Living Things and Their Environment

The interdependence of life - Energy flow

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain energy flow in ecosystems
- Describe trophic levels
- Appreciate energy transfer in nature

- Discuss energy flow from sun to producers and consumers
- Explain the concept of trophic levels
- Analyze energy loss between trophic levels

How does energy flow through an ecosystem?

- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 128)
- Digital resources
- Charts on energy flow

- Written assessment - Oral questions - Group discussions

Living Things and Their Environment

The interdependence of life - Food chains
The interdependence of life - Food webs
The interdependence of life - National Parks ecosystem

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Define food chain
- Construct simple food chains
- Show interest in feeding relationships

- Identify organisms in Kenyan National Parks
- Describe interrelationships in National Parks
- Appreciate biodiversity conservation

- Observe feeding habits of organisms
- Record what each organism feeds on
- Construct food chains based on observations
- Select a National Park for study
- Research organisms found in the park
- Construct food webs based on park organisms

What is a food chain?
What interrelationships exist in Kenyan National Parks?

- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 129)
- Digital resources
- Charts on food chains
- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 130)
- Charts on food webs
- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 131)
- Digital resources
- Reference books on National Parks

- Written assessment - Food chain construction - Observation
- Project work - Written assessment - Group presentations

Living Things and Their Environment

The interdependence of life - Decomposers

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe the role of decomposers in ecosystems
- Explain nutrient cycling
- Appreciate the importance of decomposers

- Visit a compost site to observe decomposition
- Discuss the role of decomposers in nutrient cycling
- Analyze nitrogen, carbon and sulphur cycles

What role do decomposers play in an ecosystem?

- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 132)
- Digital resources
- School compost site
- Hand lens

- Written assessment - Practical skills - Group discussions

Living Things and Their Environment

The interdependence of life - Human activities

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe effects of human activities on ecosystems
- Explain habitat change, conservation, and species introduction
- Show concern for environmental conservation

- Search for information on human impacts
- Discuss habitat change, poaching, and introduced species
- Analyze conservation methods

How do human activities affect the environment?

- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 133)
- Digital resources
- Reference books

- Written assessment - Group presentations - Debates

Force and Energy

Curved mirrors - Types of curved mirrors

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify different types of curved mirrors
- Describe curved mirror surfaces
- Show interest in curved mirrors

- Observe different reflector surfaces
- Discuss the description of concave, convex and parabolic reflectors
- Compare the surfaces of different curved mirrors

How are curved mirrors used in day-to-day life?

- KLB Integrated Science pg. 147
- Car driving mirrors
- Car headlight reflectors
- Laboratory curved mirrors
- Digital content on curved mirrors

- Observation - Oral questions - Written assignments

Force and Energy

Curved mirrors - Types of curved mirrors
Curved mirrors - Images formed by concave and convex mirrors

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Distinguish between concave and convex mirrors
- Compare parabolic reflectors with other curved mirrors
- Show interest in different types of reflectors

- Describe the pole of a mirror
- Explain the center of curvature and radius of curvature
- Show interest in features of curved mirrors

- Examine the curving of different mirrors
- Identify the reflecting surfaces of different mirrors
- Draw diagrams to illustrate different curved mirror surfaces
- Locate the pole, center of curvature, and radius on diagrams
- Draw and label the parts of curved mirrors
- Discuss the significance of each feature

How do different curved mirrors differ in structure?
How do the parts of curved mirrors relate to image formation?

- KLB Integrated Science pg. 147
- Laboratory curved mirrors
- Digital resources
- Drawing materials
- KLB Integrated Science pg. 148
- Internet resources
- Digital devices
- Geometrical sets
- Curved mirrors
- KLB Integrated Science pg. 149
- Diagrams of curved mirrors
- Geometrical sets
- Drawing materials

- Observation - Drawing assessment - Oral questions

Force and Energy

Curved mirrors - Images formed by concave and convex mirrors

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe the principal axis of curved mirrors
- Explain the principal focus and focal plane
- Show interest in optical features

- Draw the principal axis for concave and convex mirrors
- Locate the principal focus on mirror diagrams
- Discuss the focal plane and its significance

How does the principal focus relate to image formation?

- KLB Integrated Science pg. 150
- Diagrams of curved mirrors
- Geometrical sets
- Drawing materials

- Observation - Drawing assessment - Written assignments

Force and Energy

Curved mirrors - Focal length

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Define focal length of curved mirrors
- Determine focal length experimentally
- Show interest in measuring optical parameters

- Define focal length
- Set up an experiment to determine focal length
- Measure and record focal length values

How can we determine the focal length of a curved mirror?

- KLB Integrated Science pg. 152
- Concave mirrors
- Meter rule
- White screen
- Mirror holder

- Observation - Practical skills assessment - Written reports

Force and Energy

Curved mirrors - Position of image formed by concave mirrors
Curved mirrors - Position of image formed by convex mirrors

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Locate images formed by concave mirrors experimentally
- Describe image characteristics for different object positions
- Show interest in image formation

- Set up apparatus to locate images formed by concave mirrors
- Place objects at different positions relative to the mirror
- Record image characteristics for each position

How do image characteristics change with object position?

- KLB Integrated Science pg. 153
- Concave mirrors
- Mirror holders
- Meter rules
- Screens
- Candles
- KLB Integrated Science pg. 154
- Convex mirrors
- Objects

- Observation - Practical skills assessment - Written reports

Force and Energy

Curved mirrors - Rays commonly used for ray diagram construction

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify rays used in ray diagram construction
- Explain how different rays are reflected
- Show interest in ray diagram construction

- Explain how rays parallel to the principal axis are reflected
- Describe the reflection of rays passing through focal points
- Show interest in ray behavior

- Search the Internet for information on ray behavior
- Sketch ray diagrams showing reflection of different rays
- Discuss with peers and display sketches
- Draw ray diagrams showing reflection patterns
- Discuss how different rays behave after reflection
- Create summary charts of ray behavior

Which rays are most useful for locating images in ray diagrams?
How does understanding ray behavior help in locating images?

- KLB Integrated Science pg. 155
- Internet resources
- Digital devices
- Manila paper
- Drawing materials
- KLB Integrated Science pg. 156
- Drawing materials
- Manila paper
- Ruler and protractor
- Reference materials

- Observation - Drawing assessment - Oral questions

Force and Energy

Curved mirrors - Rays commonly used for ray diagram construction

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Construct ray diagrams for concave mirrors
- Locate images using ray diagrams
- Show interest in graphical representation

- Draw ray diagrams for different object positions
- Use ray diagrams to locate images
- Determine image characteristics from ray diagrams

How can ray diagrams be used to predict image characteristics?

- KLB Integrated Science pg. 157
- Manila paper
- Drawing materials
- Ruler and protractor
- Reference materials

- Observation - Drawing assessment - Written assignments

Force and Energy

Curved mirrors - Rays commonly used for ray diagram construction
Curved mirrors - Uses of concave mirrors

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Construct ray diagrams for convex mirrors
- Locate images using ray diagrams
- Compare ray diagrams for concave and convex mirrors

- Draw ray diagrams for convex mirrors
- Use ray diagrams to locate images
- Compare with concave mirror ray diagrams

How do ray diagrams for convex mirrors differ from those for concave mirrors?

- KLB Integrated Science pg. 159
- Manila paper
- Drawing materials
- Ruler and protractor
- Reference materials
- KLB Integrated Science pg. 161
- Digital devices
- Internet connectivity
- Charts of ray diagrams

- Observation - Drawing assessment - Written assignments

Force and Energy

Curved mirrors - Uses of concave mirrors

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe the use of concave mirrors in reflectors
- Explain the principle behind solar heating
- Show interest in energy applications

- Discuss the use of concave mirrors in headlights and torches
- Explain how concave mirrors concentrate solar energy
- Research applications in solar cooking and heating

How are concave mirrors used in energy applications?

- KLB Integrated Science pg. 161
- Digital resources
- Internet connectivity
- Torch with reflector

- Observation - Oral questions - Written assignments

Force and Energy

Curved mirrors - Uses of concave mirrors
Curved mirrors - Uses of convex mirrors

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain the use of concave mirrors in astronomy
- Describe applications in dental examination
- Show interest in specialized applications

- Explain applications of convex mirrors
- Describe security and safety uses
- Show interest in practical applications

- Discuss the principle of reflection telescopes
- Explain how dental mirrors provide magnified images
- Research other specialized applications
- Discuss the use of convex mirrors for surveillance
- Explain their applications in security systems
- Research use at road junctions and corners

How do concave mirrors contribute to professional fields?
How do convex mirrors enhance security and safety?

- KLB Integrated Science pg. 162
- Digital resources
- Internet connectivity
- Reference materials
- KLB Integrated Science pg. 163
- Digital resources
- Internet connectivity
- Reference materials

- Observation - Oral presentations - Written assignments
- Observation - Oral questions - Written assignments

Force and Energy

Curved mirrors - Uses of convex mirrors

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain the use of convex mirrors as driving mirrors
- Describe applications of parabolic reflectors
- Show interest in real-world applications

- Discuss why convex mirrors are used as side mirrors
- Explain advantages of wider field of view
- Research applications of parabolic reflectors

How do curved mirrors enhance transportation safety?

- KLB Integrated Science pg. 164
- Digital resources
- Internet connectivity
- Reference materials

- Observation - Oral questions - Written assignments

Force and Energy

Curved mirrors - Review and assessment
Waves - Generation of waves

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Summarize key concepts about curved mirrors
- Apply knowledge to solve problems
- Show confidence in understanding curved mirrors

- Review main concepts in curved mirrors
- Answer revision questions
- Discuss solutions to problems

How does understanding curved mirrors help us in daily life?

- KLB Integrated Science pg. 166
- Previous notes
- Assessment questions
- Reference materials
- KLB Integrated Science pg. 170
- Water in a basin
- Drum
- Speaker connected to radio
- Small stones

- Written test - Observation - Oral questions

Force and Energy

Waves - Classification of waves

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Generate longitudinal waves
- Describe characteristics of longitudinal waves
- Show interest in wave classification

- Use a slinky spring to generate longitudinal waves
- Observe particle displacement direction
- Compare with wave travel direction

What distinguishes longitudinal waves from other wave types?

- KLB Integrated Science pg. 172
- Slinky spring
- Rope
- Smooth surface
- Rigid support

- Observation - Practical skills assessment - Written assignments

Force and Energy

Waves - Classification of waves
Waves - Characteristics of waves

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Generate transverse waves
- Describe characteristics of transverse waves
- Compare longitudinal and transverse waves

- Identify parts of a wave
- Measure the amplitude of a wave
- Show interest in wave properties

- Use a slinky spring to generate transverse waves
- Observe particle displacement direction
- Create comparison charts
- Generate waves with a slinky spring
- Identify and measure amplitude
- Draw wave patterns

How do transverse waves differ from longitudinal waves?
What are the key components that define a wave?

- KLB Integrated Science pg. 173
- Slinky spring
- Rope
- Smooth surface
- Rigid support
- KLB Integrated Science pg. 175
- Slinky spring
- Meter rule
- Chalk
- Drawing materials

- Observation - Practical skills assessment - Written assignments
- Observation - Measurement skills assessment - Written assignments

Force and Energy

Waves - Characteristics of waves
Waves - Frequency and periodic time

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Define wavelength
- Identify crests and troughs
- Explain wave phase

- Generate waves and identify crests and troughs
- Measure wavelength
- Identify points in phase

How is wavelength measured and what is its significance?

- KLB Integrated Science pg. 177
- Slinky spring
- Meter rule
- Chalk
- Drawing materials
- KLB Integrated Science pg. 180
- Stopwatch

- Observation - Measurement skills assessment - Written assignments

Force and Energy

Waves - Frequency and periodic time

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Solve problems involving frequency and periodic time
- Draw displacement-time graphs
- Show interest in wave calculations

- Practice solving problems with frequency and period
- Draw and interpret wave graphs
- Discuss the significance of frequency in real applications

How does frequency affect wave behavior and applications?

- KLB Integrated Science pg. 181
- Calculators
- Graph paper
- Reference materials
- Problem sets

- Observation - Problem-solving assessment - Written assignments

Force and Energy

Waves - Speed of a wave

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Define wave speed
- Derive the wave equation
- Apply the wave equation to solve problems

- Derive the relationship between wavelength, frequency and wave speed
- Practice using the wave equation
- Solve sample problems

How are wavelength, frequency, and wave speed related?

- KLB Integrated Science pg. 183
- Calculators
- Reference materials
- Problem sets

- Observation - Problem-solving assessment - Written assignments

Force and Energy

Waves - Speed of a wave
Waves - Properties of waves

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Solve complex problems using wave equation
- Explain the relationship between wavelength and frequency
- Apply wave concepts to real situations

- Demonstrate reflection of waves
- Explain how waves are reflected
- Show interest in wave properties

- Work through more complex wave problems
- Discuss how the wave equation applies in real scenarios
- Create a concept map of wave relationships
- Set up a ripple tank to demonstrate wave reflection
- Observe reflection patterns from different surfaces
- Compare with reflection of light

How does changing one wave parameter affect others?
How do waves behave when they encounter boundaries?

- KLB Integrated Science pg. 184
- Calculators
- Reference materials
- Problem sets
- Chart paper
- KLB Integrated Science pg. 186
- Ripple tank
- Straight edge
- Metal reflectors
- Water
- KLB Integrated Science pg. 187
- Glass block
- Wave generator

- Observation - Problem-solving assessment - Concept map evaluation
- Observation - Practical skills assessment - Written reports

Force and Energy

Waves - Properties of waves

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Demonstrate diffraction of waves
- Explain the factors affecting diffraction
- Show interest in wave behavior

- Set up a ripple tank with barriers having gaps
- Observe spreading of waves through gaps
- Investigate the effect of gap size

How do waves spread around obstacles or through openings?

- KLB Integrated Science pg. 188
- Ripple tank
- Metal barriers
- Water
- Wave generator

- Observation - Practical skills assessment - Written reports

Force and Energy

Waves - Remote sensing

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Define remote sensing
- Explain the principles of remote sensing
- Show interest in remote sensing applications

- Study photographs of environments
- Discuss the source of energy in photography
- Research remote sensing processes

What is remote sensing and how does it work?

- KLB Integrated Science pg. 189
- Digital resources
- Photographs
- Internet connectivity

- Observation - Oral questions - Written assignments

Force and Energy

Waves - Remote sensing

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain the components of remote sensing
- Describe the remote sensing process
- Show interest in remote sensing technology

- Discuss sources of waves in remote sensing
- Explain interaction between waves and targets
- Create diagrams of remote sensing processes

What are the requirements for remote sensing to take place?

- KLB Integrated Science pg. 190
- Digital resources
- Internet connectivity
- Drawing materials

- Observation - Diagram assessment - Written assignments

Force and Energy

Waves - Applications of waves

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify applications of waves in medicine
- Explain how waves are used in medical imaging
- Show interest in medical applications

- Explain the use of waves in surgery
- Describe applications in cancer therapy
- Show interest in medical treatments

- Research applications of waves in medicine
- Discuss ultrasound, X-rays, and MRI scans
- Create presentations on medical applications
- Research laser surgery applications
- Discuss radiation therapy for cancer
- Create information posters

How are waves applied in medical imaging?
How have waves revolutionized medical treatments?

- KLB Integrated Science pg. 191
- Digital resources
- Internet connectivity
- Presentation materials
- KLB Integrated Science pg. 192
- Digital resources
- Internet connectivity
- Poster materials
- KLB Integrated Science pg. 193
- Chart materials

- Observation - Presentations - Written assignments
- Observation - Poster assessment - Written assignments

Force and Energy

Waves - Applications of waves

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain applications of microwaves in cooking
- Describe Wi-Fi and drone operations
- Show interest in everyday applications

- Research microwave cooking principles
- Discuss Wi-Fi and drone technologies
- Create summary tables of various applications

How do waves enhance our daily lives?

- KLB Integrated Science pg. 194
- Digital resources
- Internet connectivity
- Table templates

- Observation - Summary table assessment - Written assignments

Force and Energy

Waves - Review and assessment

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Summarize key concepts about waves
- Apply knowledge to solve wave problems
- Show confidence in understanding waves

- Review main wave concepts
- Answer revision questions
- Discuss solutions to problems

How does understanding waves help us explain natural phenomena?

- KLB Integrated Science pg. 195
- Previous notes
- Assessment questions
- Reference materials

- Written test - Observation - Oral questions