Action of Water in Limestone Areas

Action of Water in Limestone Areas and Resultant Features

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define karst as area with limestone, chalk or dolomite. Explain chemical processes forming carbonic acid and calcium bicarbonate. Identify conditions for karst development. Describe surface features: grikes/clints, swallow holes, dolines, uvalas, poljes, gorges. Describe underground features: caves, underground rivers, stalactites, stalagmites, limestone pillars.

Q/A to review limestone characteristics from Form 1. Exposition on karst origin and chemical equations. Discussion on development conditions including jointed rocks, humid climate, deep water table. Progressive explanation of surface features using textbook diagrams and formation table. Exposition on underground features with stalactite/stalagmite formation processes. Examples from various countries including Kenya's Marafa Cave.

Limestone samples, Weak acids, Sequential diagrams, Clay for modeling, Salt solution setup, Cave photographs, Safety equipment

KLB Secondary Geography Form 3, Pages 172-178

Action of Water in Limestone Areas
Glaciation

Significance of Resultant Features
Definition of Terms

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain significance of karst landscape features to humankind and countries. Analyze positive and negative impacts of karst features. Evaluate economic importance of limestone areas including tourism, water supply challenges, industrial uses, grazing potential.

Probing questions on karst landscape significance. Detailed discussion on significance aspects including tourism attractions like caves and gorges, solution lakes providing water sources, water scarcity due to intermittent streams, infrastructure development challenges, limestone use in iron/steel industry, grazing suitability for sheep, cement production like Bamburi and Athi River factories, environmental management challenges. Q/A on sustainable use of limestone resources. Topic assessment.

Economic charts, Photographs of industries, Tourism materials, Infrastructure maps, Assessment worksheets
Charts showing snowline variations, Diagrams of ice formation, Maps showing ice distribution, Safety materials

KLB Secondary Geography Form 3, Pages 178-179

Glaciation

Types of Glaciers and Ice Masses

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Distinguish between valley and piedmont glaciers. Define ice sheets and ice caps. Identify African glacier examples. Describe nunataks.

Exposition on glacier types with African examples. Discussion on ice sheet characteristics and global distribution. Explanation of ice cap types and locations. Reference to textbook glacier table showing major examples worldwide. Group work identifying glacier locations on maps.

Glacier example tables, World maps, Photographs of mountain glaciers, Distribution charts

KLB Secondary Geography Form 3, Pages 182-183

Glaciation

Icebergs and Ice Movement

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define icebergs and explain their formation. Describe iceberg distribution. Explain three ways ice moves. Analyze factors affecting ice movement speed.

Exposition on iceberg formation and distribution. Discussion on iceberg movement by ocean currents. Explanation of ice movement mechanisms including freeze-thaw action, basal slip, and extrusion flow. Analysis of movement speed factors and rates. Comparison of different glacier movement speeds.

World maps showing icebergs, Ocean current charts, Movement mechanism diagrams, Speed comparison data

KLB Secondary Geography Form 3, Pages 183-184

Glaciation

Processes of Glaciation

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain glacial erosion through plucking and abrasion. Identify factors influencing erosion. Describe glacial transportation and moraine types.

Discussion on glacial erosion processes of plucking and abrasion. Analysis of factors affecting erosion effectiveness. Explanation of glacial transportation and moraine classification. Reference to textbook diagrams showing moraine types. Q/A on glacial processes and debris movement.

Rock samples, Process diagrams, Moraine type charts, Glacial debris photographs

KLB Secondary Geography Form 3, Pages 184-186

Glaciation
Soil

Glacial Features and Significance
Definition and Composition of Soil

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe highland and lowland glacial features. Analyze positive and negative significance of glaciation.

Discussion on highland feature formation processes and characteristics. Description of lowland glacial features and formation. Analysis of glaciation significance including economic benefits and challenges. Examples from East African mountains and world locations. Group work on significance evaluation and local applications.

Formation diagrams, Feature photographs, Economic impact charts, Maps showing benefits, East African examples
Soil samples, Composition diagrams, Constituent charts, Microscopes

KLB Secondary Geography Form 3, Pages 186-194

Soil

Soil Forming Processes

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain soil formation through weathering and decomposition. Describe leaching processes including ferralisation, eluviation, podzolisation, calcification.

Discussion on weathering as primary formation process. Exposition on decomposition stages: mineralisation and humification. Explanation of leaching types with climatic examples. Reference to formation diagrams.

Rock samples, Decomposition diagrams, Leaching process charts, Formation illustrations

KLB Secondary Geography Form 3, Pages 200-203

Soil

Factors Influencing Soil Formation

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Identify five soil formation factors. Explain parent material influence on soil type. Analyze climate and organism effects. Describe topography and time factors.

Exposition on parent material as key factor determining soil type. Discussion on climate effects including rainfall and temperature variations. Analysis of vegetation and micro-organism roles. Explanation of slope and time influences on soil development.

Parent rock samples, Climate charts, Vegetation specimens, Maps, Time examples

KLB Secondary Geography Form 3, Pages 203-205

Soil

Properties and Profile

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe soil properties and structure types. Define soil profile and horizons. Explain soil catena formation.

Discussion on soil structure, texture, acidity, colour, porosity. Explanation of profile as vertical layer arrangement with horizons A-D. Description of catena as slope arrangement and formation processes.

Soil structure samples, pH materials, Colour charts, Profile diagrams, Catena illustrations

KLB Secondary Geography Form 3, Pages 205-209

Soil

Soil Degeneration and Erosion

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define soil degeneration and classify types. Describe erosion types and processes. Identify conditions favouring soil erosion.

Exposition on degeneration types: physical, chemical, biological with causes. Discussion on erosion processes from splash to gully formation. Analysis of erosion factors with Kenyan examples.

Erosion photographs, Degeneration charts, Local examples, Process diagrams

KLB Secondary Geography Form 3, Pages 209-214

Soil
AGRICULTURE
AGRICULTURE

Classification and Management
Introduction and Definition of Agriculture
Physical Factors: Climate

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Classify soils by order: zonal, intrazonal, azonal. Describe major soil types and their characteristics. Explain soil management and conservation methods.

Exposition on soil classification based on formation conditions. Discussion on major Kenyan soil types and distribution. Analysis of management techniques and conservation methods. Examples of Kenyan conservation practices.

Classification charts, Distribution maps, Conservation photographs, Practice examples
Charts showing agricultural activities, Pictures of crops and livestock, Map of Kenya
Maps showing climate zones, Rainfall charts, Pictures of crops, Thermometers

KLB Secondary Geography Form 3, Pages 214-228

AGRICULTURE

Physical Factors: Relief and Soil
Biotic and Human Factors

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe relief types; Explain lowland cultivation advantages; Analyze soil composition and weathering; Evaluate soil properties

Q/A on relief and mechanization; Study lowland advantages in Monsoon Asia; Examine soil formation from rocks; Discuss hygroscopic water and temperature

Soil samples, pH testing materials, Maps of Pampas and Prairies, Terraced farming pictures
Pictures of pests, Insect specimens, Wilson Airport maps, Price charts

KLB Secondary Geography Form 3, Pages 236-238

AGRICULTURE

Types of Agriculture: Simple Subsistence and Sedentary Agriculture
Intensive Subsistence Agriculture and Plantation Agriculture
Mediterranean Agriculture, Mixed Farming, and Livestock Farming

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define simple subsistence farming; Identify local names (Milpa, Counco, Roca, Masole, Citemene, Ladang); Describe shifting cultivation characteristics

Study shifting cultivation practices; Discuss slash-and-burn agriculture; Analyze sedentary agriculture; Compare farming implements

Maps of tropical lands, Slash-and-burn pictures, Farming systems diagrams
Monsoon Asia maps, Rice terraces pictures, Plantation distribution charts
Mediterranean maps, Olive grove pictures, Crop combination charts

KLB Secondary Geography Form 3, Pages 242-244

AGRICULTURE

Distribution of Major Cash Crops in Kenya
Tea Farming in Kenya

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Identify cash crop locations from Figure 13.7; Explain colonial agriculture legacy; Describe government support for small-scale farmers

Review Kenya's agricultural history; Study Figure 13.7 distribution; Discuss colonial vs post-independence farming; Analyze policy changes

Figure 13.7 map, Cash crop pictures, Colonial agriculture photos
Figure 13.8 map, Plantation pictures, Processing flow chart, Tea samples

KLB Secondary Geography Form 3, Pages 252-253

AGRICULTURE

Tea Marketing and Sugar-cane Farming

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain KTDA role (260,000 farmers); Describe export destinations; Identify sugar-cane belt; Explain growing conditions

Discuss KTDA achievements; Study Figure 13.10 sugar areas; Analyze out-grower schemes; Sugar processing and uses

KTDA charts, Figure 13.10 map, Factory pictures, Processing diagrams

KLB Secondary Geography Form 3, Pages 257-262

AGRICULTURE

Maize Growing and Cocoa in Ghana

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Identify maize areas and Katumani variety; Describe growing conditions; Identify Ghana cocoa triangle; Explain cocoa conditions

Study Figure 13.14 maize areas; Discuss Portuguese introduction; Analyze Ghana cocoa using Figure 13.15; Cocoa processing to export

Figure 13.14 map, Maize pictures, Figure 13.15 Ghana map, Processing charts

KLB Secondary Geography Form 3, Pages 262-270

AGRICULTURE

Oil Palm in Nigeria and Coffee Farming
Wheat Growing and Horticulture

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe oil palm areas and conditions; Identify coffee regions in Kenya; Explain growing conditions and processing

Study oil palm distribution; Analyze tenera variety yields; Coffee processing steps; Compare with Brazil's Fazendas

Oil palm pictures, Figure 13.18 coffee map, Processing charts, pH testing materials
Figure 13.20 map, Harvester pictures, Figure 13.25 horticulture map, Export charts

KLB Secondary Geography Form 3, Pages 270-283

AGRICULTURE

Pastoral Farming and Dairy Farming

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe nomadic pastoralism areas and groups; Explain characteristics; Identify dairy farming regions using Table 13.1

Study Figure 13.29 pastoral patterns; Discuss government improvements; Analyze Table 13.1 distribution; Study dairy breeds

Figure 13.29 map, Pastoral pictures, Table 13.1, Cattle breed photos

KLB Secondary Geography Form 3, Pages 299-313

AGRICULTURE

Beef Farming and Agricultural Fieldwork

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Compare traditional and commercial beef farming; Describe Argentina's Pampas system; Plan agricultural fieldwork

Analyze KMC operations; Study Argentine estancias; Discuss Kaputiei Scheme; Practice fieldwork planning

Cattle breed pictures, Figure 13.40 Pampas map, Sample questionnaires, Data sheets

KLB Secondary Geography Form 3, Pages 313-327