SOURCE DOCUMENTS & BOOKS OF ORIGINAL ENTRY

Introduction and Cash Receipts

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define source documents; Explain importance of source documents; Describe features of cash receipts; Distinguish between cash and cheque payments

Q/A on business transactions; Discussion on documentary evidence; Examination of cash receipt samples; Practical exercise filling cash receipts

Sample receipts, cash register examples, receipt books

KLB Secondary Business Studies Form 4, Pages 1-3

SOURCE DOCUMENTS & BOOKS OF ORIGINAL ENTRY

Invoice
Debit Note and Credit Note
Payment Voucher and Introduction to Books of Original Entry
Sales Journal

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Outline details of an invoice; Identify all components of an invoice; Explain terms like E&OE, trade discount, cash discount; Calculate discount amounts

Detailed examination of sample invoice; Analysis of invoice components; Practical calculation of trade and cash discounts; Group discussion on invoice terms

Sample invoices, calculators, discount calculation worksheets
Sample debit notes, credit notes (red colored), comparison charts
Payment vouchers, petty cash vouchers, chart of all books of original entry
Sales invoices, sales journal format, sample credit sales transactions

KLB Secondary Business Studies Form 4, Pages 3-4

SOURCE DOCUMENTS & BOOKS OF ORIGINAL ENTRY

Posting from Sales Journal
Sales Returns Journal and Posting
Purchases Journal

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Transfer entries from sales journal to ledgers; Post individual amounts to debtors accounts; Post total to sales account; Use proper folio references

Demonstration of complete posting process; Practical exercise posting to sales ledger and general ledger; Discussion on double entry completion

Sales journal, sales ledger accounts, general ledger format, posting examples
Credit notes issued, sales returns journal format, ledger accounts
Purchase invoices, purchases journal format, sample credit purchase transactions

KLB Secondary Business Studies Form 4, Pages 8-12

SOURCE DOCUMENTS & BOOKS OF ORIGINAL ENTRY

Posting from Purchases Journal
Purchases Returns Journal and Posting

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Post individual amounts to creditors accounts; Post total to purchases account; Complete double entry from purchases journal; Use ledger folio references

Demonstration of posting to purchases ledger; Posting total to general ledger; Practical posting exercise; Review of double entry concept

Purchases journal, purchases ledger, general ledger accounts
Credit notes received, purchases returns journal format, ledger accounts

KLB Secondary Business Studies Form 4, Pages 14-16

SOURCE DOCUMENTS & BOOKS OF ORIGINAL ENTRY

Cash Receipts Journal
Posting from Cash Receipts Journal

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Prepare cash receipts journal; Record cash and cheque receipts; Include discount allowed column; Distinguish receipt sources

Introduction to cash receipts journal format; Recording various types of receipts; Practical exercise with cash sales and debtor payments; Discussion on discount columns

Cash receipts journal format, sample receipts, cash sales data
Cash receipts journal, cash book format, general ledger accounts

KLB Secondary Business Studies Form 4, Page 19

SOURCE DOCUMENTS & BOOKS OF ORIGINAL ENTRY

Cash Payments Journal and Posting

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Prepare cash payments journal; Record cash and cheque payments; Include discount received column; Post to relevant ledger accounts

Preparation of cash payments journal using payment data; Complete posting exercise to cash book and ledgers; Discussion on discount received

Cash payments journal format, payment vouchers, receipts, ledger accounts

KLB Secondary Business Studies Form 4, Pages 22-25

SOURCE DOCUMENTS & BOOKS OF ORIGINAL ENTRY

The Petty Cash Book - Imprest System
Petty Cash Book Preparation and Analysis

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain petty cash concept; Define and apply imprest system; Identify features of petty cash book; Understand petty cashier responsibilities

Discussion on petty cash concept; Introduction to imprest system; Examination of petty cash book format; Explanation of reimbursement process

Petty cash book format, sample petty cash vouchers, imprest system examples
Petty cash transactions, analysis cash book format, calculator, petty cash vouchers

KLB Secondary Business Studies Form 4, Page 25

SOURCE DOCUMENTS & BOOKS OF ORIGINAL ENTRY

Posting from Petty Cash Book
Analysis Cash Book

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Post analysis column totals to general ledger; Post creditor payments to purchases ledger; Understand petty cash book as both ledger and journal

Demonstration of posting from analysis columns; Practical posting exercise; Discussion on dual nature of petty cash book; Review of all posting procedures

Petty cash book, general ledger accounts, purchases ledger
Analysis cash book format, sample transactions for club/society, ledger accounts

KLB Secondary Business Studies Form 4, Pages 30-31

SOURCE DOCUMENTS & BOOKS OF ORIGINAL ENTRY

General Journal - Introduction and Fixed Assets
General Journal - Opening Entries

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define general journal; Identify transactions for journal proper; Record purchase and sale of fixed assets on credit; Write appropriate narrations

Introduction to general journal concept; Recording fixed asset transactions; Practical exercises on asset purchases and sales; Discussion on narration writing

General journal format, fixed asset transaction examples, calculator for gains/losses
Opening balance data, general journal format, calculator

KLB Secondary Business Studies Form 4, Pages 35-37

SOURCE DOCUMENTS & BOOKS OF ORIGINAL ENTRY

General Journal - Closing Entries and Error Corrections

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Record closing entries and transfers; Correct errors through journal entries; Record miscellaneous transactions; Understand when to use general journal

Practice with closing entries; Error correction exercises; Discussion on transfer entries; Review of general journal applications

Sample closing entries, error correction scenarios, transfer examples

KLB Secondary Business Studies Form 4, Pages 39-40

SOURCE DOCUMENTS & BOOKS OF ORIGINAL ENTRY
FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

Importance of Journals
Types of Capital

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
State reasons for maintaining journals; Explain benefits to business operations; Understand fraud prevention aspects; Analyze efficiency improvements

Group discussion on journal importance; Analysis of business benefits; Case study on fraud prevention; Debate on manual vs computerized systems

Discussion prompts, case study materials, summary charts
Capital calculation worksheets, Upinde Traders example, calculation exercises

KLB Secondary Business Studies Form 4, Page 40

FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

Capital Calculations and Applications
Introduction to Financial Ratios

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Calculate working capital and capital employed; Apply different calculation methods; Understand relationships between capital types; Practice with complex examples

Advanced capital calculations; Multiple calculation methods; Practice with various business scenarios; Problem-solving exercises

Advanced calculation sheets, multiple scenarios, problem-solving materials
Ratio calculation sheets, mark-up examples, pricing strategy materials

KLB Secondary Business Studies Form 4, Pages 67-69

FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

Mark-up Calculations and Applications
Margin Concept and Calculations

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Calculate mark-up using various methods; Apply mark-up to determine selling prices; Use mark-up in trading account preparation; Solve practical problems

Advanced mark-up calculations; Using Kiambu Traders example; Practical applications in pricing; Problem-solving exercises

Mark-up calculation worksheets, Kiambu Traders example, pricing problems
Margin calculation sheets, comparison charts, Waithera's example

KLB Secondary Business Studies Form 4, Pages 69-72

FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

Relationship Between Mark-up and Margin

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Understand mathematical relationship; Convert between mark-up and margin; Apply conversion formulas; Solve complex problems

Detailed explanation of relationship; Mathematical conversion methods; Practice with conversion exercises; Problem-solving applications

Conversion formula sheets, mathematical examples, complex problems

KLB Secondary Business Studies Form 4, Pages 74-75

FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

Trading Account Preparation Using Ratios
Current Ratio and Working Capital Ratio

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Use mark-up to prepare trading accounts; Apply margin in account preparation; Handle incomplete records; Solve complex scenarios

Practical preparation using mark-up and margin; Incomplete records scenarios; Advanced problem-solving; Individual and group exercises

Trading account formats, incomplete record examples, complex scenarios
Ratio calculation sheets, Busia Traders example, interpretation guides

KLB Secondary Business Studies Form 4, Pages 72-74

FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

Rate of Stock Turnover
Stock Turnover Applications

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define stock turnover; Calculate rate of stock turnover; Interpret turnover results; Apply in trading account preparation

Explanation of stock turnover concept; Calculations using Upendo Traders; Practical applications; Using turnover for incomplete records

Stock turnover worksheets, Upendo Traders example, practical applications
Advanced application sheets, Maendeleo Traders example, complex scenarios

KLB Secondary Business Studies Form 4, Pages 76-78

FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

Return on Capital

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define return on capital; Calculate return on capital; Interpret results for decision making; Compare business performance

Introduction to profitability ratios; Calculations using Mr Odiek's example; Performance comparison methods; Investment decision applications

Return calculation sheets, Mr Odiek's example, comparison materials

KLB Secondary Business Studies Form 4, Pages 78-79

FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
MONEY & BANKING

Acid Test and Quick Ratio
Importance of Financial Ratios
Introduction, Barter Trade and its Limitations

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define acid test ratio; Calculate quick ratio; Distinguish from current ratio; Interpret liquidity position

Explanation of acid test concept; Calculations using Nakura Stores; Comparison with current ratio; Liquidity analysis

Quick ratio worksheets, Nakura Stores example, liquidity analysis materials
Stakeholder analysis sheets, case study materials, presentation guidelines
Real exchange items, Problem scenario cards, Case study materials, Charts

KLB Secondary Business Studies Form 4, Pages 79-80

MONEY & BANKING

Money System and Characteristics of Money
Functions of Money
Demand for Money and Supply of Money

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define money as medium of exchange. Explain evolution from barter to money. Identify and explain all characteristics of money (acceptability, divisibility, portability, durability, stability, homogeneity, cognisability, scarcity, malleability).

Exposition of money evolution. Hands-on examination of currency samples. Testing recognition of genuine vs fake money. Practical demonstration of money characteristics. Group analysis of characteristic importance.

Different currencies, Genuine and sample notes, Magnifying glass, Regional currency samples
Goods for trading, Price tags, Recording sheets, Savings scenarios, Property document samples
Budget sheets, Emergency scenarios, Investment charts, Money supply statistics, Central Bank reports

KLB Secondary Business Form 4, Pages 93-95

MONEY & BANKING

Banking System and Development of Banking
Commercial Banks and Their Services
Commercial Bank Services and Foreign Exchange
Types of Bank Accounts - Current and Savings

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Identify elements of Kenya's banking system. Explain hierarchy of banks. Trace history of banking development from goldsmith banking to modern banking. Understand banking evolution.

Mapping exercise of Kenya's banking system. Historical timeline creation of banking development. Story-telling of goldsmith banking origins. Group research on banking categories. Banking evolution discussions.

Banking system charts, Historical timeline materials, Bank category lists, Banking evolution charts
Mock bank materials, Deposit slips, Transfer forms, Safety boxes, Play money, Standing order cards
Exchange rate charts, Advisory scenario cards, Trustee examples, Guarantor forms, Intermediary flow charts
Account opening forms, Cheque books, ATM cards, Interest calculation sheets, Comparison charts

KLB Secondary Business Form 4, Pages 99-101

MONEY & BANKING

Fixed Deposit Accounts and Account Opening Requirements
Non-Banking Financial Institutions (NBFIs)

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define fixed deposit accounts and their features. Calculate returns on fixed deposits. Identify requirements for opening all types of accounts. Practice account opening procedures.

Fixed deposit investment scenarios. Return calculation exercises. Mock account opening procedures. Document verification exercises. Form filling practice. Certificate examination.

Investment scenarios, Calculation sheets, Account forms, ID documents, Photographs, Certificate samples
NBFI information sheets, SACCO materials, Insurance policies, Housing finance examples, Case study materials

KLB Secondary Business Form 4, Pages 109-111

MONEY & BANKING

Micro-Finance, Agricultural Finance and Differences with Commercial Banks
Central Bank Functions

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain micro-finance and agricultural finance operations. Compare NBFIs with commercial banks in terms of services, target markets, and operations. Analyze their complementary roles.

Micro-finance loan simulation. Agricultural project financing exercises. Comparison table creation. Case study analysis of differences. Group discussions on operational contrasts.

Loan application forms, Agricultural projects, Comparison charts, Case studies, Analysis sheets
Central Bank charts, Currency samples, Inter-bank forms, Government forms, Supervision checklists, Clearing examples

KLB Secondary Business Form 4, Pages 111-113

MONEY & BANKING

Monetary Policy Tools

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define monetary policy and its objectives. Explain bank rate, open market operations, cash/liquidity ratio, compulsory deposits, selective credit controls, directives and moral suasion. Demonstrate how these tools control money supply.

Monetary policy simulation exercises. Interest rate effect analysis. Securities trading demonstrations. Cash ratio calculations. Credit control scenarios. Policy tool comparison activities.

Policy charts, Interest rate examples, Securities samples, Calculation sheets, Control scenarios, Comparison tables

KLB Secondary Business Form 4, Pages 115-117

MONEY & BANKING
INFLATION

Modern Banking Trends
Introduction to Inflation and Deflation

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Analyze evolution in account types and their features. Explain computer use in banking and its benefits. Detail ATM operations and their impact on banking. Assess technological improvements in banking.

Modern banking technology demonstration. ATM operation simulation. Computer banking examples. Account feature comparison. Technology impact discussions.

ATM cards, Computer demonstrations, Modern banking examples, Technology comparison charts
Mobile phones, E-banking platforms, Digital payment examples, Credit forms, Service scenarios, Mobile bank materials
Price comparison charts from different years, Country inflation examples, Purchasing power calculation sheets, Real product price data

KLB Secondary Business Form 4, Pages 117-119

INFLATION

Consumer Price Index (CPI) Concepts
CPI Calculation - Simple Average Method
CPI Calculation - Weighted Average Method

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define Consumer Price Index and its purpose. Explain index numbers and their importance. Identify factors in CPI construction: basket selection, base period, price data. Understand CPI as inflation measurement tool.

Analysis of typical consumer basket of goods. Selection of base year with stable prices. Price data collection simulation. Discussion on representativeness of basket items. Index number concept demonstration.

Sample consumer baskets, Base year price data, Price collection sheets, Index calculation examples, Consumer survey materials
Price data for multiple commodities, Calculation worksheets, Calculators, CPI formula charts, Practice problem sets
Family budget examples, Weight assignment sheets, Weighted calculation templates, Comparison tables, Advanced calculation problems

KLB Secondary Business Form 4, Pages 144-146

INFLATION

Types of Inflation and Demand-Pull Inflation
More Causes of Demand-Pull Inflation
Cost-Push Inflation and Its Causes
More Cost-Push Causes and Subsidy Effects

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Classify inflation by causes: demand-pull and cost-push. Define demand-pull inflation as "too much money chasing few goods." Identify causes: increased government expenditure, credit creation effects, increased incomes.

Demand-pull inflation simulation using classroom market. Analysis of government spending impact on prices. Credit creation and money supply exercises. Case studies on income increases and price effects.

Market simulation materials, Government spending examples, Money supply charts, Income increase scenarios, Demand-pull diagrams
Shortage simulation materials, Population growth data, Expectation scenario cards, Consumer expenditure charts, Supply-demand graphs
Production cost scenarios, Wage-price spiral charts, Tax impact examples, Import price data, Cost-push diagrams
Manufacturing cost examples, Subsidy impact data, Profit margin scenarios, Input cost charts, Comprehensive comparison tables

KLB Secondary Business Form 4, Pages 148-150

INFLATION

Levels of Inflation
Positive Effects of Inflation

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Distinguish between moderate, galloping, and hyper-inflation. Explain characteristics and percentage ranges. Analyze historical examples of different inflation levels. Assess economic impacts of each level.

Classification exercises using real country data. Historical case studies: Germany 1923 hyper-inflation. Moderate inflation benefits analysis. Comparison of inflation levels and their economic effects.

Historical inflation data, Germany 1923 case study, Country comparison charts, Inflation level classification sheets
Debtor-creditor scenarios, Profit calculation sheets, Work motivation examples, Resource utilization cases, Real vs nominal value charts

KLB Secondary Business Form 4, Pages 152-153

INFLATION

Negative Effects of Inflation

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain reduction in profits due to decreased sales volume. Analyze time wastage in price shopping. Demonstrate conflicts between employers and employees. Show decline in living standards.

Sales volume decline simulation during price increases. Time cost analysis of shopping around for prices. Employer-employee wage negotiation role-plays. Living standard decline calculations with fixed incomes.

Sales simulation materials, Time cost analysis sheets, Role-play scenarios, Living standard calculation examples, Wage negotiation materials

KLB Secondary Business Form 4, Pages 154-155

INFLATION

More Negative Effects and Economic Impact
Controlling Inflation - Monetary Policy Tools

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Analyze losses to creditors and retardation of economic growth. Explain adverse effects on balance of payments. Demonstrate loss of confidence in monetary system. Show discouragement of savings.

Creditor loss calculations in real terms. Economic growth impact analysis with case studies. Balance of payments deterioration examples. Monetary system confidence erosion scenarios. Savings discouragement analysis.

Creditor loss examples, Economic growth data, Balance of payments charts, Monetary confidence indicators, Savings impact studies
Central Bank simulation materials, Interest rate impact charts, Securities trading examples, Cash ratio calculation sheets

KLB Secondary Business Form 4, Pages 155-156

INFLATION

More Monetary Policy Tools and Fiscal Policy
Fiscal Policy Measures and Production Solutions

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain selective credit controls and directives. Detail moral suasion by Central Bank. Define fiscal policy for inflation control. Analyze government spending reduction and tax policy effects.

Credit control scenario exercises. Central Bank directive simulations. Government spending impact analysis on inflation. Tax policy effects on consumer spending and production costs.

Credit control scenarios, Directive examples, Government spending data, Tax policy impact charts, Fiscal policy simulation materials
Production tax examples, Subsidy calculation sheets, Government production cases, Policy design templates, Impact analysis charts

KLB Secondary Business Form 4, Pages 156-158

INFLATION

Statutory Measures for Inflation Control
Export Controls and Comprehensive Control Strategies

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain wage and salary controls to prevent cost-push inflation. Demonstrate price control mechanisms. Detail import restriction methods. Analyze hire purchase and credit term controls.

Wage control policy analysis and effects. Price control implementation exercises. Import restriction case studies and alternatives. Credit term control simulations and consumer impact.

Wage control examples, Price control policies, Import restriction data, Credit control scenarios, Policy implementation cases
Export control examples, Multi-strategy templates, Historical effectiveness data, Strategy design sheets, Presentation materials

KLB Secondary Business Form 4, Pages 158-159

INTERNATIONAL TRADE
TERMS OF TRADE

Introduction, Types and Advantages
Disadvantages of International Trade
Computing Terms of Trade

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define international trade. Distinguish between bilateral and multilateral trade. State advantages of international trade. Explain how trade promotes specialization and employment.

Q/A session on local trading experiences; Brainstorming on goods Kenya exports/imports; Group discussion on trade advantages with real examples; Analysis of technology transfer cases.

World map, newspapers with trade reports, charts showing Kenya's trading partners, business magazines
Newspaper cuttings on industry closures, case study materials, charts showing trade impacts
Calculators, statistical data sheets, worked examples, formula charts

KLB Secondary Business Studies Form 4, Pages 162-164

TERMS OF TRADE
BALANCE OF TRADE & PAYMENTS
BALANCE OF TRADE & PAYMENTS
BALANCE OF TRADE & PAYMENTS

Factors Affecting Terms of Trade
Balance of Trade and Balance of Payments Concepts
Preparing Balance of Payments Accounts
Balance of Payments Disequilibrium

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain factors causing differences in terms of trade between countries. Analyze impact of commodity nature on trade terms. Discuss demand changes and trade restrictions effects. Evaluate world economic order influences.

Detailed exposition with country examples; Case study analysis of Kenya vs developed countries; Group discussions on commodity price variations; Q/A on trade restriction impacts.

Case study materials, charts comparing different economies, business magazines
Trade statistics, charts showing balance structure, newspapers with economic data
Account worksheets, calculators, worked examples, practice data sets
Policy documents, case study materials, charts showing correction methods

KLB Secondary Business Studies Form 4, Pages 167-168

TERMS OF SALE
DOCUMENTS IN INTERNATIONAL TRADE

Terms of Sale in International Trade
Credit and Import Documents

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define terms of sale concept. Explain basic terms: LOCO, F.O.R., F.A.S., F.O.B. Describe advanced terms: C&F, C.I.F., Landed, Franco. Apply terms to calculate cost implications.

Exposition of various terms with shipping examples; Group work on cost allocation scenarios; Practical calculations on different terms; Case study analysis of term selection.

Shipping documents, cost calculation worksheets, practical scenarios, charts
Sample letters of credit, import licence forms, indent examples, banking documents

KLB Secondary Business Studies Form 4, Pages 175-176

DOCUMENTS IN INTERNATIONAL TRADE

Shipping, Insurance and Commercial Documents
Specialized Trade Documents

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain bill of lading purposes and features. Describe insurance policy types and certificate of origin. Analyze commercial and consular invoices. Compare airway bill with other transport documents.

Examination of actual shipping documents; Discussion on insurance requirements; Group analysis of invoice types; Comparison of transport document features.

Bill of lading samples, insurance certificates, invoice examples, document comparison charts
Document samples, flow charts, practical scenarios, case studies

KLB Secondary Business Studies Form 4, Pages 177-178

INTERNATIONAL FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS

IMF and World Bank

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
State objectives and functions of IMF. Explain stable exchange rate maintenance and international liquidity provision. Describe World Bank objectives and development financing role. Compare IMF and World Bank functions.

Exposition of institutional backgrounds; Discussion on exchange rate stabilization; Case studies on institutional interventions; Comparison of lending terms and objectives.

Charts showing institutional structures, case study materials, project reports

KLB Secondary Business Studies Form 4, Pages 180-182

INTERNATIONAL FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS
ECONOMIC INTEGRATION

African Development Institutions
Forms and Characteristics of Economic Integration

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain ADB establishment and functions. Describe ADF objectives and lending terms. Analyze impact on African development. Compare regional vs global financial institutions.

Exposition of regional development banking; Case studies on funded African projects; Discussion on concessional lending terms; Analysis of development impact assessment.

ADB/ADF project reports, development case studies, institutional comparison charts
Maps showing integration blocs, comparison charts, case study materials on regional blocs

KLB Secondary Business Studies Form 4, Pages 181

ECONOMIC INTEGRATION
TRADE RESTRICTIONS

Importance and Effects of Economic Integration
Reasons and Methods of Trade Restrictions

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain importance of economic integration including market expansion and specialization. Analyze advantages of free trade. Identify disadvantages including revenue loss and unemployment risks. Evaluate overall impact on member countries.

Group discussions on integration benefits; Case studies on successful integration examples; Analysis of trade creation vs trade diversion; Balanced assessment of costs and benefits.

Integration success stories, policy analysis documents, charts showing trade effects
Case study materials, tariff schedules, quota examples, policy documents, calculators

KLB Secondary Business Studies Form 4, Pages 184-185

TRADE RESTRICTIONS

Advantages and Disadvantages of Trade Restrictions

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
State advantages of trade restrictions for domestic industries. Identify disadvantages including retaliation risks and consumer impacts. Analyze quality and price implications. Evaluate long-term effects on economic efficiency.

Balanced analysis of restriction effects; Case studies on protection outcomes and retaliation; Discussion on consumer welfare impacts; Group evaluation of policy trade-offs.

Policy analysis documents, consumer impact studies, case study materials

KLB Secondary Business Studies Form 4, Pages 187-188

TRENDS IN INTERNATIONAL TRADE
ECONOMIC INTEGRATION

Trade Liberalization and Export Processing Zones
E-commerce and Digital Trade
Forms and Importance of Economic Integration

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain trade liberalization concept and effects. Describe EPZ characteristics, advantages and disadvantages. Analyze impact on domestic industries. Evaluate EPZ contribution to economic development.

Exposition of liberalization trends; Case study on Athi River EPZ; Discussion on liberalization impacts on local industries; Analysis of EPZ success factors and challenges.

EPZ documentation, liberalization case studies, charts showing trade policy evolution
Computer/tablets for demonstration, e-commerce examples, online payment illustrations
Maps showing integration blocs, charts comparing integration forms, newspaper articles on regional cooperation

KLB Secondary Business Studies Form 4, Pages 188-189

ECONOMIC INTEGRATION

Advantages and Disadvantages of Free Trade
Reasons for Trade Restrictions
Methods of Trade Restrictions

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Enumerate advantages of free trade including market expansion and specialization. Identify disadvantages such as revenue loss and unemployment risks. Analyze trade creation vs trade diversion effects. Evaluate impact on local industries and consumer choice.

Guided discussion on free trade benefits; Case studies on integration success stories; Group analysis of trade diversion problems; Q/A on consumer welfare impacts and government revenue effects.

Case study materials on successful integration, charts showing trade effects, policy analysis documents
Case study materials on protected industries, charts showing protection policies, newspaper articles on trade policies
Tariff schedules, quota examples, calculators, policy documents showing restriction methods

KLB Secondary Business Studies Form 4, Pages 184-185

ECONOMIC INTEGRATION
ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT AND PLANNING
ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT AND PLANNING

Advantages and Disadvantages of Trade Restrictions
Trends in International Trade
Economic Growth and Development Concepts
Characteristics of Under-development

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
State advantages of trade restrictions for domestic economy. Identify disadvantages including retaliation risks and quality issues. Analyze consumer choice limitations and monopoly emergence. Evaluate long-term economic efficiency impacts.

Balanced exposition of restriction effects; Case studies on protection outcomes and retaliation examples; Group discussions on consumer welfare impacts; Analysis of monopoly emergence risks.

Policy analysis documents, case studies on protection outcomes, consumer impact studies
EPZ documentation, computers/tablets for e-commerce demonstration, charts showing trade liberalization effects
Statistical data on economic indicators, charts comparing developed vs developing countries, newspaper economic reports
Statistical data on poverty and unemployment, photos showing infrastructure gaps, case study materials on developing countries

KLB Secondary Business Studies Form 4, Pages 187-188

ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT AND PLANNING

Factors Hindering Development
Political, Social and Economic Institutional Factors

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Highlight factors that impede development including resource constraints. Explain inadequate capital and poor technology impacts. Analyze human resource endowment problems. Discuss unfavorable domestic environment effects on development.

Q/A session on development barriers; Detailed exposition of hindering factors; Case studies on technology gaps and brain drain; Group discussions on institutional barriers to development.

Case studies on development barriers, charts showing technology gaps, brain drain statistics
Governance case studies, cultural practice examples, charts showing institutional frameworks

KLB Secondary Business Studies Form 4, Pages 200-202

ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT AND PLANNING

Development Planning Process and Objectives
Need for Development Planning and Benefits
Problems in Development Planning Implementation

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define development planning concept and importance. Explain planning process including objective establishment. State government policy objectives for long-term development. Analyze resource identification and allocation in planning.

Guided discussion on planning necessity; Exposition of systematic planning process; Group work on identifying realistic planning objectives; Analysis of Kenya's development planning experience.

Kenya's development plan documents, planning process flowcharts, resource allocation examples
Planning success case studies, foreign aid effectiveness reports, project evaluation examples
Case studies on planning challenges, disaster impact reports, examples of successful and failed development projects

KLB Secondary Business Studies Form 4, Pages 202-204