Tools and Production

Cutting Tools - Using a knife

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Demonstrate proper handling of a knife
- Cut cardboard using a knife
- Observe safety precautions when using a knife

- Observe a demonstration on how to use a knife
- Practice using a knife to cut cardboard
- Observe safety by cutting away from the body
- Store the knife safely after use

Why is knife safety so important in a workshop?

- Mentor Pre-Technical Studies pg. 95
- Knife
- Cardboard
- Ruler
- Pencil
- Safety equipment

- Practical assessment - Observation - Self-assessment

Tools and Production

Cutting Tools - Caring for cutting tools
Production Unit - Factors for locating a production unit

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify ways of caring for cutting tools
- Explain the importance of tool maintenance
- Show responsibility in caring for tools

- Study pictures showing ways of caring for cutting tools
- Identify the cutting tools and discuss how they are being cared for
- Discuss other ways of caring for cutting tools

Why is it important to care for cutting tools?

- Mentor Pre-Technical Studies pg. 96
- Various cutting tools
- Cleaning materials
- Lubricants
- Storage facilities
- Pre-Technical Studies Curriculum Design
- Tablet 
- Pictures of production units
- Charts

- Question and answer - Observation - Written assignment

Tools and Production

Production Unit - Assessing location factors

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify local production units
- Analyze factors that influenced their location
- Show interest in understanding business location decisions

- Visit the local community to assess factors that influenced the location of a particular production unit (e.g., posho mill, salon, barber shop, welding shop, cybercafé)
- Record observations
- Discuss findings in class

What factors influenced the location of production units in our community?

- Pre-Technical Studies Curriculum Design
- Observation checklist
- Tablet.
- Local production units

- Field report - Group presentation - Question and answer

Tools and Production

Production Unit - Availability of raw materials and market

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain how availability of raw materials affects location
- Discuss the importance of market proximity
- Value the relationship between location and business success

- Use print or digital media to search for information on how availability of raw materials and market proximity affect location of production units
- Discuss findings in groups
- Present findings in class

How does market proximity affect a production unit's location?

- Pre-Technical Studies Curriculum Design
- Tablet.
- Internet connectivity
- Charts and diagrams

- Question and answer - Written assignment - Group presentation

Tools and Production

Production Unit - Infrastructure and labor
Production Unit - Factors determining size

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain how infrastructure affects location decisions
- Discuss the importance of available labor
- Show interest in understanding location economics

- Use print or digital media to search for information on how infrastructure and labor availability affect location of production units
- Discuss findings in groups
- Present findings in class

Why is infrastructure important when locating a production unit?

- Pre-Technical Studies Curriculum Design
- Tablet.
- Internet connectivity
- Charts and diagrams
- Charts

- Question and answer - Written assignment - Group presentation

Tools and Production

Production Unit - Locating a production unit

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Apply knowledge on location factors
- Suggest suitable locations for different production units
- Show responsibility in making business decisions

- In groups, select a type of production unit
- Discuss suitable locations for the production unit based on factors learned
- Justify choices
- Present findings to class

What is the most suitable location for your chosen production unit?

- Pre-Technical Studies Curriculum Design
- Maps
- Tablet
- Charts

- Group presentation - Peer assessment - Question and answer

Entrepreneurship

Bookkeeping - Importance of bookkeeping

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain the meaning of bookkeeping
- Describe the importance of bookkeeping in entrepreneurship
- Value the role of record-keeping in business success

- Brainstorm on the meaning of bookkeeping
- Discuss the importance of bookkeeping for a business
- Present discussion points to the class

Why is bookkeeping important to a business?

- Mentor Pre-Technical Studies pg. 114
- Charts on importance of bookkeeping
- Tablet

- Question and answer - Group presentation - Written assignment

Entrepreneurship

Bookkeeping - Assets, liabilities and capital
Bookkeeping - Bookkeeping equation

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Define assets, liabilities and capital
- Identify examples of assets, liabilities and capital
- Appreciate the importance of differentiating business components

- Search for the meaning of assets, liabilities and capital using digital devices or textbooks
- Identify assets shown in pictures
- Discuss examples of liabilities and capital
- Present findings to other groups

What is the difference between assets, liabilities, and capital?

- Mentor Pre-Technical Studies pg. 115
- Pictures of business assets
- Tablet.
- Charts
- Mentor Pre-Technical Studies pg. 119
- Calculators
- Charts showing bookkeeping equation
- Practice exercises

- Question and answer - Written test - Observation

Entrepreneurship

Bookkeeping - Business transactions

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify parties involved in business transactions
- Distinguish between cash and credit transactions
- Value honesty in business dealings

- List items bought and identify buyers and sellers
- Read and analyze a case study on business transactions
- Discuss differences between cash and credit transactions

What types of transactions occur in a business?

- Mentor Pre-Technical Studies pg. 122
- Case studies 
- Charts

- Question and answer - Case study analysis - Written assignment

Entrepreneurship

Bookkeeping - Cost and price of a product

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Differentiate between cost and price
- Calculate profit and loss from business transactions
- Appreciate the importance of pricing in business

- Study pictures showing buying and selling activities
- Discuss the difference between cost and price
- Calculate profit or loss from various transactions
- Present findings in a table

How is profit or loss determined in a business?

- Mentor Pre-Technical Studies pg. 126
- Calculators
- Charts on profit calculation
- Examples of business transactions

- Calculation exercises - Question and answer - Written assignment

Entrepreneurship

Bookkeeping - Statement of financial position
Bookkeeping - Preparing a statement of financial position

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain the meaning of a statement of financial position
- Identify components of a statement of financial position
- Show interest in financial statements

- Discuss the components of a statement of financial position
- Study a sample statement of financial position
- Identify assets, liabilities and capital in the statement

How does a statement of financial position show a business's health?

- Mentor Pre-Technical Studies pg. 128
- Sample financial statements
- Tablet.
- Charts
- Mentor Pre-Technical Studies pg. 129
- Calculators
- Practice exercises

- Question and answer - Written test - Observation

Entrepreneurship

Bookkeeping - Cash flow statement

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain the meaning of a cash flow statement
- Identify components of a cash flow statement
- Show responsibility in monitoring cash flow

- Discuss the components of a cash flow statement
- Study a sample cash flow statement
- Identify cash inflows and outflows in the statement

Why is monitoring cash flow important for a business?

- Mentor Pre-Technical Studies pg. 130
- Sample cash flow statements
- Tablet .
- Charts

- Question and answer - Observation - Written test

Entrepreneurship

Bookkeeping - Preparing a cash flow statement

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Calculate net cash flow from business operations
- Prepare a simple cash flow statement
- Value the importance of tracking cash movement

- Study a sample cash flow statement
- Follow step-by-step instructions to prepare a cash flow statement
- Calculate net movement in cash
- Compare opening and closing cash balances

How is a cash flow statement prepared?

- Mentor Pre-Technical Studies pg. 131
- Sample cash flow statements
- Calculators
- Practice exercises

- Practical assessment - Calculation exercises - Written assignment

Entrepreneurship

Bookkeeping - Income statement
Bookkeeping - Preparing an income statement

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain the meaning of an income statement
- Identify components of an income statement
- Show interest in tracking business performance

- Discuss components of an income statement
- Study a sample income statement
- Identify revenue, expenses, and profit in the statement

How does an income statement show business performance?

- Mentor Pre-Technical Studies pg. 133
- Sample income statements
- Tablet.
- Charts
- Mentor Pre-Technical Studies pg. 134
- Calculators
- Practice exercises

- Question and answer - Observation - Written test

Entrepreneurship

Bookkeeping - Importance of financial records

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain the importance of financial records in decision-making
- Analyze how bookkeeping helps in financial management
- Appreciate the role of record-keeping in business success

- Read a story about a business owner who keeps records
- Discuss the role of bookkeeping in the business
- Explain how bookkeeping helped in making financial decisions

How do financial records help in making business decisions?

- Mentor Pre-Technical Studies pg. 135
- Case studies
- Tablet. 
- Charts

- Question and answer - Case study analysis - Written assignment

Entrepreneurship

Income and Budgeting - Sources of income

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Define the term 'income'
- Identify various sources of income for an individual
- Appreciate the importance of multiple income streams

- Search for the meaning of income using digital devices or textbooks
- Study examples of individuals with different income sources
- Identify the sources of income for each individual
- Discuss the meaning of 'sources of income'

What are the different ways people can earn income?

- Mentor Pre-Technical Studies pg. 137
- Charts showing sources of income
- Tablet. 
- Pictures showing income-generating activities

- Question and answer - Observation - Written assignment

Entrepreneurship

Income and Budgeting - Types of income sources

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Categorize different sources of income
- Explain various income types like salary, business, investment
- Show interest in understanding income sources

- Study a chart showing various sources of income
- Discuss the meaning of various income sources
- Categorize income sources as active or passive
- Present findings to classmates

How can income sources be categorized?

- Mentor Pre-Technical Studies pg. 138
- Charts on income sources
- Tablet.
- Pictures

- Question and answer - Group presentation - Written test

Entrepreneurship

Income and Budgeting - Importance of budgeting
Income and Budgeting - Ways of spending money wisely

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Define budget and budgeting
- Explain the importance of budgeting in day-to-day life
- Value financial planning and discipline

- Discuss questions about pocket money and how it's spent
- Search for the meaning of budget and budgeting
- Read a conversation about family budgeting
- Discuss the importance of budgeting

Why is it important to prepare a personal budget?

- Mentor Pre-Technical Studies pg. 139
- Charts on importance of budgeting
- Tablet.
- Case studies
- Mentor Pre-Technical Studies pg. 142
- Posters on wise spending
- Charts

- Question and answer - Group presentation - Written assignment

Entrepreneurship

Income and Budgeting - Preparing a simple budget

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify components of a personal budget
- Prepare a simple personal budget
- Appreciate the value of planning for expenses

- Discuss what to consider when preparing a simple budget
- Study a sample personal budget
- Prepare a simple budget for personal financial management
- Present budget to classmates for feedback

What should be included in a personal budget?

- Mentor Pre-Technical Studies pg. 143
- Sample budget templates
- Calculators
- Charts

- Practical assessment - Peer assessment - Written assignment

Entrepreneurship

Income and Budgeting - Income allocation in budgeting

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Analyze different categories of expenses in a budget
- Allocate income to different expense categories
- Show responsibility in financial allocation

- Study different categories of expenses (needs, wants, savings)
- Discuss appropriate percentage allocation for each category
- Practice allocating a given amount to different budget categories
- Share and justify allocation decisions

How should income be allocated in a budget?

- Pre-Technical Studies Curriculum Design
- Budget allocation charts
- Calculators
- Sample budgets

- Practical assessment - Question and answer - Group presentation

Entrepreneurship

Income and Budgeting - Budget tracking and adjustment
Income and Budgeting - Ethical practices in budgeting

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain methods for tracking budget implementation
- Identify reasons for budget adjustments
- Value accountability in budget management

- Discuss methods for tracking spending against budget
- Analyze scenarios requiring budget adjustments
- Develop simple budget tracking tools
- Role-play budget review meetings

How can we track and adjust our budget?

- Pre-Technical Studies Curriculum Design
- Budget tracking templates
- Case studies
- Tablet.
- Mentor Pre-Technical Studies pg. 144
- Charts

- Role-play assessment - Practical assignment - Observation

Entrepreneurship

Income and Budgeting - Unethical practices in budgeting

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify unethical practices in budgeting
- Explain the consequences of unethical financial behavior
- Show commitment to ethical financial management

- Use digital devices to search for information on unethical practices in budgeting
- Identify unethical practices that should be avoided
- Discuss the consequences of unethical financial practices

Why should unethical practices be avoided in budgeting?

- Mentor Pre-Technical Studies pg. 145
- Tablet.
- Internet connectivity
- Charts

- Question and answer - Group presentation - Written test

Entrepreneurship

Income and Budgeting - Financial planning

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain the concept of financial planning
- Discuss the importance of financial planning in income management
- Value long-term financial thinking

- Read a story about financial planning
- Discuss how financial planning helped the character
- Identify the importance of financial planning
- Share examples of financial planning from their experiences

How does financial planning help in income management?

- Mentor Pre-Technical Studies pg. 146
- Case studies
- Tablets.
- Charts

- Question and answer - Case study analysis - Written assignment

Entrepreneurship

Income and Budgeting - Setting financial goals
Marketing Goods and Services - Importance of marketing

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify short-term and long-term financial goals
- Set SMART financial goals
- Appreciate the importance of goal-setting in financial management

- Discuss the difference between short-term and long-term financial goals
- Learn about SMART goals (Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Relevant, Time-bound)
- Set personal financial goals following the SMART framework
- Share goals with classmates for feedback

Why is goal-setting important in financial management?

- Pre-Technical Studies Curriculum Design
- Goal-setting templates
- Case studies
- Charts on SMART goals
- Mentor Pre-Technical Studies pg. 147
- Pictures showing marketing activities
- Tablet.
- Charts

- Written assignment - Peer assessment - Group presentation

Entrepreneurship

Marketing Goods and Services - Elements of marketing

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify the key elements of marketing (advertising, selling, delivery)
- Explain how each element contributes to successful marketing
- Show interest in understanding marketing processes

- Discuss the three main elements of marketing: advertising, selling, and delivery
- Study examples of each element in real businesses
- Create a diagram showing how these elements work together
- Present diagrams to classmates

What are the key elements of effective marketing?

- Pre-Technical Studies Curriculum Design
- Marketing diagrams
- Pictures of marketing activities
- Tablet.

- Diagram assessment - Group presentation - Question and answer

Entrepreneurship

Marketing Goods and Services - Sources of market information

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify sources of information about the market
- Analyze different ways to get market information
- Show interest in understanding market dynamics

- Read an article containing information about a market
- Identify potential customers from the article
- Discuss sources of information about markets
- Use digital devices to search for market information sources

Where can information about the market and its potential customers be sourced from?

- Mentor Pre-Technical Studies pg. 150
- Newspaper articles
- Tablet .
- Internet connectivity

- Question and answer - Group presentation - Written assignment

Entrepreneurship

Marketing Goods and Services - Consumer behavior
Marketing Goods and Services - Factors for market selection

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain what influences consumer buying decisions
- Identify factors that affect consumer preferences
- Value the importance of understanding customers

- Discuss factors that influence buying decisions (price, quality, trends)
- Analyze personal buying decisions and what influenced them
- Conduct simple surveys about consumer preferences
- Share findings with classmates

What factors influence consumer buying decisions?

- Pre-Technical Studies Curriculum Design
- Survey templates
- Tablets.
- Charts on consumer behavior
- Mentor Pre-Technical Studies pg. 152
- Case studies
- Charts

- Survey project assessment - Group presentation - Question and answer

Entrepreneurship

Marketing Goods and Services - Tools for marketing

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify ICT tools used for marketing goods and services
- Explain how these tools are used in marketing
- Show interest in modern marketing methods

- Use digital devices to search for information on ICT applications used for marketing
- Discuss how social media platforms are used for marketing
- Prepare a chart showing different marketing tools and their uses

How do businesses use technology to market their products?

- Mentor Pre-Technical Studies pg. 153
- Tablet.
- Internet connectivity
- Charts on marketing tools

- Question and answer - Group presentation - Written assignment

Entrepreneurship

Marketing Goods and Services - Suitable markets

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify suitable markets for different goods and services
- Match products to appropriate market segments
- Value strategic thinking in marketing

- Brainstorm on suitable markets for different goods and services
- Discuss factors that make a market suitable for specific products
- Present findings to classmates

How do businesses identify suitable markets for their products?

- Mentor Pre-Technical Studies pg. 154
- Tablet.
- Charts
- Pictures of different products

- Question and answer - Group presentation - Written test

Entrepreneurship

Marketing Goods and Services - Ethics in marketing
Saving and Investment - Reasons for saving

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify ethical practices in marketing
- Explain the importance of ethics in marketing
- Show commitment to ethical business practices

- Discuss ethical practices in marketing goods and services
- Analyze scenarios showing ethical and unethical marketing practices
- Prepare a presentation on marketing ethics

What ethical considerations should guide marketing activities?

- Mentor Pre-Technical Studies pg. 155
- Case studies
- Tablet. 
- Charts
- Pre-Technical Studies Curriculum Design
- Charts on saving and investment

- Question and answer - Case study analysis - Group presentation

Entrepreneurship

Saving and Investment - Methods of saving

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify different methods of saving
- Explain the advantages of different saving methods
- Show interest in developing saving habits

- Brainstorm and present on methods of saving and investment
- Discuss advantages and disadvantages of different saving methods
- Make money boxes for personal savings using locally available materials

What are the different ways to save money?

- Pre-Technical Studies Curriculum Design
- Materials for making money boxes
- Tablet. 
- Charts

- Practical assessment - Question and answer - Observation

Entrepreneurship

Saving and Investment - Methods of investment

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify different methods of investment
- Explain the advantages of different investment methods
- Value long-term financial planning

- Use digital devices to search for information on investment methods
- Discuss different investment options such as shares, bonds, real estate
- Compare different investment methods based on risk and return

What factors should be considered when choosing an investment?

- Pre-Technical Studies Curriculum Design
- Tablets.
- Internet connectivity
- Charts on investment options

- Question and answer - Group presentation - Written assignment

Entrepreneurship

Saving and Investment - Preparing a saving plan
Saving and Investment - Preparing an investment plan

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify components of a saving plan
- Prepare a simple saving plan
- Show commitment to financial discipline

- Study sample saving plans
- Identify key components of a saving plan
- Prepare a simple saving plan
- Present saving plans to classmates for feedback

How do you create an effective saving plan?

- Pre-Technical Studies Curriculum Design
- Sample saving plans
- Calculators
- Charts
- Sample investment plans

- Practical assessment - Peer assessment - Written assignment

Entrepreneurship

Saving and Investment - Ethical practices

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify ethical practices in saving and investing
- Explain the importance of ethics in financial management
- Show commitment to ethical financial behavior

- Share experiences on ethical practices in saving and investment
- Discuss the importance of honesty and transparency in financial matters
- Use available resources to search for information on ethical practices

What are the ethical practices in saving and investing?

- Pre-Technical Studies Curriculum Design
- Case studies
- Tablet.
- Charts

- Question and answer - Case study analysis - Written assignment

Entrepreneurship

Saving and Investment - Unethical practices

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify unethical practices in saving and investing
- Explain the consequences of unethical financial behavior
- Value integrity in financial matters

- Share experiences on unethical practices in saving and investment
- Discuss the consequences of unethical financial practices
- Search for information on unethical practices to avoid

What are the unethical practices in saving and investing?

- Pre-Technical Studies Curriculum Design
- Case studies
- Tablets.
- Charts

- Question and answer - Case study analysis - Written test