CLASSIFICATION II

Principles of classification of living organisms...

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

Explain the importance of classification of organisms.
Discuss the general principles of classification.
Identify major taxonomic units.

Q/A: To review Classification I.

Discussion of principles of classification of organisms.

Q/A: Major taxonomic units.

Chart- Taxonomic units.

KLB BK III.
PP 1-2. CERTIFICATE PG 1 

CLASSIFICATION II

Binomial Nomenclature.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To define a species.
To explain features of a species.
To explain principles of binomial nomenclature.

Probing questions leading to definition of a species.
Give examples of breeds and varieties.
Discuss the double- naming system and the underlying features.

Chart- Examples of generic and specific names of organisms.

KLB BK III.P 2. CERTIFICATE PG 3

CLASSIFICATION II

Animal Kingdoms. Kingdom Monera.
Kingdom Protoctista.
Organisms with varied forms.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Identify the five animal kingdoms.

State characteristics of members of kingdom Monera.
To identify and draw various bacteria.
To explain how bacteria affect our lives.

Expository approach -The teacher will expose the five kingdoms.
Discussion- General characteristics of unicellular and microscopic organisms.
Drawing and labeling a bacterium.

Q/A: Economic importance of bacteria.

Chart- Types of bacteria
chart
Wall charts.

KLB BK III.P 3. CERTIFICATE PG 4

CLASSIFICATION II

Organisms in pond water.
Kingdom Fungi. Characteristics of Kingdom Fungi.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To identify organisms in pond water.
To give examples of members of kingdom fungi.
To discuss economic importance of fungi.
To state general characteristics of fungi.

Examine a drop of pond water on a glass slide under a microscope.
Draw diagrams of organisms observed.
Compare the observed organisms with those previously drawn and labelled.

Detailed discussion.
Exposition of new concepts/ terms.

Microscope
Water dropper
Pond water
Glass slides.
Mushrooms,
Yeast,
Bread mould.

KLB BK III. P. 4-5. CERTIFICATE PG 10
KLB BK III. P 6. CERTIFICATE PG 11

CLASSIFICATION II

Diagrams of Fungi.
Kingdom Plantae. General characteristics.
Division Bryophyta External structure of a Bryophyta.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To draw and label various fungi.

Examine bread mould.
Draw and label diagrams of various fngi.

Wall charts,
Bread mould,
Yeast,
Edible mushroom.
Moss plant,
Hand lens,
Slide.

KLB BK III. P 6. CERTIFICATE PG 12

CLASSIFICATION II

Division Pteridophyta.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To state general characteristics of Pteridophytes.
To draw and label external features of Pteridophytes.

Teacher leads in a discussion on characteristics of Pteridophytes.
Class experiments: To observe a live or preserved fern.
To draw and label the fern.

A live or preserved fern.

KLB BK III. P 7. CERTIFICATE PG 15

CLASSIFICATION II

Division Spermatophyta.
Features of Spermatophytes.
Sub-division Gymnospermatophyta.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To state general characteristics of spermatophytes.

Teacher leads in a discussion on spermatophytes.

text book
Complete specimens of bean plant with ponds/ maize plant/ a twig of cypress.

KLB BK III. P 9. CERTIFICATE PG 16

CLASSIFICATION II

Subdivision Angiospermaphyta.
Class Monocotyledonae.
Class Dicotyledonae.
Kingdom Animalia.
Phyllum Arthropoda.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To state general characteristics of angiospermaphyta.
To state characteristics of kingdom Animalia.

Detailed discussion.
Q/A: Comparing gymnospermatophyta and angiospermaphyta.

Q/A: To review general characteristics of animals as compared to those of plants.

text book
Maize plant/ wheat/ grass/ sugarcane.
Bean plant/ black jack/ tea.

KLB BK III. P 10. CERTIFICATE PG 16
KLB BK III. P 12. CERTIFICATE PG 18

CLASSIFICATION II

Class Crustacea.
Class Chilopoda.
Class Diplopoda.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To list down external features of a crab/ crayfish.

Examine preserved specimens of a crab/ crayfish and identify external features.
Draw and label diagrams.
Discuss their general characteristics.

Specimens of a crab/ crayfish.
A centipede.
A milipede.

KLB BK III. P 13. CERTIFICATE PG 21

CLASSIFICATION II

Class Arachnida.
Class Insecta.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To describe external features of mites, spiders, scorpions, ticks.

Examine specimens of freshly killed/ preserved arachnids.
Q/A: Differences between arachnids and members of other classes.
Discuss general characteristics of Arachnida.

Specimens of freshly killed/ preserved arachnids.
Live/ freshly killed specimens of ground beetle, honey-bee, termite, e.t.c.

KLB BK III. P 15. CERTIFICATE PG 20

CLASSIFICATION II

Phyllum Chordata.
Class Pisces.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To identify general characteristics of chordates.

Q/A: Identify classes of phylum chordata.
Discussion: characteristics of chordates.

Chart tilapia fish.

KLB BK III. PP 16-18. CERTIFICATE PG 22

CLASSIFICATION II

Class Amphibia.
Class Reptilia.
Class Aves.
Class Mammalia.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To compare observable features of a tilapia fish and those of a frog.
To state general characteristics of Mammalia.

Group experiments- Observing specimens and placing them in their respective classes.
Q/A: Examples of egg laying mammals, pouched mammals, primates, etc.

Preserved specimens ? fish, amphibians.
Chart- Diagrams of birds.
Diagrams of various mammals.

KLB BK III. P 18. CERTIFICATE PG 23
KLB BK III. P 20. CERTIFICATE PG  25

CLASSIFICATION II

Dichotomous key.
Features for identifying animals / plants.
Examples of dichotomous keys.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To explain the rules used in constructing a dichotomous key.

Teacher exposes features of a dichotomous key.

Chart- Constructed dichotomous keys.

KLB BK III. P 23. CERTIFICATE PG 27

CLASSIFICATION II

Construction of dichotomous keys.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To construct a guided dichotomous key of a given number of steps.
To use a constructed dichotomous key to identify given specimens.
To construct own dichotomous key.

Supervised exercise.

Written exercise.

Exercise review.

Plants from different families.

Different plant species.

KLB BK III. PP 24-30 CERTIFICATE PG30

ECOLOGY

Ecological pyramids of numbers.
Constructing Pyramid of numbers from given data.
Inverted pyramid of numbers.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To represent feeding relationships and energy flow using pyramids of numbers.

Q/A: Review trophic levels.
Teacher explains features of pyramid of numbers.

chart
text book
Chart- Inverted pyramid of numbers.

KLB BK III. PP 41-42. CERTIFICATE PG 49

ECOLOGY

Pyramid of Biomass.
Population.
Quadrat method of estimating population.
Quadrat method of estimating population.
Line - transect method of estimating population.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To define biomass of an organism.
To interpret the pyramid of biomass.
To construct a biomass from given data.
To estimate population using quadrat method.

Teacher exposes new concepts; then leads in a detailed discussion.

Students construct biomass from given data.

Students? outdoor activity- Estimating population using standard quadrats.

chart
text book
Standard quadrats.
text book

KLB BK III. PP 44-45. CERTIFICATE PG 50
KLB BK III. PP
46-47. CERTIFICATE PG 62

ECOLOGY

Belt transect method of estimating population.
Capture-recapture method.
Xerophytes.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To estimate population using belt transect method of population.

Group work ? outdoor activity.
Discussion.

Tape measure, quadrats, pegs, thermometer, pH indicator, e.t.c
specimen
Specimens of xerophytes.

KLB BK III. PP 48-49. CERTIFICATE PG 63

ECOLOGY

Mesophytes.
Hydrophytes.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To state characteristics of habitats of mesophytes.

To explain adaptations of mesophytes to their habitats.

Q/A: Characteristics of habitats where mesophytes thrive.

Discussion: Adaptations of mesophytes to their habitats.

Specimens of mesophytes.
Specimens of hydrophytes.

KLB BK III. P 51. CERTIFICATE PG 69

ECOLOGY

Halophytes.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To state characteristics of habitats of halophytes.
To explain adaptations of halophytes to their habitats.

Q/A: Characteristics of dry habitats.
Discussion: Adaptations of dry habitats.

Specimens of halophytes.

KLB BK III. P 52. CERTIFICATE PG 68

ECOLOGY

Adaptive features of plants.
Pollution and its effects.
Air pollution.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

To identify causes and effects of air pollution.
To suggest control measures of air pollution.

Group experiments- Students examine given specimens and suggest their habitats.
Identify adaptive features.
Detailed discussion & probing questions.

Xerophytes Mesophytes
Hydrophytes
Hand lenses.
text book
topic related video

KLB BK III. P 50. CERTIFICATE PG 69
KLB BK III. PP 56-59. CERTIFICATE PG 70

ECOLOGY

Water pollution.
Soil pollution.
Radioactive emissions.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To identify causes and effects of water pollution.
To suggest control measures of water pollution.

Detailed discussion & Q/A.

video of water pollution
text book

KLB BK III. P 60. CERTIFICATE PG 77

ECOLOGY

Human diseases. Typhoid & cholera.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To identify disease predisposing factors.
To describe causative agents, symptoms, prevention of bacterial diseases.

Detailed discussion with probing questions.

text book

KLB BK III. P 63. CERTIFICATE PG 82

ECOLOGY

Protozoan diseases.
Prevention and control of protozoan diseases.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To identify causal agents, symptoms, prevention and treatment of amoebic dysentery and malaria.

Detailed discussion, Q/A.

magazine

KLB BK III. PP 66. CERTIFICATE PG 83

ECOLOGY
REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Ascaris lumbricoides.
Bilharzia.
Introduction
Cell division.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To identify adaptive features of Ascaris lumbricoides.
To state and explain effects of a parasite on the host.
To suggest preventive and control measures.

To differentiate between sexual and asexual reproduction.
To state importance of reproduction.

Group activities: Students examine preserved specimens of Ascaris lumbricoides and identify some adaptive features.

Detailed discussion.
Q/A: Defination of reproduction.
Teacher illustrates and explains sexual and asexual reproduction.

Preserved specimens of Ascaris lumbricoides.
chart
text book
chart

KLB BK III. P 67. CERTIFICATE PG 87
KLB BK III. P 78. CERTIFICATE PG 99

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Mitosis.
Mitosis in a young root tip.
Significance of mitosis.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To describe the process of mitosis.

Teacher leads in a detailed discussion.
Drawing diagrams showing stages of mitosis.

charts
Onion root tip.
Microscope
IM HCl
Cover slides.
text book

KLB BK III.
P 80. CERTIFICATE PG 100

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Meiosis.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To distinguish meiosis from mitosis.
To explain the principle underlying meiosis.

Explanations

text book

KLB BK III.
P 82. CERTIFICATE PG 103

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

First and second meiotic divisions.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To describe the processes of first and second meiotic divisions.

Explanations and drawing diagrams.

Chart- stages of second meiotic division.

KLB BK III.
P 82. CERTIFICATE PG 104

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Meiosis in plant cells.
Significance of meiosis.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To identify various stages of meiosis.

Group experiments- meiosis in young flower bulbs.
Drawing cells showing stages of meiosis.
Comparing drawn cells with those previously drawn.

Flower buds
IM HCl
Source of heat
Glass slide
Filter paper
Microscope

KLB BK III.
P 82. CERTIFICATE PG 105

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Asexual reproduction. Binary fission.
Spore formation.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To identify types of asexual reproduction.
To describe the stages of binary fission in amoeba.

Exposition and discussion.

Drawing diagrams/ discussion.

Chart- Binary fission in amoeba
Microscope bread/ ugali mould
Hand lens.

KLB BK III.
P 87.CERTIFICATE PG 113

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Budding.
Budding in yeast.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To explain conditions necessary for budding in yeast.

Exposition and discussion.

Previously prepared 10% sugar solution
Methylene blue
Microscope

KLB BK III.
P 89.CERTIFICATE PG 113

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Sexual reproduction in plants. Structure of a flower.
Flower terminologies.
Pollination. Insect-pollinated flowers.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To draw and label a flower.
To define pollination.
To identify agents of pollination.
To describe the structure of insect-pollinated flowers.

Group experiments- Examine flowers and identify parts.
Counting number of sepals, petals, stamen, carpels.
Q/A: Definition of pollination.
Agents of pollination.
Class experiment- Structure of insect pollinated flowers.
Students identify various parts.

Bean flower
Morning glory
Bauhinia Longitudinal section of a general flower.
Flowers.
Insect-pollinated flowers.

KLB BK III.
P 90.CERTIFICATE PG 117
KLB BK III.
P 93.CERTIFICATE PG 119

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Wind-pollinated flowers.
Adaptive features of wind-pollinated flowers.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To describe the structure of wind-pollinated flowers.

Class experiment-examine inflorescence of star grass/ maize/ sugarcane.
Identify glumes, spikes and spikelets.
Compare them in text books/ charts.

Wind-pollinated flowers.

KLB BK III.
PP 93-94.CERTIFICATE PG 119

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Features hindering self-pollination.
Fertilisation process in flowering plants.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To discuss features and mechanisms that hinder self-pollination in plants.

Exposition and detailed discussion.

wind & inect pollinated flower
chart

KLB BK III. PP 93-94.

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Seed formation.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

To explain formation of seeds.

Detailed discussion.

text book

KLB BK III.
P 97.CERTIFICATE PG 123

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Fruit development.
Classification of fruits.
Placentation.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

To describe development of fruits in flowering plants.


To define placentation.
To describe the process of placentation.
To identify types of placentation.

Detailed discussion.



Teacher exposes the meaning of placentation.
Students examine ovaries of various fruits as the teacher exposes the types of placentation exhibited.
Students draw diagrams showing types of placentation.

text book
A variety of fruits, petri dishes
Blades
Containers.
Fruits
Beans
Sunflower
Pawpaw
Orange
Primrose, e.t.c

KLB BK III.
P 98.CERTIFICATE PG 124
KLB BK III.
P 100.CERTIFICATE PG 130

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Fruit and seed dispersal.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To explain adaptive features of fruits and seeds to their agents of dispersal.

Students examine fruits and seeds, observe external features, and group them accordingly to methods of dispersal.
Detailed discussion of observations made.

text book

KLB BK III. PP. 102-103 CERTIFICATE PG 130

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Internal structure of fruits.
Sexual reproduction in animals. External fertilisation.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To label the parts of internal structure of a fruit.

To identify the functions of internal parts of a fruit.

Teacher demonstration- Vertical sections of fruits.

Students draw and label the fruit internal structure.

charts
Strands of eggs of frogs.

KLB BK III. P. 104 

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Internal fertilisation.
Reproduction in mammals. Reproduction in human beings.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To describe internal fertilisation and compare it with external fertilisation.

Tabulate differences between external and internal fertilisation.

Wall charts-Reproduction system.

KLB BK III. P. 105CERTIFICATE PG 148

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Functions of parts of male reproduction system.
Male reproduction system of a male animal.
Female reproduction system.
Functions of parts of female reproduction system.
Female reproduction system of a female animal.
Formation of ova.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To explain the male reproduction system.
To draw and label parts of the female reproduction system.

Detailed discussion.
Drawing and labeling.

text book
Reproduction system of a rabbit/ rat.
chart
Dissected female rat/ mouse/rabbit.
text book

KLB BK III. PP. 106-108 CERTIFICATE PG 150
KLB BK III. PP.
108-110. CERTIFICATE PG 164