STRUCTURE & BONDING

Chemical bonds. Ionic bond.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe role of valence electrons in determining chemical bonding.


Explain formation of ionic bonding.

Q/A: Review valence electrons of atoms of elements in groups I, II, III, VII and VIII.
Q/A: Review group I and group VII elements.
Discuss formation of ionic bond.

text book

K.L.B. BOOK IIP54




PP 57-58

STRUCTURE & BONDING

Ionic bond representation.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Use dot and cross diagrams to represent ionic bonding.

Drawing diagrams of ionic bonds.

Chart- dot and cross diagrams.
Models for bonding.

K.L.B. BOOK II P. 58

STRUCTURE & BONDING

Grant ionic structures.
Physical properties of ionic compounds.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe the crystalline ionic compound.
Give examples of ionic substances.
Describe physical properties of ionic compounds.
Explain the differences in the physical properties of ionic compounds.

Discuss the group ionic structures of NaCl.
Teacher gives examples of other ionic substances: KNO3, potassium bromide, Ca (NO3)2, sodium iodide.
Analyse tabulated comparative physical properties of ionic compounds.

Teacher asks probing questions.

Giant sodium chloride model.
text book

K.L.B. BOOK II PP 56-58
K.L.B. BOOK IIPP 58-59

STRUCTURE & BONDING

Covalent bond.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain the formation of covalent bond
Use dot and cross diagrams to represent covalent bond.

Exposition: Shared pair of electrons in a hydrogen molecule, H2O, NH3, Cl2, and CO2.
Drawing of dot-and-cross diagrams of covalent bonds.

text book

K.L.B. BOOK II PP 60-63

STRUCTURE & BONDING

Co-ordinate bond.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To describe the co-ordinate bond
To represent co-ordinate bond diagrammatically.

Exposition- teacher explains the nature of co-ordinate bond.
Students represent co-ordinate bond diagrammatically.

text book

K.L.B. BOOK II P 65

STRUCTURE & BONDING

Co-ordinate bond.
Molecular structure.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To describe the co-ordinate bond
To represent co-ordinate bond diagrammatically.
To describe the molecular structure.
To give examples of substance exhibiting molecular structure

Exposition- teacher explains the nature of co-ordinate bond.
Students represent co-ordinate bond diagrammatically.
Discussion ? To explain formation of the giant structure and give examples of substance exhibiting molecular structure.

text book

K.L.B. BOOK II P 65
K.L.B. BOOK IIP 65

STRUCTURE & BONDING

Trend in physical properties of molecular structures.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To describe van- der -waals forces.
To explain the trend in physical properties of molecular structures.

Discuss comparative physical properties of substances. exhibiting molecular structure.
Explain variation in the physical properties.

Sugar, naphthalene, iodine rhombic sulphur.

K.L.B. BOOK IIP 65

STRUCTURE & BONDING

Giant atomic structure in diamond.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To describe giant atomic structure in diamond.
To state uses of diamond.

Diagrammatic representation of diamond.
Discuss uses of diamond.

Diagrams in textbooks.

K.L.B. BOOK II P 69

STRUCTURE & BONDING

Giant atomic structure in graphite.
Metallic bond. Uses of some metals.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To describe giant atomic structure in graphite.
To state uses of graphite.
To describe mutual electronic forces between electrons and nuclei.
To describe metallic bond.
To compare physical properties of metals.
To state uses of some metals.

Diagrammatic representation of graphite.

Discuss uses of graphite.
Discussion:
Detailed analysis of comparative physical properties of metals and their uses.



Probing questions & brief explanations.

Diagrams in textbooks.
text book

K.L.B. BOOK II pp 69
K.L.B. BOOK IIP 70

SALTS

Types of salts.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define a salt.
Describe various types of salts and give several examples in each case.

Descriptive approach. Teacher exposes new concepts.

text book

K.L.B. BOOK II P. 91

SALTS

Types of salts.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define a salt.
Describe various types of salts and give several examples in each case.

Descriptive approach. Teacher exposes new concepts.

text book

K.L.B. BOOK II P. 91

SALTS

Solubility of salts in water.
Solubility of bases in water.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To test solubility of various salts in cold water/warm water.
To test solubility of various bases in water.
To carry out litmus test on the resulting solutions.

Class experiments- Dissolve salts in 5 cc of water.
Record the solubility in a table,
Analyse the results.
Class experiments- Dissolve salts in 5cc of water.
Record the solubility in a table,
Carry out litmus tests.
Discuss the results.

Sulphates, chlorides, nitrates, carbonates of various metals.




Oxides, hydroxides, of various metals, litmus papers.

K.L.B. BOOK II PP. 92-93
K.L.B. BOOK IIPP. 94-95

SALTS

Methods of preparing various salts.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To describe various methods of preparing some salts.

Experimental and descriptive treatments of preparation of salts e.g. ZnSO4, CuSO4, NaCl and Pb(NO3)2.

CuO, H2SO4, HCl, NaOH, PbCO3, dil HNO3.

K.L.B. BOOK II pp96

SALTS

Methods of preparing various salts.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To describe various methods of preparing some salts.

Experimental and descriptive treatments of preparation of salts e.g. ZnSO4, CuSO4, NaCl and Pb(NO3)2.

CuO, H2SO4, HCl, NaOH, PbCO3, dil HNO3.

K.L.B. BOOK II pp96

SALTS

Methods of preparing various salts.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To describe various methods of preparing some salts.

Experimental and descriptive treatments of preparation of salts e.g. ZnSO4, CuSO4, NaCl and Pb(NO3)2.

CuO, H2SO4, HCl, NaOH, PbCO3, dil HNO3.

K.L.B. BOOK II pp96

SALTS

Direct synthesis of a salts.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To describe direct synthesis of a salt.
To write balanced equations for the reactions.

Group experiments- preparation of iron (II) sulphide by direct synthesis.
Give other examples of salts prepared by direct synthesis.
Students write down corresponding balanced equations.

Iron,
Sulphur

K.L.B. BOOK II P. 104

SALTS

Direct synthesis of a salts.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To describe direct synthesis of a salt.
To write balanced equations for the reactions.

Group experiments- preparation of iron (II) sulphide by direct synthesis.
Give other examples of salts prepared by direct synthesis.
Students write down corresponding balanced equations.

Iron,
Sulphur

K.L.B. BOOK II P. 104

SALTS

Ionic equations.
Effects of heat on carbonates.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To identify spectator ions in double decomposition reactions.
To write ionic equations correctly.

To state effects of heat on carbonates.
To predict products resulting from heating metal carbonates.

Q/A: Ions present in given reactants.
Deduce the products of double decomposition reactions.
Give examples of equations.
Supervised practice.

Group experiments- To investigate effects of heat on Na2CO3, K2CO3, CaCO3, ZnCO3, PbCO3, e.t.c.
Observe various colour changes before, during and after heating.
Write equations for the reactions.

PbNO3, MgSO4 solutions.
Various carbonates.

K.L.B. BOOK II
K.L.B. BOOK II PP. 108-109

SALTS

Effects of heat on nitrates.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To state effects of heat on nitrates.
To predict products resulting from heating metal nitrates.

Group experiments- To investigate effects of heat on various metal nitrates.
Observe various colour changes before, during and after heating.
Write equations for the reactions.

Common metal nitrates.

K.L.B. BOOK II PP. 110-111

SALTS

Effects of heat on nitrates.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To state effects of heat on nitrates.
To predict products resulting from heating metal nitrates.

Group experiments- To investigate effects of heat on various metal nitrates.
Observe various colour changes before, during and after heating.
Write equations for the reactions.

Common metal nitrates.

K.L.B. BOOK II PP. 110-111

SALTS

Effects of heat on sulphates.
Hygroscopy, Deliquescence and Efflorescence.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To state effects of heat on sulphates.
To predict products results from heating metal sulphates.
To define hygroscopic deliquescent and efflorescent salts.
To give examples of hygroscopic deliquescent and efflorescent salts.

Group experiments- To investigate effects of heat on various sulphates.
Observe various colour changes before, during and after heating.
Write equations for the reactions.

Prepare a sample of various salts.
Expose them to the atmosphere overnight.
Students classify the salts as hygroscopic, deliquescent and / or efflorescent.

Common sulphates.

K.L.B. BOOK II P. 113
K.L.B. BOOK II P. 114

SALTS

Uses of salts.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To state uses of salts

Teacher elucidates uses of salts.

K.L.B. BOOK II P. 114

EFFECTS OF AN ELECTRIC CURRENT ON SUBSTANCES.

Electrical conductivity.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To test for electrical conductivities of substances.

Group experiments- to identify conductors and non-conductors.
Explain the difference in (non) conductivities.

Various solids, bulb, battery, & wires.

K.L.B. BOOK II PP. 118-119

EFFECTS OF AN ELECTRIC CURRENT ON SUBSTANCES.

Electrical conductivity.
Molten electrolytes.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To test for electrical conductivities of substances.
To test for electrical conductivities molten electrolytes.

Group experiments- to identify conductors and non-conductors.
Explain the difference in (non) conductivities.
Group experiments- to identify electrolytes in molten form.
Explain the difference in molten electrolytes.

Various solids, bulb, battery, & wires.
Molten candle wax
Sugar
Sulphur
Lead oxide.

K.L.B. BOOK II PP. 118-119
K.L.B. BOOK IIPP. 120-121

EFFECTS OF AN ELECTRIC CURRENT ON SUBSTANCES.

Electrolysis.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To define electrolysis
To describe the process of electrolysis in terms of charge movement.

Descriptive approach punctuated with Q/A.

K.L.B. BOOK II

EFFECTS OF AN ELECTRIC CURRENT ON SUBSTANCES.

Aqueous electrolytes. Electrodes.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To define an electrolyte
To test for electrical conductivities of electrodes.

To investigate chemical effect of an electric current.
Classify the solutions as electrolyte or non -electrolytes.
Discuss the electrical properties of the solutions.

Graphite electrodes
Battery
Various aqueous solutions switch bulb.

K.L.B. BOOK II PP.122-123

EFFECTS OF AN ELECTRIC CURRENT ON SUBSTANCES.

Aqueous electrolytes. Electrodes.
Reaction on electrodes.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To define an electrolyte
To test for electrical conductivities of electrodes.
To describe half- equation reactions at the cathode and anode

To investigate chemical effect of an electric current.
Classify the solutions as electrolyte or non -electrolytes.
Discuss the electrical properties of the solutions.
To demonstrate ?Electrolysis of molten lead (II) bromide
Observe colour changes
Explanation of half-equations and reactions at the electrodes.

Graphite electrodes
Battery
Various aqueous solutions switch bulb.
Graphite electrodes
Battery
Various aqueous solutions switch.

K.L.B. BOOK II PP.122-123
K.L.B. BOOK II PP.126-127

EFFECTS OF AN ELECTRIC CURRENT ON SUBSTANCES.

Binary electrolyte.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To define a binary electrolyte.
To state the products of a binary electrolyte.

Completing a table of electrolysis of binary electrolytes.

text book

K.L.B. BOOK II P.127

EFFECTS OF AN ELECTRIC CURRENT ON SUBSTANCES.

Binary electrolyte.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To define a binary electrolyte.
To state the products of a binary electrolyte.

Completing a table of electrolysis of binary electrolytes.

text book

K.L.B. BOOK II P.127

EFFECTS OF AN ELECTRIC CURRENT ON SUBSTANCES.

Application of electrolysis.
Electroplating.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To state application of electrolysis.
To describe electroplating process.

Discussion and explanations.
Experiment- Left overnight.
Electroplating an iron nail with silver nitrate/ copper sulphate.
Brief discussion.

text book
Silver nitrate
Iron nail
Complete circuit battery.

K.L.B. BOOK II P. 128
K.L.B. BOOK II PP. 129-30