Living Things and Their Environment

The interdependence of life - Components of the environment

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Define ecosystem, ecology and environment
- Identify biotic and abiotic components
- Show interest in interactions in ecosystems

- Study diagrams of ecosystems
- Identify living and non-living components
- Discuss relationships between organisms

What is an ecosystem?

- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 115)
- Digital resources
- Charts of ecosystems

- Written assessment - Oral questions - Observation

Living Things and Their Environment

The interdependence of life - Competition
The interdependence of life - Predation
The interdependence of life - Parasitism
The interdependence of life - Symbiosis

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Define intraspecific and interspecific competition
- Explain effects of competition on organisms
- Show interest in competitive interactions

- Define parasitism, parasite and host
- Explain effects of parasites on hosts
- Show interest in parasite-host relationships

- Search for information on competition in ecosystems
- Discuss effects on number and distribution of organisms
- Analyze examples of competition
- Search for information on parasitism
- Discuss types of parasites affecting humans and animals
- Analyze effect on distribution of organisms

How does competition affect organisms in an ecosystem?
How do parasites affect their hosts?

- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 116)
- Digital resources
- Reference books
- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 117)
- Videos on predation
- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 119)
- Digital resources
- Charts on parasitism
- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 120)
- Charts on symbiosis

- Written assessment - Oral questions - Group discussions

Living Things and Their Environment

The interdependence of life - Saprophytism
The interdependence of life - Temperature effects

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Define saprophytism
- Explain the role of saprophytes in ecosystems
- Appreciate decomposers in nutrient cycling

- Search for information on saprophytes
- Discuss bread molds, mushrooms and other decomposers
- Analyze effects on nutrient cycling

How do saprophytes contribute to ecosystem functioning?

- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 121)
- Digital resources
- Photographs of fungi
- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 122)
- Thermometers
- Water in basin

- Written assessment - Oral questions - Group presentations

Living Things and Their Environment

The interdependence of life - Light effects
The interdependence of life - Atmospheric pressure

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain how light affects organisms
- Describe importance of light intensity, quality and duration
- Show interest in light as an ecological factor

- Discuss aspects of light affecting organisms
- Explain how light affects plants and animals
- Discuss measurement of light in ecosystems

How does light affect organisms in an ecosystem?

- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 123)
- Digital resources
- Light meter if available
- Secchi disc
- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 124)
- Barometer if available

- Written assessment - Oral questions - Group discussions

Living Things and Their Environment

The interdependence of life - Humidity effects
The interdependence of life - Wind effects
The interdependence of life - pH and salinity

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Define humidity
- Explain effects of humidity on organisms
- Demonstrate measurement of humidity

- Discuss meaning of humidity
- Measure humidity using cobalt chloride paper
- Analyze effects on plants and animals

How does humidity affect organisms?

- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 125)
- Cobalt(II) chloride paper
- Forceps
- Stopwatch
- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 126)
- Digital resources
- Materials for windsock/wind vane
- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 127)
- Universal indicator paper
- Soil and water samples
- Test tubes

- Practical skills - Written assessment - Oral questions

Living Things and Their Environment

The interdependence of life - Energy flow
The interdependence of life - Food chains
The interdependence of life - Food webs
The interdependence of life - National Parks ecosystem

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain energy flow in ecosystems
- Describe trophic levels
- Appreciate energy transfer in nature

- Define food web
- Construct food webs from food chains
- Appreciate complexity of feeding relationships

- Discuss energy flow from sun to producers and consumers
- Explain the concept of trophic levels
- Analyze energy loss between trophic levels
- Observe feeding habits of organisms
- Construct multiple food chains
- Combine food chains into food webs

How does energy flow through an ecosystem?
How do food chains interact to form food webs?

- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 128)
- Digital resources
- Charts on energy flow
- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 129)
- Charts on food chains
- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 130)
- Digital resources
- Charts on food webs
- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 131)
- Reference books on National Parks

- Written assessment - Oral questions - Group discussions
- Food web construction - Written assessment - Group presentations

Living Things and Their Environment

The interdependence of life - Decomposers
The interdependence of life - Human activities

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe the role of decomposers in ecosystems
- Explain nutrient cycling
- Appreciate the importance of decomposers

- Visit a compost site to observe decomposition
- Discuss the role of decomposers in nutrient cycling
- Analyze nitrogen, carbon and sulphur cycles

What role do decomposers play in an ecosystem?

- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 132)
- Digital resources
- School compost site
- Hand lens
- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 133)
- Reference books

- Written assessment - Practical skills - Group discussions

Force and Energy

Curved mirrors - Types of curved mirrors

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify different types of curved mirrors
- Describe curved mirror surfaces
- Show interest in curved mirrors

- Observe different reflector surfaces
- Discuss the description of concave, convex and parabolic reflectors
- Compare the surfaces of different curved mirrors

How are curved mirrors used in day-to-day life?

- KLB Integrated Science pg. 147
- Car driving mirrors
- Car headlight reflectors
- Laboratory curved mirrors
- Digital content on curved mirrors
- Digital resources
- Drawing materials

- Observation - Oral questions - Written assignments

Force and Energy

Curved mirrors - Images formed by concave and convex mirrors

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Define terms used in curved mirrors
- Identify parts of curved mirrors
- Show interest in terminology used in optics

- Study diagrams illustrating parts of curved mirrors
- Search the Internet and relevant print materials for meanings of optical terms
- Discuss terms used in curved mirrors

What are the key terms used in describing curved mirrors?

- KLB Integrated Science pg. 148
- Internet resources
- Digital devices
- Geometrical sets
- Curved mirrors
- KLB Integrated Science pg. 149
- Diagrams of curved mirrors
- Drawing materials
- KLB Integrated Science pg. 150

- Observation - Oral questions - Written assignments

Force and Energy

Curved mirrors - Focal length
Curved mirrors - Position of image formed by concave mirrors
Curved mirrors - Position of image formed by convex mirrors
Curved mirrors - Rays commonly used for ray diagram construction

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Define focal length of curved mirrors
- Determine focal length experimentally
- Show interest in measuring optical parameters

- Locate images formed by convex mirrors
- Describe image characteristics for convex mirrors
- Compare images formed by concave and convex mirrors

- Define focal length
- Set up an experiment to determine focal length
- Measure and record focal length values
- Observe images formed by convex mirrors
- Record image characteristics
- Compare with images formed by concave mirrors

How can we determine the focal length of a curved mirror?
How do images formed by convex mirrors differ from those formed by concave mirrors?

- KLB Integrated Science pg. 152
- Concave mirrors
- Meter rule
- White screen
- Mirror holder
- KLB Integrated Science pg. 153
- Mirror holders
- Meter rules
- Screens
- Candles
- KLB Integrated Science pg. 154
- Convex mirrors
- Mirror holders
- Objects
- Meter rules
- KLB Integrated Science pg. 155
- Internet resources
- Digital devices
- Manila paper
- Drawing materials

- Observation - Practical skills assessment - Written reports
- Observation - Oral questions - Written assignments

Force and Energy

Curved mirrors - Rays commonly used for ray diagram construction

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain how rays parallel to the principal axis are reflected
- Describe the reflection of rays passing through focal points
- Show interest in ray behavior

- Draw ray diagrams showing reflection patterns
- Discuss how different rays behave after reflection
- Create summary charts of ray behavior

How does understanding ray behavior help in locating images?

- KLB Integrated Science pg. 156
- Drawing materials
- Manila paper
- Ruler and protractor
- Reference materials
- KLB Integrated Science pg. 157

- Observation - Drawing assessment - Oral questions

Force and Energy

Curved mirrors - Rays commonly used for ray diagram construction
Curved mirrors - Uses of concave mirrors

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Construct ray diagrams for convex mirrors
- Locate images using ray diagrams
- Compare ray diagrams for concave and convex mirrors

- Draw ray diagrams for convex mirrors
- Use ray diagrams to locate images
- Compare with concave mirror ray diagrams

How do ray diagrams for convex mirrors differ from those for concave mirrors?

- KLB Integrated Science pg. 159
- Manila paper
- Drawing materials
- Ruler and protractor
- Reference materials
- KLB Integrated Science pg. 161
- Digital devices
- Internet connectivity
- Charts of ray diagrams

- Observation - Drawing assessment - Written assignments

Force and Energy

Curved mirrors - Uses of concave mirrors
Curved mirrors - Uses of convex mirrors

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe the use of concave mirrors in reflectors
- Explain the principle behind solar heating
- Show interest in energy applications

- Discuss the use of concave mirrors in headlights and torches
- Explain how concave mirrors concentrate solar energy
- Research applications in solar cooking and heating

How are concave mirrors used in energy applications?

- KLB Integrated Science pg. 161
- Digital resources
- Internet connectivity
- Torch with reflector
- KLB Integrated Science pg. 162
- Reference materials
- KLB Integrated Science pg. 163

- Observation - Oral questions - Written assignments

Force and Energy

Curved mirrors - Uses of convex mirrors
Curved mirrors - Review and assessment
Waves - Generation of waves
Waves - Classification of waves

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain the use of convex mirrors as driving mirrors
- Describe applications of parabolic reflectors
- Show interest in real-world applications

- Define waves in scientific terms
- Describe how waves are generated
- Show interest in wave phenomena

- Discuss why convex mirrors are used as side mirrors
- Explain advantages of wider field of view
- Research applications of parabolic reflectors
- Observe waves created in water
- Generate sound waves using a drum/speaker
- Discuss energy transfer through waves

How do curved mirrors enhance transportation safety?
What are waves and how are they generated?

- KLB Integrated Science pg. 164
- Digital resources
- Internet connectivity
- Reference materials
- KLB Integrated Science pg. 166
- Previous notes
- Assessment questions
- KLB Integrated Science pg. 170
- Water in a basin
- Drum
- Speaker connected to radio
- Small stones
- KLB Integrated Science pg. 172
- Slinky spring
- Rope
- Smooth surface
- Rigid support

- Observation - Oral questions - Written assignments

Force and Energy

Waves - Classification of waves
Waves - Characteristics of waves

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Generate transverse waves
- Describe characteristics of transverse waves
- Compare longitudinal and transverse waves

- Use a slinky spring to generate transverse waves
- Observe particle displacement direction
- Create comparison charts

How do transverse waves differ from longitudinal waves?

- KLB Integrated Science pg. 173
- Slinky spring
- Rope
- Smooth surface
- Rigid support
- KLB Integrated Science pg. 175
- Meter rule
- Chalk
- Drawing materials

- Observation - Practical skills assessment - Written assignments

Force and Energy

Waves - Characteristics of waves
Waves - Frequency and periodic time

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Define wavelength
- Identify crests and troughs
- Explain wave phase

- Generate waves and identify crests and troughs
- Measure wavelength
- Identify points in phase

How is wavelength measured and what is its significance?

- KLB Integrated Science pg. 177
- Slinky spring
- Meter rule
- Chalk
- Drawing materials
- KLB Integrated Science pg. 180
- Stopwatch

- Observation - Measurement skills assessment - Written assignments

Force and Energy

Waves - Frequency and periodic time
Waves - Speed of a wave
Waves - Speed of a wave

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Solve problems involving frequency and periodic time
- Draw displacement-time graphs
- Show interest in wave calculations

- Practice solving problems with frequency and period
- Draw and interpret wave graphs
- Discuss the significance of frequency in real applications

How does frequency affect wave behavior and applications?

- KLB Integrated Science pg. 181
- Calculators
- Graph paper
- Reference materials
- Problem sets
- KLB Integrated Science pg. 183
- KLB Integrated Science pg. 184
- Chart paper

- Observation - Problem-solving assessment - Written assignments

Force and Energy

Waves - Properties of waves
Waves - Properties of waves
Waves - Remote sensing

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Demonstrate reflection of waves
- Explain how waves are reflected
- Show interest in wave properties

- Demonstrate diffraction of waves
- Explain the factors affecting diffraction
- Show interest in wave behavior

- Set up a ripple tank to demonstrate wave reflection
- Observe reflection patterns from different surfaces
- Compare with reflection of light
- Set up a ripple tank with barriers having gaps
- Observe spreading of waves through gaps
- Investigate the effect of gap size

How do waves behave when they encounter boundaries?
How do waves spread around obstacles or through openings?

- KLB Integrated Science pg. 186
- Ripple tank
- Straight edge
- Metal reflectors
- Water
- KLB Integrated Science pg. 187
- Glass block
- Wave generator
- KLB Integrated Science pg. 188
- Ripple tank
- Metal barriers
- Water
- Wave generator
- KLB Integrated Science pg. 189
- Digital resources
- Photographs
- Internet connectivity

- Observation - Practical skills assessment - Written reports

Force and Energy

Waves - Remote sensing
Waves - Applications of waves

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain the components of remote sensing
- Describe the remote sensing process
- Show interest in remote sensing technology

- Discuss sources of waves in remote sensing
- Explain interaction between waves and targets
- Create diagrams of remote sensing processes

What are the requirements for remote sensing to take place?

- KLB Integrated Science pg. 190
- Digital resources
- Internet connectivity
- Drawing materials
- KLB Integrated Science pg. 191
- Presentation materials

- Observation - Diagram assessment - Written assignments

Force and Energy

Waves - Applications of waves
Waves - Review and assessment

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain the use of waves in surgery
- Describe applications in cancer therapy
- Show interest in medical treatments

- Research laser surgery applications
- Discuss radiation therapy for cancer
- Create information posters

How have waves revolutionized medical treatments?

- KLB Integrated Science pg. 192
- Digital resources
- Internet connectivity
- Poster materials
- KLB Integrated Science pg. 193
- Chart materials
- KLB Integrated Science pg. 194
- Table templates
- KLB Integrated Science pg. 195
- Previous notes
- Assessment questions
- Reference materials

- Observation - Poster assessment - Written assignments