent EMF and internal resistance
-Discussion on practical applications and advantages
-Problem-solving on cell combinations

Multiple identical cells
-Connecting wires
-Voltmeter
-Ammeter
-Resistors
-Calculator
-Cell combination diagrams
-Problem worksheets

KLB Secondary Physics Form 3, Pages 152-153

Current Electricity (II)

Cells in Series and Parallel
Advanced Circuit Analysis and Problem Solving

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Analyze cells connected in series
-Analyze cells connected in parallel
-Calculate total EMF and internal resistance
-Understand advantages of different connections
-Solve problems involving cell combinations
Apply Kirchhoff's laws to complex circuits
-Solve circuits with multiple sources
-Analyze circuits with internal resistance
-Use systematic approaches to circuit problems
-Integrate all electricity concepts

Review internal resistance through Q/A
-Analysis of identical cells in series connection
-Analysis of identical cells in parallel connection
-Calculation of equivalent EMF and internal resistance
-Discussion on practical applications and advantages
-Problem-solving on cell combinations
Q/A on cell combinations
-Application of Kirchhoff's current and voltage laws
-Systematic approach to complex circuit analysis
-Worked examples with multiple EMF sources
-Problem-solving session covering all electricity topics
-Discussion on practical circuit applications

Multiple identical cells
-Connecting wires
-Voltmeter
-Ammeter
-Resistors
-Calculator
-Cell combination diagrams
-Problem worksheets
Complex circuit examples
-Calculator
-Circuit analysis worksheets
-Multiple EMF sources
-Various resistors
-Comprehensive problem sets
-Kirchhoff's law charts

KLB Secondary Physics Form 3, Pages 152-153
KLB Secondary Physics Form 3, Pages 126-153

Current Electricity (II)

Advanced Circuit Analysis and Problem Solving

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Apply Kirchhoff's laws to complex circuits
-Solve circuits with multiple sources
-Analyze circuits with internal resistance
-Use systematic approaches to circuit problems
-Integrate all electricity concepts

Q/A on cell combinations
-Application of Kirchhoff's current and voltage laws
-Systematic approach to complex circuit analysis
-Worked examples with multiple EMF sources
-Problem-solving session covering all electricity topics
-Discussion on practical circuit applications

Complex circuit examples
-Calculator
-Circuit analysis worksheets
-Multiple EMF sources
-Various resistors
-Comprehensive problem sets
-Kirchhoff's law charts

KLB Secondary Physics Form 3, Pages 126-153

Electrostatics II

Electric field patterns and charge distribution

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define electric field and electric field lines
- Demonstrate field patterns using chalk dust method
- Describe charge distribution on spherical and pear-shaped conductors
- Use proof-plane and electroscope to test charge distribution

Q/A on electrostatics basics from Form 2
- Experiment using chalk dust in castor oil to show field patterns
- Investigation of charge distribution using proof-plane
- Observation of electroscope deflections at different conductor points

High voltage source, Wire electrodes, Petri-dish, Castor oil, Chalk dust, Spherical and pear-shaped conductors, Proof-plane, Gold-leaf electroscope

KLB Secondary Physics Form 3, Pages 177-181

Electrostatics II

Lightning arrestor and capacitance introduction

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain working principle of lightning arrestor
- Describe charge concentration at sharp points
- Define capacitance and state SI units
- Describe parallel-plate capacitor structure

Demonstration of charge concentration at points using wind-mill experiment
- Discussion on lightning protection applications
- Introduction to capacitance concept
- Demonstration of capacitor charging process

Wind-mill model, Point charges, Lightning arrestor photos, Parallel-plate capacitors, Battery, Voltmeter, Milliammeter

KLB Secondary Physics Form 3, Pages 181-185

Electrostatics II

Lightning arrestor and capacitance introduction
Factors affecting capacitance and types of capacitors

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain working principle of lightning arrestor
- Describe charge concentration at sharp points
- Define capacitance and state SI units
- Describe parallel-plate capacitor structure
Investigate effect of plate separation, area and dielectric on capacitance
- Derive capacitance formula C = εA/d
- Describe paper, electrolytic and variable capacitors
- Explain construction principles

Demonstration of charge concentration at points using wind-mill experiment
- Discussion on lightning protection applications
- Introduction to capacitance concept
- Demonstration of capacitor charging process
Experiment varying plate separation and area
- Investigation using different dielectric materials
- Mathematical derivation of capacitance formula
- Examination of different capacitor types and their construction

Wind-mill model, Point charges, Lightning arrestor photos, Parallel-plate capacitors, Battery, Voltmeter, Milliammeter
Aluminium plates, Various dielectric materials, Electroscope, Paper capacitors, Electrolytic capacitors, Variable air capacitors, Measuring instruments

KLB Secondary Physics Form 3, Pages 181-185
KLB Secondary Physics Form 3, Pages 185-188

Electrostatics II

Capacitors in series and parallel

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Derive effective capacitance for series combination
- Derive effective capacitance for parallel combination
- Explain charge and voltage relationships
- Calculate individual charges and voltages

Mathematical derivation of series formula (1/C = 1/C₁ + 1/C₂)
- Mathematical derivation of parallel formula (C = C₁ + C₂)
- Problem solving with capacitor combinations
- Practical verification using circuits

Capacitors of different values, Voltmeters, Ammeters, Battery, Connecting wires, Calculators, Circuit boards

KLB Secondary Physics Form 3, Pages 188-191

Electrostatics II

Energy stored in capacitors

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Derive formula for energy stored E = ½CV²
- Explain energy storage mechanism
- Calculate energy in charged capacitors
- Investigate energy conservation in capacitor combinations

Mathematical derivation of energy storage formula
- Discussion on energy storage principles
- Problem solving on energy calculations
- Analysis of energy conservation in series and parallel combinations

Charged capacitors, Energy calculation worksheets, Graphing materials, Calculators, Safety equipment

KLB Secondary Physics Form 3, Pages 191-192

Electrostatics II

Complex capacitor problems

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Solve problems involving mixed series and parallel combinations
- Calculate charges, voltages and energies in complex circuits
- Apply energy conservation principles
- Analyze capacitor charging and discharging

Problem solving with complex capacitor networks
- Analysis of charging and discharging processes
- Energy transfer calculations
- Graph interpretation of charging curves

Complex circuit diagrams, Advanced problem worksheets, Graphing materials, Calculators, Past examination papers

KLB Secondary Physics Form 3, Pages 188-193

Electrostatics II

Applications of capacitors

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain use in rectification and smoothing circuits
- Describe applications in tuning circuits
- State use in delay circuits and camera flash
- Solve comprehensive numerical problems on all topics

Discussion on practical applications in electronics
- Demonstration of smoothing circuits
- Explanation of tuning and delay functions
- Comprehensive revision and problem solving covering all electrostatics topics

Circuit diagrams, Smoothing circuit demo, Radio tuning circuits, Camera flash unit, Revision charts, Past examination papers

KLB Secondary Physics Form 3, Pages 192-193