PRODUCT MARKETS

Learning activities - market identification
Learning activities - trader interviews

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify market types near school
-Analyze local market structures
-Examine trader operations
-Assess competition levels
-Evaluate market characteristics

- Field visits to local markets
-Market identification exercises
-Analysis of market structures
-Group work on trader assessment
-Examination of competition patterns

Market visit guides, observation sheets
Interview guides, data collection sheets

Trendy Business Studies Form 3 Pg 50

CHAIN OF DISTRIBUTION

Meaning of distribution and process

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Define distribution and explain its derivation
-Analyze the wide range of distribution activities
-Examine material handling, storage, packaging and transportation
-Explain how distribution bridges producer-consumer gap
-Describe the process from production to consumption
-Identify the role of intermediaries in distribution

- Discussion on distribution meaning and activities
-Analysis of material handling and storage
-Case studies on packaging and transportation
-Group work on producer-consumer gap
-Examination of distribution process
-Role play on intermediary functions

Textbook, distribution examples, packaging materials

Trendy Business Studies Form 3 Pg 42

CHAIN OF DISTRIBUTION

Classification of intermediaries - merchant vs agent traders
Merchant traders - export/import merchants and stockist distributors

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Classify intermediaries based on ownership
-Define merchant traders and their characteristics
-Analyze merchant traders' risk assumption
-Define agent traders and principal relationships
-Distinguish between merchant and agent traders
-Examine ownership and possession concepts

- Discussion on intermediary classification
-Analysis of merchant trader characteristics
-Case studies on risk assumption
-Group work on agent-principal relationships
-Comparison exercises between types
-Practical examples of both trader types

Textbook, trader examples, classification charts
Textbook, import/export examples, stockist cases

Trendy Business Studies Form 3 Pg 42-43

CHAIN OF DISTRIBUTION

Agent traders - commission agents, factors and auctioneers

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Define commission agents and their functions
-Analyze del credere commission agents
-Examine factors and their ownership characteristics
-Discuss auctioneers and competitive bidding
-Analyze local representatives and appointments
-Evaluate trading agents' commission systems

- Discussion on commission agent operations
-Analysis of del credere agents
-Case studies on factor operations
-Group work on auction processes
-Examination of Figure 4.1 auctioneer
-Practical examples of trading agents

Textbook, Figure 4.1, agent examples

Trendy Business Studies Form 3 Pg 43-44

CHAIN OF DISTRIBUTION

Non-trading agents - brokers, clearing agents and warehouse keepers
Role of intermediaries and channels of distribution

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Define brokers and their connecting functions
-Analyze export and import broker operations
-Examine clearing and forwarding agents
-Discuss warehouse keepers and storage services
-Analyze brokerage and demurrage fees
-Evaluate lien rights of agents

- Discussion on broker functions
-Analysis of clearing agent services
-Case studies on warehousing operations
-Group work on fee structures
-Examination of lien rights
-Practical examples of non-trading agents

Textbook, broker examples, warehouse cases
Textbook, Figure 4.2, chain examples

Trendy Business Studies Form 3 Pg 44-45

CHAIN OF DISTRIBUTION

Channel levels - zero, one, two and three level channels

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Define channel levels and intermediary numbers
-Analyze zero-level direct marketing
-Examine one-level channels and Bata example
-Discuss two-level consumer goods channels
-Analyze three-level intermediary chains
-Evaluate channel level selection factors

- Discussion on channel level concepts
-Analysis of Figures 4.3, 4.4, 4.5, 4.6
-Case studies on Bata Shoe Company
-Group work on level comparisons
-Examination of consumer goods distribution
-Practical examples of all channel levels

Textbook, Figures 4.3-4.6, Bata examples

Trendy Business Studies Form 3 Pg 46-47

CHAIN OF DISTRIBUTION

Four-level channels and product distribution patterns
Choosing distribution channels - cost, availability and business factors

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Analyze four-level channel complexity
-Examine agricultural produce distribution
-Discuss farmer-cooperative-board-retailer chains
-Analyze locally produced agricultural goods
-Examine locally manufactured goods distribution
-Evaluate imported goods distribution patterns

- Discussion on four-level channels
-Analysis of Figures 4.7, 4.8, 4.9
-Case studies on agricultural marketing
-Group work on manufacturing distribution
-Examination of import channels
-Practical examples of all product types

Textbook, Figures 4.7-4.9, product examples
Textbook, channel selection examples

Trendy Business Studies Form 3 Pg 47-48

CHAIN OF DISTRIBUTION

Product nature and market development factors

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Analyze product nature impact on channels
-Examine high unit value products
-Discuss perishable goods distribution
-Analyze standardization effects
-Examine market development stages
-Evaluate new vs established product channels

- Discussion on product characteristics
-Analysis of value and perishability
-Case studies on standardization
-Group work on market development
-Examination of product lifecycle
-Practical examples of product-channel matching

Textbook, product examples, market cases

Trendy Business Studies Form 3 Pg 49-50

CHAIN OF DISTRIBUTION

Financial strength, reputation and competitive factors

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Analyze financial strength impact on channels
-Examine reputation and goodwill effects
-Discuss competitor channel performance
-Evaluate consumer factors in channel choice
-Analyze transport and communication networks
-Examine financial support from channel operators

- Discussion on financial considerations
-Analysis of reputation effects
-Case studies on competitive channels
-Group work on consumer factors
-Examination of infrastructure impact
-Practical examples of support mechanisms

Textbook, financial examples, competitive cases

Trendy Business Studies Form 3 Pg 50-51

CHAIN OF DISTRIBUTION

Choice of specific intermediary within channels
Pertinent issues - HIV/AIDS prevalence and fatigue problems

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Analyze extent of coverage requirements
-Examine continuity guarantee importance
-Discuss intermediary reputation factors
-Evaluate other products handled
-Analyze effectiveness and reliability
-Examine credibility and trading standards

- Discussion on intermediary selection
-Analysis of coverage requirements
-Case studies on reputation factors
-Group work on effectiveness measures
-Examination of reliability factors
-Practical examples of selection criteria

Textbook, intermediary examples, selection cases
Textbook, health examples, safety cases

Trendy Business Studies Form 3 Pg 51

CHAIN OF DISTRIBUTION

Child labor and environmental degradation issues

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Analyze child labor temptations in distribution
-Examine under-age employment illegality
-Discuss children's rights violations
-Analyze environmental degradation from trucks
-Examine pollution from distribution activities
-Evaluate proper worker employment practices

- Discussion on child labor issues
-Analysis of rights violations
-Case studies on environmental damage
-Group work on pollution prevention
-Examination of proper employment
-Practical examples of responsible practices

Textbook, child labor examples, environmental cases

Trendy Business Studies Form 3 Pg 52

CHAIN OF DISTRIBUTION

Bribery, corruption and ethical business practices
Learning activities, research and assessment

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Analyze bribery in distribution operations
-Examine traffic police corruption
-Discuss overloading and rule adherence
-Evaluate ethical business practices
-Analyze public interest considerations
-Examine fair play in distribution business

- Discussion on corruption problems
-Analysis of bribery effects
-Case studies on rule adherence
-Group work on ethical practices
-Examination of public interest
-Practical examples of fair business

Textbook, corruption examples, ethical cases
Research guides, interview forms, debate materials, assessment tools

Trendy Business Studies Form 3 Pg 52

NATIONAL INCOME

Meaning of national income and basic concepts

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Define national income from nation and income components
-Analyze money value of goods and services produced
-Examine Figure 5.1 sources of income
-Define GDP, NDP, GNP, NNP concepts
-Distinguish between gross and net products
-Analyze American economist's definition

- Discussion on national income meaning
-Analysis of Figure 5.1 income sources
-Case studies on money value measurement
-Group work on concept definitions
-Examination of gross vs net differences
-Practical examples of national income

Textbook, Figure 5.1, income examples

Trendy Business Studies Form 3 Pg 54-55

NATIONAL INCOME

GDP, NDP and GNP definitions
NNP, NNI and per capita income

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Define Gross Domestic Product comprehensively
-Analyze GDP components and market value
-Examine agricultural, mineral, industrial production
-Define Net Domestic Product and depreciation
-Analyze Gross National Product concept
-Examine net income from abroad components

- Discussion on GDP comprehensive definition
-Analysis of production components
-Case studies on depreciation calculation
-Group work on GNP analysis
-Examination of export-import differences
-Practical examples of GDP, NDP, GNP

Textbook, production examples, calculation sheets
Textbook, calculators, formula sheets

Trendy Business Studies Form 3 Pg 55-56

NATIONAL INCOME

Circular flow of income - two-sector economy

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain circular flow basic principles
-Analyze Figure 5.2 two-sector model
-Examine household and firm interactions
-Discuss factor payments and goods exchange
-Analyze outer and inner loop flows
-Examine assumptions of two-sector model

- Discussion on circular flow principles
-Analysis of Figure 5.2 detailed examination
-Case studies on household-firm exchanges
-Group work on flow directions
-Examination of model assumptions
-Practical examples of circular flow

Textbook, Figure 5.2, flow diagrams

Trendy Business Studies Form 3 Pg 56-57

NATIONAL INCOME

Four-sector closed economy circular flow
Open economy and injections/withdrawals

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Analyze Figure 5.3 four-sector model
-Examine government and financial sectors
-Discuss tax payments and government services
-Analyze savings and investment flows
-Examine commercial bank roles
-Evaluate four-sector assumptions

- Discussion on four-sector complexity
-Analysis of Figure 5.3 comprehensive study
-Case studies on government intervention
-Group work on financial sector roles
-Examination of savings-investment link
-Practical examples of four-sector flow

Textbook, Figure 5.3, sector examples
Textbook, Figure 5.4, equilibrium examples

Trendy Business Studies Form 3 Pg 57-58

NATIONAL INCOME

Methods of measuring national income - income approach

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Analyze three approaches to measurement
-Examine income approach comprehensively
-Discuss factors of production incomes
-Analyze wages, rent, interest, and profit
-Examine transfer payments exclusion
-Evaluate foreign income considerations

- Discussion on measurement approaches
-Analysis of income approach details
-Case studies on factor incomes
-Group work on transfer payment exclusion
-Examination of foreign income issues
-Practical examples of income calculation

Textbook, income examples, calculation sheets

Trendy Business Studies Form 3 Pg 59-60

NATIONAL INCOME

Problems of income approach and output approach
Output approach problems and expenditure approach

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Analyze income approach problems
-Examine inaccurate data issues
-Discuss double counting problems
-Evaluate subsistence sector challenges
-Define output approach methodology
-Analyze value added concept with Example 5.1

- Discussion on income approach limitations
-Analysis of data accuracy problems
-Case studies on double counting
-Group work on Example 5.1 bread production
-Examination of value added calculations
-Practical examples of output measurement

Textbook, Example 5.1, calculation sheets
Textbook, expenditure examples, formula sheets

Trendy Business Studies Form 3 Pg 60-62

NATIONAL INCOME

Problems in measuring national income

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Analyze comprehensive measurement problems
-Examine depreciation estimation challenges
-Discuss what to include/exclude decisions
-Evaluate subsistence output valuation
-Analyze double counting dangers
-Examine incomplete data issues

- Discussion on measurement challenges
-Analysis of Figure 5.5 subsistence output
-Case studies on inclusion/exclusion decisions
-Group work on data completeness
-Examination of valuation difficulties
-Practical examples of measurement problems

Textbook, Figure 5.5, measurement examples

Trendy Business Studies Form 3 Pg 63-64

NATIONAL INCOME

Additional measurement problems
Per capita income and economic welfare

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Analyze free/subsidized services problems
-Examine Figure 5.6 domestic services
-Discuss money value changes
-Evaluate inventory revaluation issues
-Analyze foreign firm output problems
-Examine IMF policy recommendations

- Discussion on service valuation
-Analysis of Figure 5.6 domestic services
-Case studies on inflation effects
-Group work on inventory problems
-Examination of foreign firm issues
-Practical examples of valuation challenges

Textbook, Figure 5.6, valuation examples
Textbook, welfare examples, comparison charts

Trendy Business Studies Form 3 Pg 64-65

NATIONAL INCOME

International comparison problems

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Analyze currency differences
-Examine pricing structure variations
-Discuss climatic condition effects
-Evaluate cultural differences impact
-Analyze working condition variations
-Examine income distribution effects

- Discussion on comparison challenges
-Analysis of currency conversion problems
-Case studies on cultural differences
-Group work on working conditions
-Examination of distribution effects
-Practical examples of comparison difficulties

Textbook, international examples, comparison cases

Trendy Business Studies Form 3 Pg 66-68

NATIONAL INCOME

Uses of national income statistics
Factors influencing national income level

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Analyze economic growth measurement
-Examine planning purposes applications
-Discuss Table 5.1 Kenya statistics
-Evaluate standard of living measurement
-Analyze investment decision basis
-Examine intercountry comparisons

- Discussion on statistics applications
-Analysis of Table 5.1 Kenya data
-Case studies on planning uses
-Group work on investment decisions
-Examination of growth measurement
-Practical examples of statistics use

Textbook, Table 5.1, statistics examples
Textbook, factor examples, level cases

Trendy Business Studies Form 3 Pg 68-69

POPULATION AND EMPLOYMENT

Introduction to population and sources of data

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Define population from Latin 'populus' meaning people
-Analyze population as total inhabitants of given area
-Define demography as study of population
-Examine population census methodology
-Analyze Kenya's census history (1969, 1979, 1989, 1999, 2009)
-Discuss enumerator roles and data collection

- Discussion on population definition
-Analysis of demographic importance
-Case studies on Kenya's census history
-Group work on enumeration process
-Examination of data collection methods
-Practical examples of population counting

Textbook, census examples, demographic data

Trendy Business Studies Form 3 Pg 71-72

POPULATION AND EMPLOYMENT

Sample surveys and registration methods
Basic population concepts - fertility and birth rates

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Analyze sample surveys as population data source
-Examine Kenya National Bureau of Statistics role
-Discuss sample survey advantages
-Analyze registration of births and deaths
-Examine certificate issuance process
-Evaluate fertility, mortality, migration components

- Discussion on sample survey benefits
-Analysis of KNBS functions
-Case studies on birth/death registration
-Group work on survey advantages
-Examination of migration effects
-Practical examples of registration systems

Textbook, survey examples, registration cases
Textbook, Example 6.1, calculators, formula sheets

Trendy Business Studies Form 3 Pg 72-73

POPULATION AND EMPLOYMENT

Mortality rates and migration concepts

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Define mortality and death rate concepts
-Analyze Figure 6.1 improved healthcare
-Examine crude death rate formula
-Calculate Example 6.2 Uganda death rate
-Define infant mortality rate
-Analyze migration, immigration, and emigration

- Discussion on mortality concepts
-Analysis of Figure 6.1 healthcare improvements
-Case studies on Example 6.2 calculations
-Group work on migration patterns
-Examination of infant mortality
-Practical mortality rate calculations

Textbook, Figure 6.1, Example 6.2, calculators

Trendy Business Studies Form 3 Pg 74-75

POPULATION AND EMPLOYMENT

Population growth rates and African comparisons
Overpopulation - definition and advantages

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Define population growth rate formula
-Analyze natural increase rate calculation
-Examine Kenya's growth rate trends
-Analyze Table 6.1 African countries comparison
-Discuss population vs economic growth rates
-Evaluate unfavorable economic positions

- Discussion on growth rate concepts
-Analysis of Table 6.1 comprehensive study
-Case studies on Kenya's trends
-Group work on country comparisons
-Examination of economic implications
-Practical growth rate calculations

Textbook, Table 6.1, calculators, comparison charts
Textbook, overpopulation examples, advantage cases

Trendy Business Studies Form 3 Pg 75-76

POPULATION AND EMPLOYMENT

Disadvantages of overpopulation

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Analyze rural-urban migration effects
-Examine poor living standards
-Discuss food shortages and famines
-Evaluate inflationary tendencies
-Analyze increased dependency burden
-Examine strain on social amenities

- Discussion on migration problems
-Analysis of living standard deterioration
-Case studies on food shortages
-Group work on inflation effects
-Examination of dependency issues
-Practical examples of social strain

Textbook, migration examples, shortage cases

Trendy Business Studies Form 3 Pg 77-78

POPULATION AND EMPLOYMENT

Under-population and declining population

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Define under-population characteristics
-Analyze small market disadvantages
-Examine under-utilization of resources
-Define declining population concept
-Analyze advantages of declining population
-Examine disadvantages including labor shortfalls

- Discussion on under-population problems
-Analysis of resource under-utilization
-Case studies on declining populations
-Group work on developed country trends
-Examination of labor shortfall effects
-Practical examples of population decline

Textbook, under-population examples, decline cases

Trendy Business Studies Form 3 Pg 78-79

POPULATION AND EMPLOYMENT

Optimum population and dependency concepts
Ageing and young populations

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Define optimum population concept
-Analyze Figure 6.3 population curves
-Examine equilibrium between population and resources
-Define dependency ratio/burden
-Analyze dependency ratio measurement
-Examine high dependency effects on development

- Discussion on optimum population
-Analysis of Figure 6.3 comprehensive study
-Case studies on resource equilibrium
-Group work on dependency calculations
-Examination of development effects
-Practical examples of dependency burden

Textbook, Figure 6.3, dependency examples
Textbook, ageing examples, youth cases

Trendy Business Studies Form 3 Pg 79-80

POPULATION AND EMPLOYMENT

Population structure and Kenya's demographics

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Define population structure comprehensively
-Analyze Tables 6.2 and 6.3 Kenya data
-Examine age and gender distribution
-Discuss Kenya's demographic features
-Analyze economically active vs dependants
-Examine literacy and rural-urban distribution

- Discussion on population structure
-Analysis of Tables 6.2 and 6.3 detailed study
-Case studies on Kenya's demographics
-Group work on age distribution
-Examination of economic activity
-Practical examples of structural analysis

Textbook, Tables 6.2 and 6.3, demographic data

Trendy Business Studies Form 3 Pg 81-83

POPULATION AND EMPLOYMENT

Population pyramids and international comparisons
Economic growth vs development and population effects

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Analyze Figures 6.4 and 6.5 population pyramids
-Compare developing vs developed country structures
-Examine bloated bottom vs middle characteristics
-Discuss workforce distribution patterns
-Analyze ageing population indicators
-Evaluate structural implications for development

- Discussion on population pyramids
-Analysis of Figures 6.4 and 6.5 comparison
-Case studies on country differences
-Group work on pyramid interpretation
-Examination of workforce implications
-Practical examples of structural analysis

Textbook, Figures 6.4 and 6.5, pyramid examples
Textbook, formula sheets, development examples

Trendy Business Studies Form 3 Pg 83-84

POPULATION AND EMPLOYMENT

Population effects on technology, land, and labor

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Analyze unemployment from high population
-Examine technology dependency effects
-Discuss land fragmentation problems
-Analyze labor force quality issues
-Examine social problems from overcrowding
-Evaluate Figure 6.6 vicious cycle

- Discussion on unemployment causes
-Analysis of technology challenges
-Case studies on land fragmentation
-Group work on labor quality
-Examination of Figure 6.6 cycle
-Practical examples of population pressure

Textbook, Figure 6.6, land examples

Trendy Business Studies Form 3 Pg 85-86

POPULATION AND EMPLOYMENT

Population control methods and employment concepts
Unemployment types and causes

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Analyze population control methods
-Examine family planning importance
-Discuss education and employment strategies
-Define employment and labor force
-Analyze ILO definitions
-Examine full employment conditions

- Discussion on control methods
-Analysis of family planning benefits
-Case studies on employment strategies
-Group work on labor force concepts
-Examination of ILO standards
-Practical examples of employment

Textbook, control examples, employment cases
Textbook, Figure 6.7, unemployment examples

Trendy Business Studies Form 3 Pg 86-87

POPULATION AND EMPLOYMENT

Technological and other unemployment types

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Analyze technological unemployment
-Examine ATM effects on bank employment
-Discuss frictional unemployment
-Analyze residual and casual unemployment
-Examine unemployment causes in Kenya
-Evaluate high production costs

- Discussion on technological changes
-Analysis of ATM impact examples
-Case studies on Kenyan unemployment
-Group work on production costs
-Examination of casual employment
-Practical examples of technology effects

Textbook, technology examples, cost cases

Trendy Business Studies Form 3 Pg 88-89

POPULATION AND EMPLOYMENT

Solving unemployment and pertinent issues
Pertinent issues - data honesty, HIV/AIDS, and poverty

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Analyze unemployment solution strategies
-Examine rural-urban migration reduction
-Discuss informal sector improvement
-Evaluate education system changes
-Analyze appropriate technology use
-Examine land reform importance

- Discussion on solution strategies
-Analysis of Figure 6.9 jua kali environment
-Case studies on sector improvements
-Group work on education reforms
-Examination of technology appropriateness
-Practical examples of solutions

Textbook, Figure 6.9, solution examples
Textbook, Figure 6.10, poverty examples

Trendy Business Studies Form 3 Pg 89-90

POPULATION AND EMPLOYMENT

Learning activities, review and assessment

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Conduct field research on local fertility/mortality
-Interview school leavers about employment
-Analyze local population challenges
-Review all population and employment concepts
-Apply knowledge to real scenarios
-Prepare comprehensive assessment

- Field research activities
-Interview local school leavers
-Analysis of local population data
-Comprehensive review sessions
-Assessment preparation activities
-Practical application exercises

Research guides, interview forms, assessment materials

Trendy Business Studies Form 3 Pg 91-92