FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

Trading Account Preparation Using Ratios
Current Ratio and Working Capital Ratio

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Use mark-up to prepare trading accounts; Apply margin in account preparation; Handle incomplete records; Solve complex scenarios

Practical preparation using mark-up and margin; Incomplete records scenarios; Advanced problem-solving; Individual and group exercises

Trading account formats, incomplete record examples, complex scenarios
Ratio calculation sheets, Busia Traders example, interpretation guides

KLB Secondary Business Studies Form 4, Pages 72-74

FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

Rate of Stock Turnover

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define stock turnover; Calculate rate of stock turnover; Interpret turnover results; Apply in trading account preparation

Explanation of stock turnover concept; Calculations using Upendo Traders; Practical applications; Using turnover for incomplete records

Stock turnover worksheets, Upendo Traders example, practical applications

KLB Secondary Business Studies Form 4, Pages 76-78

FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

Stock Turnover Applications

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Use stock turnover in trading accounts; Handle incomplete records scenarios; Apply Maendeleo Traders example; Solve complex problems

Advanced applications using Maendeleo Traders; Incomplete records problem-solving; Complex scenario analysis; Individual practice

Advanced application sheets, Maendeleo Traders example, complex scenarios

KLB Secondary Business Studies Form 4, Pages 76-78

FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

Return on Capital
Acid Test and Quick Ratio

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define return on capital; Calculate return on capital; Interpret results for decision making; Compare business performance

Introduction to profitability ratios; Calculations using Mr Odiek's example; Performance comparison methods; Investment decision applications

Return calculation sheets, Mr Odiek's example, comparison materials
Quick ratio worksheets, Nakura Stores example, liquidity analysis materials

KLB Secondary Business Studies Form 4, Pages 78-79

FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
MONEY & BANKING

Importance of Financial Ratios
Introduction, Barter Trade and its Limitations

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain importance of each ratio type; Identify stakeholder uses; Understand decision-making applications; Analyze business implications

Comprehensive discussion on ratio importance; Stakeholder analysis; Case studies on ratio applications; Group presentations

Stakeholder analysis sheets, case study materials, presentation guidelines
Real exchange items, Problem scenario cards, Case study materials, Charts

KLB Secondary Business Studies Form 4, Page 80

MONEY & BANKING

Money System and Characteristics of Money
Functions of Money

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define money as medium of exchange. Explain evolution from barter to money. Identify and explain all characteristics of money (acceptability, divisibility, portability, durability, stability, homogeneity, cognisability, scarcity, malleability).

Exposition of money evolution. Hands-on examination of currency samples. Testing recognition of genuine vs fake money. Practical demonstration of money characteristics. Group analysis of characteristic importance.

Different currencies, Genuine and sample notes, Magnifying glass, Regional currency samples
Goods for trading, Price tags, Recording sheets, Savings scenarios, Property document samples

KLB Secondary Business Form 4, Pages 93-95

MONEY & BANKING

Demand for Money and Supply of Money
Banking System and Development of Banking
Commercial Banks and Their Services

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define liquidity preference. Explain transaction, precautionary and speculative motives for holding money. Define supply of money and identify its components. Analyze factors affecting money demand and supply.

Analysis of personal spending patterns. Case studies on emergency savings and speculation. Discussion on Central Bank role in money supply. Money circulation data analysis. Income and spending relationship exercises.

Budget sheets, Emergency scenarios, Investment charts, Money supply statistics, Central Bank reports
Banking system charts, Historical timeline materials, Bank category lists, Banking evolution charts
Mock bank materials, Deposit slips, Transfer forms, Safety boxes, Play money, Standing order cards

KLB Secondary Business Form 4, Pages 96-99

MONEY & BANKING

Commercial Bank Services and Foreign Exchange
Types of Bank Accounts - Current and Savings
Fixed Deposit Accounts and Account Opening Requirements

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain foreign exchange services, advisory services, trustee services, and guarantor roles. Demonstrate how banks act as intermediaries between savers and borrowers. Calculate foreign exchange rates.

Foreign exchange rate calculations. Advisory service role-plays. Trustee service case studies. Guarantor service demonstrations. Intermediary function illustrations.

Exchange rate charts, Advisory scenario cards, Trustee examples, Guarantor forms, Intermediary flow charts
Account opening forms, Cheque books, ATM cards, Interest calculation sheets, Comparison charts
Investment scenarios, Calculation sheets, Account forms, ID documents, Photographs, Certificate samples

KLB Secondary Business Form 4, Pages 103-104

MONEY & BANKING

Non-Banking Financial Institutions (NBFIs)

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define NBFIs and their purpose. Explain Development Finance Institutions, Housing Finance Companies, SACCOs, Insurance Companies. Detail their functions and services.

Research on local NBFIs. SACCO membership simulation. Insurance policy analysis. Housing finance case studies. Group presentations on NBFI roles.

NBFI information sheets, SACCO materials, Insurance policies, Housing finance examples, Case study materials

KLB Secondary Business Form 4, Pages 111-113

MONEY & BANKING

Micro-Finance, Agricultural Finance and Differences with Commercial Banks

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain micro-finance and agricultural finance operations. Compare NBFIs with commercial banks in terms of services, target markets, and operations. Analyze their complementary roles.

Micro-finance loan simulation. Agricultural project financing exercises. Comparison table creation. Case study analysis of differences. Group discussions on operational contrasts.

Loan application forms, Agricultural projects, Comparison charts, Case studies, Analysis sheets

KLB Secondary Business Form 4, Pages 111-113

MONEY & BANKING

Central Bank Functions
Monetary Policy Tools

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define Central Bank role in monetary control. Explain currency issuing, banker to banks, government banking, bank control, and clearing house functions. Demonstrate lender of last resort role.

Central Bank role-play activities. Currency management simulation. Inter-bank transaction examples. Government account simulation. Bank supervision demonstrations. Cheque clearing exercises.

Central Bank charts, Currency samples, Inter-bank forms, Government forms, Supervision checklists, Clearing examples
Policy charts, Interest rate examples, Securities samples, Calculation sheets, Control scenarios, Comparison tables

KLB Secondary Business Form 4, Pages 113-115

MONEY & BANKING

Modern Banking Trends

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Analyze evolution in account types and their features. Explain computer use in banking and its benefits. Detail ATM operations and their impact on banking. Assess technological improvements in banking.

Modern banking technology demonstration. ATM operation simulation. Computer banking examples. Account feature comparison. Technology impact discussions.

ATM cards, Computer demonstrations, Modern banking examples, Technology comparison charts

KLB Secondary Business Form 4, Pages 117-119

MONEY & BANKING
PUBLIC FINANCE
PUBLIC FINANCE

Modern Banking Trends
Introduction to Public Finance and its Purpose
Purpose of Public Finance - Provision of Essential Services

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain mobile banking, e-banking, and M-pesa services. Detail credit facilities evolution and customer care improvements. Analyze mobile banks and Pesa Point services. Assess banking accessibility improvements.

Mobile money demonstrations. E-banking simulations. Digital payment exercises. Credit application processes. Customer service role-plays. Mobile bank simulation.

Mobile phones, E-banking platforms, Digital payment examples, Credit forms, Service scenarios, Mobile bank materials
Chalkboard, textbook, exercise books, pens, local examples from students' experience.
Chalkboard, textbook, exercise books, chalk, students' prior knowledge and experiences.

KLB Secondary Business Form 4, Pages 119-121

PUBLIC FINANCE

Purpose of Public Finance - Economic Control and Development

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain how public finance controls consumption of certain products. Describe how government encourages/discourages certain economic activities. Analyze balanced regional development through public finance. Examine wealth redistribution through public finance.

Discussion on high prices of cigarettes and alcohol; Teacher explains government subsidies using fertilizer example; Students give examples of development projects in different counties; Q/A on how taxes help the poor.

Chalkboard, textbook, exercise books, examples from students' local knowledge, chalk.

KLB Secondary Business Studies Form 4, Pages 124-125

PUBLIC FINANCE

Sources of Public Finance - Overview and Classification

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Identify various sources of public finance. Distinguish between internal and external sources. Classify government revenue sources. Analyze the importance of diversified revenue sources.

Brainstorming session on where government gets money; Teacher exposition using chalkboard diagrams; Group work categorizing revenue sources; Students discuss challenges in tax collection.

Chalkboard, textbook, exercise books, chalk, students' observations from daily life.

KLB Secondary Business Studies Form 4, Pages 125-127

PUBLIC FINANCE

Sources of Public Finance - Overview and Classification

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Identify various sources of public finance. Distinguish between internal and external sources. Classify government revenue sources. Analyze the importance of diversified revenue sources.

Brainstorming session on where government gets money; Teacher exposition using chalkboard diagrams; Group work categorizing revenue sources; Students discuss challenges in tax collection.

Chalkboard, textbook, exercise books, chalk, students' observations from daily life.

KLB Secondary Business Studies Form 4, Pages 125-127

PUBLIC FINANCE

Government Borrowing - Internal and External
Types of Debt and Government Expenditure
Principles of Public Expenditure

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define government borrowing. Distinguish between internal and external borrowing. Explain bilateral and multilateral borrowing. Analyze the concept of national debt.

Detailed teacher explanation with chalkboard illustrations; Discussion on Kenya borrowing from different countries; Students share what they know about loans; Simple calculations of debt examples.

Chalkboard, textbook, exercise books, chalk, basic calculator (if available), student knowledge.
Chalkboard, textbook, exercise books, chalk, local examples from students' environment.
Chalkboard, textbook, exercise books, chalk, students' general knowledge from radio/conversations.

KLB Secondary Business Studies Form 4, Pages 125-127

PUBLIC FINANCE

Introduction to Tax and Taxation
Principles of Taxation

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define tax and taxation. Distinguish between tax and other government revenues. Explain the compulsory nature of taxation. Identify reasons for taxation by government.

Teacher exposition using simple chalkboard diagrams; Discussion on difference between buying sugar and paying tax; Students discuss why everyone must pay tax; Examples from students' shopping experiences.

Chalkboard, textbook, exercise books, chalk, students' shopping experiences and observations.
Chalkboard, textbook, exercise books, chalk, students' market experiences and price observations.

KLB Secondary Business Studies Form 4, Pages 129-131

PUBLIC FINANCE

Classification of Taxes - By Structure
Classification of Taxes - Direct vs Indirect

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define and distinguish regressive, proportional and progressive taxes. Calculate tax under different tax structures. Analyze the impact of each tax structure on different income groups. Evaluate merits and demerits of progressive taxation.

Teacher works through mathematical examples on chalkboard; Students practice calculations in exercise books; Group work comparing effects on different income earners; Supervised practice with simple numbers.

Chalkboard, textbook, exercise books, chalk, basic arithmetic skills, simple calculation examples.
Chalkboard, textbook, exercise books, chalk, students' knowledge of prices and salary deductions.

KLB Secondary Business Studies Form 4, Pages 132-135

PUBLIC FINANCE

Merits and Demerits of Direct and Indirect Taxes

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Analyze advantages and disadvantages of direct taxation. Evaluate merits and demerits of indirect taxation. Compare effectiveness of direct vs indirect taxes. Assess the role of both types in government revenue.

Comparative discussion using chalkboard summary; Group debates on which tax system is better; Students discuss tax avoidance they have observed; Comprehensive review and written exercise; Topic summary preparation.

Chalkboard, textbook, exercise books, chalk, student experiences and observations, review questions.

KLB Secondary Business Studies Form 4, Pages 135-141

INFLATION

Introduction to Inflation and Deflation
Consumer Price Index (CPI) Concepts
CPI Calculation - Simple Average Method

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define inflation as persistent rise in general price levels. Distinguish between inflation and deflation. Explain impact on purchasing power and money value. Analyze real-world examples of inflation.

Brainstorming on price changes students have observed. Comparison of prices over different time periods. Case studies on countries experiencing inflation. Discussion on purchasing power changes with price examples.

Price comparison charts from different years, Country inflation examples, Purchasing power calculation sheets, Real product price data
Sample consumer baskets, Base year price data, Price collection sheets, Index calculation examples, Consumer survey materials
Price data for multiple commodities, Calculation worksheets, Calculators, CPI formula charts, Practice problem sets

KLB Secondary Business Form 4, Pages 144-145

INFLATION

CPI Calculation - Weighted Average Method
Types of Inflation and Demand-Pull Inflation
More Causes of Demand-Pull Inflation

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Understand importance of weighting in CPI calculation. Assign weights to different commodities based on consumption patterns. Calculate weighted average CPI. Compare simple vs weighted average results.

Weight assignment exercises based on family budgets. Weighted CPI calculation practice with real data. Comparison between simple and weighted average methods. Analysis of why weighting gives more accurate results.

Family budget examples, Weight assignment sheets, Weighted calculation templates, Comparison tables, Advanced calculation problems
Market simulation materials, Government spending examples, Money supply charts, Income increase scenarios, Demand-pull diagrams
Shortage simulation materials, Population growth data, Expectation scenario cards, Consumer expenditure charts, Supply-demand graphs

KLB Secondary Business Form 4, Pages 147-148

INFLATION

Cost-Push Inflation and Its Causes
More Cost-Push Causes and Subsidy Effects
Levels of Inflation

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define cost-push inflation where costs push prices upward. Identify causes: wage increases, tax increases, profit margin increases. Explain imported inflation through input cost increases.

Cost-push inflation demonstrations using production scenarios. Wage-price spiral simulation exercises. Tax impact on production costs analysis. Import price increase effects on local production costs.

Production cost scenarios, Wage-price spiral charts, Tax impact examples, Import price data, Cost-push diagrams
Manufacturing cost examples, Subsidy impact data, Profit margin scenarios, Input cost charts, Comprehensive comparison tables
Historical inflation data, Germany 1923 case study, Country comparison charts, Inflation level classification sheets

KLB Secondary Business Form 4, Pages 150-152

INFLATION

Positive Effects of Inflation

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Analyze benefits for debtors paying less in real terms. Explain how sellers can earn more profits. Demonstrate motivation to work harder. Show increased production and better resource utilization.

Debtor-creditor scenario analysis with inflation impact. Seller profit calculation exercises during inflation. Work motivation case studies during inflationary periods. Resource utilization efficiency examples during inflation.

Debtor-creditor scenarios, Profit calculation sheets, Work motivation examples, Resource utilization cases, Real vs nominal value charts

KLB Secondary Business Form 4, Pages 153-154

INFLATION

Negative Effects of Inflation

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain reduction in profits due to decreased sales volume. Analyze time wastage in price shopping. Demonstrate conflicts between employers and employees. Show decline in living standards.

Sales volume decline simulation during price increases. Time cost analysis of shopping around for prices. Employer-employee wage negotiation role-plays. Living standard decline calculations with fixed incomes.

Sales simulation materials, Time cost analysis sheets, Role-play scenarios, Living standard calculation examples, Wage negotiation materials

KLB Secondary Business Form 4, Pages 154-155

INFLATION

More Negative Effects and Economic Impact
Controlling Inflation - Monetary Policy Tools

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Analyze losses to creditors and retardation of economic growth. Explain adverse effects on balance of payments. Demonstrate loss of confidence in monetary system. Show discouragement of savings.

Creditor loss calculations in real terms. Economic growth impact analysis with case studies. Balance of payments deterioration examples. Monetary system confidence erosion scenarios. Savings discouragement analysis.

Creditor loss examples, Economic growth data, Balance of payments charts, Monetary confidence indicators, Savings impact studies
Central Bank simulation materials, Interest rate impact charts, Securities trading examples, Cash ratio calculation sheets

KLB Secondary Business Form 4, Pages 155-156

INFLATION

More Monetary Policy Tools and Fiscal Policy

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain selective credit controls and directives. Detail moral suasion by Central Bank. Define fiscal policy for inflation control. Analyze government spending reduction and tax policy effects.

Credit control scenario exercises. Central Bank directive simulations. Government spending impact analysis on inflation. Tax policy effects on consumer spending and production costs.

Credit control scenarios, Directive examples, Government spending data, Tax policy impact charts, Fiscal policy simulation materials

KLB Secondary Business Form 4, Pages 156-158

INFLATION

Fiscal Policy Measures and Production Solutions

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain reducing taxes on production to control cost-push inflation. Demonstrate subsidizing production effects. Show government production of scarce commodities. Analyze comprehensive fiscal policy approaches.

Production tax reduction impact analysis. Subsidy effect calculations on final prices. Government production case studies. Comprehensive fiscal policy design exercises for inflation control.

Production tax examples, Subsidy calculation sheets, Government production cases, Policy design templates, Impact analysis charts

KLB Secondary Business Form 4, Pages 157-158

INFLATION

Statutory Measures for Inflation Control
Export Controls and Comprehensive Control Strategies

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain wage and salary controls to prevent cost-push inflation. Demonstrate price control mechanisms. Detail import restriction methods. Analyze hire purchase and credit term controls.

Wage control policy analysis and effects. Price control implementation exercises. Import restriction case studies and alternatives. Credit term control simulations and consumer impact.

Wage control examples, Price control policies, Import restriction data, Credit control scenarios, Policy implementation cases
Export control examples, Multi-strategy templates, Historical effectiveness data, Strategy design sheets, Presentation materials

KLB Secondary Business Form 4, Pages 158-159

INTERNATIONAL TRADE

Introduction, Types and Advantages
Disadvantages of International Trade
Computing Terms of Trade

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define international trade. Distinguish between bilateral and multilateral trade. State advantages of international trade. Explain how trade promotes specialization and employment.

Q/A session on local trading experiences; Brainstorming on goods Kenya exports/imports; Group discussion on trade advantages with real examples; Analysis of technology transfer cases.

World map, newspapers with trade reports, charts showing Kenya's trading partners, business magazines
Newspaper cuttings on industry closures, case study materials, charts showing trade impacts
Calculators, statistical data sheets, worked examples, formula charts

KLB Secondary Business Studies Form 4, Pages 162-164

INTERNATIONAL TRADE

Factors Affecting Terms of Trade
Balance of Trade and Balance of Payments Concepts
Preparing Balance of Payments Accounts

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain factors causing differences in terms of trade between countries. Analyze impact of commodity nature on trade terms. Discuss demand changes and trade restrictions effects. Evaluate world economic order influences.

Detailed exposition with country examples; Case study analysis of Kenya vs developed countries; Group discussions on commodity price variations; Q/A on trade restriction impacts.

Case study materials, charts comparing different economies, business magazines
Trade statistics, charts showing balance structure, newspapers with economic data
Account worksheets, calculators, worked examples, practice data sets

KLB Secondary Business Studies Form 4, Pages 167-168

INTERNATIONAL TRADE

Balance of Payments Disequilibrium
Terms of Sale in International Trade

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define balance of payments disequilibrium. Identify causes of disequilibrium. Explain methods to decrease import volumes. Analyze export promotion strategies.

Exposition of disequilibrium causes; Case studies on policy interventions; Discussion on import reduction methods; Analysis of export compensation and diversification strategies.

Policy documents, case study materials, charts showing correction methods
Shipping documents, cost calculation worksheets, practical scenarios, charts

KLB Secondary Business Studies Form 4, Pages 171-174

INTERNATIONAL TRADE

Credit and Import Documents

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain letter of credit functions and types. Describe import licence requirements. Analyze indent procedures (open and closed). Discuss creditworthiness and banking relationships.

Examination of actual letters of credit; Discussion on import licensing procedures; Group work on indent preparation; Analysis of banking documentation requirements.

Sample letters of credit, import licence forms, indent examples, banking documents

KLB Secondary Business Studies Form 4, Pages 176-177

INTERNATIONAL TRADE

Shipping, Insurance and Commercial Documents
Specialized Trade Documents

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain bill of lading purposes and features. Describe insurance policy types and certificate of origin. Analyze commercial and consular invoices. Compare airway bill with other transport documents.

Examination of actual shipping documents; Discussion on insurance requirements; Group analysis of invoice types; Comparison of transport document features.

Bill of lading samples, insurance certificates, invoice examples, document comparison charts
Document samples, flow charts, practical scenarios, case studies

KLB Secondary Business Studies Form 4, Pages 177-178

INTERNATIONAL TRADE

IMF and World Bank

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
State objectives and functions of IMF. Explain stable exchange rate maintenance and international liquidity provision. Describe World Bank objectives and development financing role. Compare IMF and World Bank functions.

Exposition of institutional backgrounds; Discussion on exchange rate stabilization; Case studies on institutional interventions; Comparison of lending terms and objectives.

Charts showing institutional structures, case study materials, project reports

KLB Secondary Business Studies Form 4, Pages 180-182

INTERNATIONAL TRADE

African Development Institutions

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain ADB establishment and functions. Describe ADF objectives and lending terms. Analyze impact on African development. Compare regional vs global financial institutions.

Exposition of regional development banking; Case studies on funded African projects; Discussion on concessional lending terms; Analysis of development impact assessment.

ADB/ADF project reports, development case studies, institutional comparison charts

KLB Secondary Business Studies Form 4, Pages 181

INTERNATIONAL TRADE

Forms and Characteristics of Economic Integration
Importance and Effects of Economic Integration

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define economic integration. Identify and explain four forms: free trade area, customs union, common market, economic union. Compare characteristics and features of each form. Analyze progression from simple to complex integration.

Exposition of integration concept and forms; Group discussions on regional cooperation examples; Comparison of integration levels using charts; Analysis of East African integration progress.

Maps showing integration blocs, comparison charts, case study materials on regional blocs
Integration success stories, policy analysis documents, charts showing trade effects

KLB Secondary Business Studies Form 4, Pages 182-184

INTERNATIONAL TRADE
ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT AND PLANNING

Reasons and Methods of Trade Restrictions
Economic Growth and Development Concepts

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain reasons for trade restrictions including infant industry and strategic industry protection. Describe methods: tariffs, quotas, administrative bottlenecks, foreign exchange control. Analyze dumping prevention and employment protection.

Exposition of protection rationale with examples; Detailed explanation of restriction methods; Practical examples of tariff and quota calculations; Case studies on protection policies.

Case study materials, tariff schedules, quota examples, policy documents, calculators
Statistical data on economic indicators, charts comparing developed vs developing countries, newspaper economic reports

KLB Secondary Business Studies Form 4, Pages 185-187

ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT AND PLANNING

Characteristics of Under-development
Factors Hindering Development

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Identify comprehensive characteristics of under-development. Explain high poverty levels and income disparity issues. Analyze unemployment problems and subsistence sector dominance. Discuss dependence on developed countries and infrastructure challenges.

Brainstorming session on development indicators; Detailed exposition of under-development characteristics; Group discussions on poverty and unemployment statistics; Visual analysis of infrastructure differences.

Statistical data on poverty and unemployment, photos showing infrastructure gaps, case study materials on developing countries
Case studies on development barriers, charts showing technology gaps, brain drain statistics

KLB Secondary Business Studies Form 4, Pages 197-199

ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT AND PLANNING

Political, Social and Economic Institutional Factors

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain how political institutions affect development progress. Analyze social institutions and cultural barriers. Discuss economic institutions and market efficiency roles. Evaluate extended family systems and work attitude impacts.

Detailed discussion on institutional roles; Case studies on governance and development correlation; Group analysis of cultural practices affecting development; Q/A on market efficiency and entrepreneurship promotion.

Governance case studies, cultural practice examples, charts showing institutional frameworks

KLB Secondary Business Studies Form 4, Pages 202-203

ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT AND PLANNING

Development Planning Process and Objectives
Need for Development Planning and Benefits

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define development planning concept and importance. Explain planning process including objective establishment. State government policy objectives for long-term development. Analyze resource identification and allocation in planning.

Guided discussion on planning necessity; Exposition of systematic planning process; Group work on identifying realistic planning objectives; Analysis of Kenya's development planning experience.

Kenya's development plan documents, planning process flowcharts, resource allocation examples
Planning success case studies, foreign aid effectiveness reports, project evaluation examples

KLB Secondary Business Studies Form 4, Pages 202-204

ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT AND PLANNING

Problems in Development Planning Implementation

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
State problems encountered in development planning at formulation stage. Explain implementation challenges including donor dependency. Analyze natural calamities impact on planning. Discuss political will and coordination problems in plan execution.

Exposition of planning challenges at different stages; Case studies on planning failures and successes; Group discussions on realistic vs over-ambitious planning; Analysis of natural disasters impact and political commitment importance.

Case studies on planning challenges, disaster impact reports, examples of successful and failed development projects

KLB Secondary Business Studies Form 4, Pages 204-206