Newton's Laws of Motion

Newton's First Law and Inertia
Momentum and its Applications

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
State Newton's first law of motion
-Define inertia and relate it to mass
-Explain the concept of balanced and unbalanced forces
-Give examples of Newton's first law in daily life
-Understand the need for seat belts and safety devices
Define momentum and state its SI unit
-Calculate momentum using p = mv
-Identify momentum as a vector quantity
-Solve problems involving momentum calculations
-Compare momentum of different objects

Q/A review on forces from previous studies
-Demonstration: cardboard and coin experiment
-Demonstration: hitting bottom coin from stack
-Discussion on inertia and its relationship to mass
-Explanation of seat belts and safety devices in vehicles
-Analysis of forces acting on aircraft in flight
Review Newton's first law through Q/A
-Introduction to momentum concept with examples
-Demonstration: comparing stopping distances of vehicles
-Worked examples on momentum calculations
-Problem-solving session with various scenarios
-Discussion on factors affecting momentum

Cardboard
-Glass tumbler
-Coins
-Charts showing aircraft forces
-Pictures of safety devices
-Demonstration materials
-Balance
Calculator
-Toy cars of different masses
-Stopwatch
-Measuring tape
-Worked examples charts
-Problem worksheets

KLB Secondary Physics Form 3, Pages 65-67
KLB Secondary Physics Form 3, Pages 67-68

Newton's Laws of Motion

Momentum and its Applications

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define momentum and state its SI unit
-Calculate momentum using p = mv
-Identify momentum as a vector quantity
-Solve problems involving momentum calculations
-Compare momentum of different objects

Review Newton's first law through Q/A
-Introduction to momentum concept with examples
-Demonstration: comparing stopping distances of vehicles
-Worked examples on momentum calculations
-Problem-solving session with various scenarios
-Discussion on factors affecting momentum

Calculator
-Toy cars of different masses
-Stopwatch
-Measuring tape
-Worked examples charts
-Problem worksheets

KLB Secondary Physics Form 3, Pages 67-68

Newton's Laws of Motion

Newton's Second Law of Motion

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
State Newton's second law of motion
-Derive the relationship F = ma
-Define the Newton as unit of force
-Understand rate of change of momentum
-Apply F = ma to solve problems

Q/A on momentum concepts
-Derivation of F = ma from Newton's second law
-Definition of the Newton using F = ma
-Demonstration using ticker-timer and trolley
-Worked examples applying F = ma
-Problem-solving session with force calculations

Ticker-timer
-Trolley
-Runway
-Elastic cords
-Masses
-Calculator
-Force diagrams
-Worked examples

KLB Secondary Physics Form 3, Pages 68-74

Newton's Laws of Motion

Experimental Verification of Newton's Second Law

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Investigate relationship between force and acceleration
-Investigate relationship between mass and acceleration
-Verify F = ma experimentally
-Analyze ticker-tape results
-Draw conclusions from experimental data

Review F = ma through Q/A
-Experiment: Force vs acceleration (constant mass)
-Experiment: Mass vs acceleration (constant force)
-Analysis of ticker-tape patterns
-Data collection and graph plotting
-Discussion on experimental errors and improvements

Ticker-timer
-Trolley
-Ticker tape
-Elastic cords
-Various masses
-Scissors
-Graph paper
-Rulers
-Calculator

KLB Secondary Physics Form 3, Pages 69-71

Newton's Laws of Motion

Impulse and Change in Momentum
Newton's Third Law of Motion

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define impulse and state its units
-Understand impulse-momentum theorem
-Calculate impulse using Ft = Δp
-Analyze force-time graphs
-Apply impulse concept to real situations
State Newton's third law of motion
-Understand action and reaction pairs
-Explain that forces occur in pairs
-Apply third law to various situations
-Analyze motion in different scenarios

Q/A review on Newton's second law
-Introduction to impulse concept
-Derivation of impulse-momentum theorem
-Analysis of force-time graphs and area calculation
-Worked examples on impulse calculations
-Discussion on applications: car safety, sports
Review impulse concepts through Q/A
-Demonstration: walking and floor interaction
-Demonstration: jumping from boat scenario
-Discussion on action-reaction pairs
-Examples from daily life: walking, swimming, rocket propulsion
-Problem-solving involving third law

Graph paper
-Force-time graph examples
-Calculator
-Charts showing car safety features
-Sports equipment examples
-Worked examples
Books for pressure demonstration
-Spring balances
-Trolleys
-String
-Charts showing action-reaction examples
-Pictures of rockets and jets

KLB Secondary Physics Form 3, Pages 71-74
KLB Secondary Physics Form 3, Pages 75-80

Newton's Laws of Motion

Newton's Third Law of Motion

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
State Newton's third law of motion
-Understand action and reaction pairs
-Explain that forces occur in pairs
-Apply third law to various situations
-Analyze motion in different scenarios

Review impulse concepts through Q/A
-Demonstration: walking and floor interaction
-Demonstration: jumping from boat scenario
-Discussion on action-reaction pairs
-Examples from daily life: walking, swimming, rocket propulsion
-Problem-solving involving third law

Books for pressure demonstration
-Spring balances
-Trolleys
-String
-Charts showing action-reaction examples
-Pictures of rockets and jets

KLB Secondary Physics Form 3, Pages 75-80

Newton's Laws of Motion

Applications of Newton's Laws - Lifts and Apparent Weight

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Analyze forces in accelerating lifts
-Calculate apparent weight in different situations
-Understand weightlessness concept
-Apply Newton's laws to lift problems
-Solve problems involving vertical motion

Q/A on Newton's third law
-Analysis of forces in lift moving upward with acceleration
-Analysis of forces in lift moving downward with acceleration
-Calculation of apparent weight in different scenarios
-Discussion on weightlessness in spacecraft
-Problem-solving session on lift problems

Spring balance
-Mass
-Lift diagrams
-Calculator
-Free-body diagram charts
-Worked examples
-Problem worksheets

KLB Secondary Physics Form 3, Pages 76-78

Newton's Laws of Motion

Conservation of Linear Momentum

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
State the law of conservation of momentum
-Apply conservation of momentum to collisions
-Distinguish between elastic and inelastic collisions
-Solve collision problems
-Understand momentum in explosions

Review lift problems through Q/A
-Statement and explanation of conservation of momentum
-Demonstration: colliding trolleys or balls
-Analysis of elastic and inelastic collisions
-Worked examples on collision problems
-Discussion on explosions and momentum conservation

Trolleys
-Plasticine
-Marbles
-Spring balance
-Measuring tape
-Stopwatch
-Calculator
-Collision demonstration apparatus

KLB Secondary Physics Form 3, Pages 80-86

Newton's Laws of Motion

Applications of Momentum Conservation - Rockets and Jets
Friction - Types and Laws

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain rocket and jet propulsion
-Apply momentum conservation to propulsion systems
-Understand recoil velocity calculations
-Analyze garden sprinkler operation
-Solve recoil problems
Define friction and explain its molecular basis
-Distinguish between static and kinetic friction
-State and apply laws of friction
-Understand advantages and disadvantages of friction
-Identify methods of reducing friction

Q/A review on momentum conservation
-Explanation of rocket propulsion principle
-Analysis of jet engine operation
-Calculation of recoil velocities
-Demonstration: balloon rocket or garden sprinkler
-Problem-solving on recoil scenarios
Review momentum applications through Q/A
-Demonstration: block on table with increasing force
-Explanation of molecular basis of friction
-Discussion on types of friction: static, kinetic, rolling
-Investigation of factors affecting friction
-Examples of friction in daily life and technology

Balloons
-String
-Straws
-Garden sprinkler (if available)
-Charts showing rocket/jet engines
-Calculator
-Worked examples
Wooden blocks
-Different surfaces
-Spring balance
-Weights
-Lubricants
-Sandpaper
-Charts showing friction applications
-Ball bearings

KLB Secondary Physics Form 3, Pages 86-87
KLB Secondary Physics Form 3, Pages 87-90

Newton's Laws of Motion

Friction - Types and Laws

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define friction and explain its molecular basis
-Distinguish between static and kinetic friction
-State and apply laws of friction
-Understand advantages and disadvantages of friction
-Identify methods of reducing friction

Review momentum applications through Q/A
-Demonstration: block on table with increasing force
-Explanation of molecular basis of friction
-Discussion on types of friction: static, kinetic, rolling
-Investigation of factors affecting friction
-Examples of friction in daily life and technology

Wooden blocks
-Different surfaces
-Spring balance
-Weights
-Lubricants
-Sandpaper
-Charts showing friction applications
-Ball bearings

KLB Secondary Physics Form 3, Pages 87-90

Newton's Laws of Motion

Viscosity and Terminal Velocity

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define viscosity and explain its effects
-Understand motion of objects through fluids
-Explain terminal velocity concept
-Analyze forces on falling objects in fluids
-Investigate factors affecting terminal velocity

Q/A on friction concepts
-Demonstration: steel ball falling through different liquids
-Explanation of viscous drag and terminal velocity
-Analysis of forces: weight, upthrust, and viscous drag
-Investigation of terminal velocity using glycerine
-Discussion on applications: parachutes, rain drops

Tall measuring cylinder
-Glycerine
-Steel ball bearings
-Water
-Stopwatch
-Rubber bands
-Ruler
-Different viscous liquids

KLB Secondary Physics Form 3, Pages 90-93

Work, Energy, Power and Machines

Gears and Hydraulic Systems

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Understand gear systems and their operation
-Calculate V.R. for gear systems
-Explain hydraulic lift principle
-Apply Pascal's principle to hydraulic systems
-Calculate M.A. and V.R. for hydraulic systems

Review inclined planes through Q/A
-Demonstration: gear system operation
-Calculation of gear ratios and V.R.
-Explanation of hydraulic lift principle
-Demonstration: Pascal's principle using syringes
-Calculation of hydraulic system parameters

Gear wheels
-Bicycle for gear demonstration
-Syringes of different sizes
-Water
-Tubes
-Calculator
-Hydraulic system diagrams
-Gear ratio charts

KLB Secondary Physics Form 3, Pages 116-119

Work, Energy, Power and Machines
Current Electricity (II)

Efficiency of Machines
Electric Current and Measurement

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Understand factors affecting machine efficiency
-Calculate efficiency using different methods
-Investigate efficiency of various machines
-Understand energy losses in machines
-Discuss methods to improve efficiency
Define electric current and state its SI unit
-Understand conventional current flow
-Use ammeters correctly to measure current
-Read ammeter scales accurately
-Understand current as rate of flow of charge

Q/A on gears and hydraulic systems
-Investigation: efficiency of pulley system
-Discussion on factors causing energy losses
-Measurement of input and output work
-Calculation of efficiency for different machines
-Discussion on improving machine efficiency
Q/A review on basic electricity from Form 2
-Definition of electric current and conventional flow
-Demonstration: proper ammeter connection in series
-Practice reading different ammeter scales
-Discussion on digital vs analogue meters
-Safety precautions when using electrical equipment

Various machines for testing
-Spring balances
-Measuring tape
-Stopwatch
-Calculator
-Efficiency measurement setup
-Lubricants for demonstration
Ammeters (analogue and digital)
-Dry cells
-Connecting wires
-Bulbs
-Switches
-Ammeter scale charts
-Safety equipment

KLB Secondary Physics Form 3, Pages 120-123
KLB Secondary Physics Form 3, Pages 126-130

Current Electricity (II)

Electric Current and Measurement

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define electric current and state its SI unit
-Understand conventional current flow
-Use ammeters correctly to measure current
-Read ammeter scales accurately
-Understand current as rate of flow of charge

Q/A review on basic electricity from Form 2
-Definition of electric current and conventional flow
-Demonstration: proper ammeter connection in series
-Practice reading different ammeter scales
-Discussion on digital vs analogue meters
-Safety precautions when using electrical equipment

Ammeters (analogue and digital)
-Dry cells
-Connecting wires
-Bulbs
-Switches
-Ammeter scale charts
-Safety equipment

KLB Secondary Physics Form 3, Pages 126-130

Current Electricity (II)

Series and Parallel Circuits - Current Distribution

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Investigate current in series circuits
-Investigate current in parallel circuits
-Apply Kirchhoff's current law
-Understand current division in parallel circuits
-Solve problems involving current distribution

Review ammeter usage through Q/A
-Experiment: measuring current in series circuit
-Experiment: measuring current in parallel circuit
-Analysis of current readings and patterns
-Statement of Kirchhoff's current law
-Problem-solving on current distribution

Multiple ammeters
-Bulbs
-Connecting wires
-Dry cells
-Switches
-Circuit boards
-Calculator
-Current distribution worksheets

KLB Secondary Physics Form 3, Pages 130-133

Current Electricity (II)

Potential Difference and Voltage Measurement

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define potential difference in terms of work done
-State the SI unit of potential difference
-Use voltmeters correctly to measure voltage
-Understand voltage measurement across components
-Read voltmeter scales accurately

Q/A on current distribution
-Definition of potential difference and work done per unit charge
-Demonstration: proper voltmeter connection in parallel
-Practice measuring voltage across different components
-Comparison of voltmeter and ammeter connections
-Safety considerations in voltage measurement

Voltmeters (analogue and digital)
-Dry cells
-Resistors
-Bulbs
-Connecting wires
-Switches
-Voltmeter scale charts
-Work and charge demonstration materials

KLB Secondary Physics Form 3, Pages 126-129

Current Electricity (II)

Series and Parallel Circuits - Voltage Distribution

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Investigate voltage in series circuits
-Investigate voltage in parallel circuits
-Apply Kirchhoff's voltage law
-Understand voltage division in series circuits
-Solve problems involving voltage distribution

Review voltage measurement through Q/A
-Experiment: measuring voltage across series components
-Experiment: measuring voltage across parallel components
-Analysis of voltage readings and patterns
-Statement of Kirchhoff's voltage law
-Problem-solving on voltage distribution

Multiple voltmeters
-Various resistors
-Connecting wires
-Dry cells
-Switches
-Circuit boards
-Calculator
-Voltage distribution worksheets

KLB Secondary Physics Form 3, Pages 130-133

Current Electricity (II)

Ohm's Law - Investigation and Verification

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
State Ohm's law
-Investigate relationship between voltage and current
-Plot V-I graphs for ohmic conductors
-Verify Ohm's law experimentally
-Understand conditions for Ohm's law validity

Q/A on voltage distribution
-Experiment: varying voltage and measuring current through resistor
-Data collection and table completion
-Plotting V-I graph and analyzing slope
-Statement and verification of Ohm's law
-Discussion on temperature and other conditions

Rheostat
-Ammeter
-Voltmeter
-Resistor coils
-Connecting wires
-Dry cells
-Graph paper
-Calculator
-Ruler

KLB Secondary Physics Form 3, Pages 131-135

Current Electricity (II)

Electrical Resistance and Ohm's Law Applications

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define electrical resistance and its SI unit
-Apply Ohm's law to calculate V, I, and R
-Understand the relationship R = V/I
-Solve problems using Ohm's law
-Convert between different units of resistance

Review Ohm's law investigation through Q/A
-Definition of electrical resistance as V/I ratio
-Worked examples applying Ohm's law triangle
-Unit conversions: Ω, kΩ, MΩ
-Problem-solving session on Ohm's law calculations
-Discussion on factors affecting resistance

Calculator
-Ohm's law triangle charts
-Resistor color code charts
-Various resistors
-Multimeter
-Problem worksheets
-Unit conversion charts

KLB Secondary Physics Form 3, Pages 131-135

Current Electricity (II)

Ohmic and Non-Ohmic Conductors

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Distinguish between ohmic and non-ohmic conductors
-Investigate V-I characteristics of different materials
-Understand why some materials don't obey Ohm's law
-Analyze V-I graphs for various conductors
-Identify practical applications of non-ohmic conductors

Q/A on Ohm's law applications
-Experiment: V-I characteristics of filament bulb
-Experiment: V-I characteristics of diode
-Comparison of different V-I graph shapes
-Discussion on temperature effects on resistance
-Applications of non-ohmic conductors

Filament bulbs
-Diodes
-Thermistors
-LDR
-Ammeter
-Voltmeter
-Rheostat
-Graph paper
-Various conductors for testing

KLB Secondary Physics Form 3, Pages 134-135

Current Electricity (II)

Types of Resistors and Their Applications

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Identify different types of resistors
-Understand fixed and variable resistors
-Read resistor color codes
-Understand applications of special resistors
-Use rheostats and potentiometers

Review ohmic vs non-ohmic conductors through Q/A
-Identification of resistor types: carbon, wire-wound, variable
-Practice reading resistor color codes
-Demonstration: rheostat and potentiometer operation
-Discussion on thermistors and LDR applications
-Practical applications in circuits

Various resistor types
-Color code charts
-Rheostat
-Potentiometer
-Thermistor
-LDR
-Multimeter
-Circuit boards
-Application examples

KLB Secondary Physics Form 3, Pages 135-140

Current Electricity (II)

Measurement of Resistance - Voltmeter-Ammeter Method

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe voltmeter-ammeter method
-Set up circuits for resistance measurement
-Calculate resistance from V and I readings
-Understand limitations of the method
-Analyze experimental errors

Q/A on resistor types
-Setup of voltmeter-ammeter circuit
-Measurement of voltage and current for unknown resistor
-Calculation of resistance using R = V/I
-Discussion on measurement errors and accuracy
-Comparison with multimeter readings

Unknown resistors
-Voltmeter
-Ammeter
-Rheostat
-Connecting wires
-Dry cells
-Switches
-Calculator
-Multimeter for comparison

KLB Secondary Physics Form 3, Pages 140-142

Current Electricity (II)

Wheatstone Bridge Method

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Understand the principle of Wheatstone bridge
-Set up Wheatstone bridge circuit
-Balance the bridge for resistance measurement
-Calculate unknown resistance using bridge equation
-Appreciate accuracy of Wheatstone bridge method

Review voltmeter-ammeter method through Q/A
-Introduction to Wheatstone bridge principle
-Demonstration of bridge balance condition
-Setup and operation of Wheatstone bridge
-Calculation using R₁/R₂ = R₃/R₄
-Comparison of accuracy with other methods

Wheatstone bridge apparatus
-Galvanometer
-Known resistors
-Unknown resistors
-Connecting wires
-Battery
-Calculator
-Bridge equation charts

KLB Secondary Physics Form 3, Pages 142-144

Current Electricity (II)

Resistors in Series - Theory and Calculations

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Derive formula for resistors in series
-Calculate total resistance for series combination
-Understand current and voltage in series circuits
-Solve problems involving series resistors
-Apply series resistance in circuit analysis

Q/A on resistance measurement methods
-Derivation of Rs = R₁ + R₂ + R₃...
-Demonstration: measuring total resistance of series combination
-Analysis of current (same) and voltage (divided) in series
-Worked examples on series resistance calculations
-Problem-solving session

Resistors of known values
-Multimeter
-Connecting wires
-Circuit boards
-Calculator
-Series circuit diagrams
-Problem worksheets

KLB Secondary Physics Form 3, Pages 144-147

Current Electricity (II)

Resistors in Parallel - Theory and Calculations

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Derive formula for resistors in parallel
-Calculate total resistance for parallel combination
-Understand current and voltage in parallel circuits
-Solve problems involving parallel resistors
-Apply parallel resistance in circuit analysis

Review series resistance through Q/A
-Derivation of 1/Rp = 1/R₁ + 1/R₂ + 1/R₃...
-Demonstration: measuring total resistance of parallel combination
-Analysis of voltage (same) and current (divided) in parallel
-Worked examples on parallel resistance calculations
-Problem-solving session

Resistors of known values
-Multimeter
-Connecting wires
-Circuit boards
-Calculator
-Parallel circuit diagrams
-Problem worksheets

KLB Secondary Physics Form 3, Pages 147-150

Current Electricity (II)

Mixed Circuits - Series-Parallel Combinations

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Analyze circuits with series-parallel combinations
-Apply reduction techniques to complex circuits
-Calculate total resistance of mixed circuits
-Determine current and voltage in different branches
-Solve complex circuit problems

Q/A on parallel resistance
-Introduction to mixed circuit analysis techniques
-Step-by-step reduction of complex circuits
-Worked examples on series-parallel combinations
-Problem-solving on mixed circuits
-Discussion on circuit analysis strategies

Various resistors
-Circuit boards
-Connecting wires
-Multimeter
-Calculator
-Complex circuit diagrams
-Step-by-step analysis charts

KLB Secondary Physics Form 3, Pages 150-153

Current Electricity (II)

Electromotive Force (EMF) and Terminal Voltage

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define electromotive force (EMF)
-Distinguish between EMF and terminal voltage
-Understand the concept of lost voltage
-Relate EMF to work done by the cell
-Measure EMF using high resistance voltmeter

Review mixed circuits through Q/A
-Definition of EMF as work done per unit charge
-Demonstration: measuring EMF with open circuit
-Comparison of EMF and terminal voltage under load
-Discussion on energy conversion in cells
-Measurement techniques for EMF

High resistance voltmeter
-Various cells
-Switches
-Resistors
-Connecting wires
-EMF measurement setup
-Energy conversion charts

KLB Secondary Physics Form 3, Pages 150-152

Current Electricity (II)

Internal Resistance of Cells

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define internal resistance
-Understand the relationship E = V + Ir
-Calculate internal resistance experimentally
-Understand factors affecting internal resistance
-Apply internal resistance in circuit calculations

Q/A on EMF concepts
-Introduction to internal resistance concept
-Derivation of E = V + Ir relationship
-Experiment: measuring internal resistance using different loads
-Plotting E vs R graph to find internal resistance
-Discussion on factors affecting internal resistance

Various cells
-Resistors of different values
-Voltmeter
-Ammeter
-Connecting wires
-Graph paper
-Calculator
-Internal resistance apparatus

KLB Secondary Physics Form 3, Pages 150-153

Current Electricity (II)

Cells in Series and Parallel

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Analyze cells connected in series
-Analyze cells connected in parallel
-Calculate total EMF and internal resistance
-Understand advantages of different connections
-Solve problems involving cell combinations

Review internal resistance through Q/A
-Analysis of identical cells in series connection
-Analysis of identical cells in parallel connection
-Calculation of equivalent EMF and internal resistance
-Discussion on practical applications and advantages
-Problem-solving on cell combinations

Multiple identical cells
-Connecting wires
-Voltmeter
-Ammeter
-Resistors
-Calculator
-Cell combination diagrams
-Problem worksheets

KLB Secondary Physics Form 3, Pages 152-153

Current Electricity (II)

Advanced Circuit Analysis and Problem Solving

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Apply Kirchhoff's laws to complex circuits
-Solve circuits with multiple sources
-Analyze circuits with internal resistance
-Use systematic approaches to circuit problems
-Integrate all electricity concepts

Q/A on cell combinations
-Application of Kirchhoff's current and voltage laws
-Systematic approach to complex circuit analysis
-Worked examples with multiple EMF sources
-Problem-solving session covering all electricity topics
-Discussion on practical circuit applications

Complex circuit examples
-Calculator
-Circuit analysis worksheets
-Multiple EMF sources
-Various resistors
-Comprehensive problem sets
-Kirchhoff's law charts

KLB Secondary Physics Form 3, Pages 126-153

Waves II

Properties of waves
Reflection of waves

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define wavelength, frequency, amplitude and wavefront
- Explain rectilinear propagation of waves
- Describe wave production in ripple tank
- Calculate wave speed using v=fλ

Q/A on wave basics from Form 2
- Demonstration of wave production using ripple tank
- Observation of rectilinear propagation
- Calculations on wave speed

Ripple tank, Straight vibrator, Water, Rulers, Stroboscope, Charts on wave properties
Ripple tank, Plane wave generator, Curved and straight reflectors, Graph paper, Pencils

KLB Secondary Physics Form 3, Pages 156-158

Waves II

Refraction of waves

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe refraction when waves change medium
- Explain change in wavelength and speed
- Demonstrate refraction using shallow and deep regions
- State that frequency remains constant

Q/A on refraction basics
- Experiment using glass plate to create shallow region
- Observation of wavefront spacing changes
- Discussion on speed and wavelength changes

Ripple tank, Glass plates, Water, Rulers for measurement, Frequency generator

KLB Secondary Physics Form 3, Pages 161-163

Waves II

Diffraction of waves
Interference patterns
Constructive and destructive interference
Stationary waves formation

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define diffraction
- Explain factors affecting extent of diffraction
- Describe experiments showing diffraction
- Compare diffraction through different gap sizes
Distinguish between constructive and destructive interference
- Explain conditions for each type
- Demonstrate using sound waves
- Calculate amplitudes in interference

Demonstration of diffraction using various gap sizes
- Observation of spreading effect
- Investigation of relationship between gap size and wavelength
- Practical measurements
Experiment with two loudspeakers
- Observation of loud and quiet regions
- Mathematical analysis of amplitude addition
- Problem solving on wave interference

Ripple tank, Barriers with gaps, Various gap sizes, Measuring instruments, Wave generator
Two-point sources, Graph paper, Compass, Rulers, Ripple tank setup, Audio frequency generator
Two loudspeakers, Audio generator, Microphone, Sound level meter, Connecting wires
Tuning fork, String, Pulley, Weights, Stroboscope, Measuring tape, Retort stands

KLB Secondary Physics Form 3, Pages 163-165
KLB Secondary Physics Form 3, Pages 167-169

Waves II

Modes of vibration in strings

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Derive expressions for fundamental frequency
- Explain harmonics and overtones
- Calculate frequencies of overtones
- Demonstrate different modes

Discussion on fundamental and overtone frequencies
- Mathematical derivation of frequency formulas
- Practical demonstration of string vibrations
- Problem solving

Sonometer, Tuning forks, Weights, Measuring instruments, Calculator, Formula charts

KLB Secondary Physics Form 3, Pages 170-172

Waves II

Vibrating air columns - closed pipes

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain stationary waves in closed pipes
- Derive fundamental frequency formula
- Calculate overtone frequencies
- Demonstrate resonance in pipes

Experiment with closed pipe resonance
- Observation of resonance positions
- Calculation of frequency relationships
- End correction discussions

Closed pipes of various lengths, Tuning forks, Water, Measuring cylinders, Resonance tubes

KLB Secondary Physics Form 3, Pages 172-174

Waves II

Vibrating air columns - open pipes

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Compare open and closed pipe resonance
- Derive frequency formulas for open pipes
- Explain harmonic series differences
- Solve numerical problems

Experiment with open pipe resonance
- Comparison with closed pipe results
- Mathematical problem solving
- Summary of all wave phenomena

Open pipes, Tuning forks, Sound level meters, Calculators, Summary charts, Past papers

KLB Secondary Physics Form 3, Pages 174-176