STRUCTURE & BONDING

Ionic bond representation.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Use dot and cross diagrams to represent ionic bonding.

Drawing diagrams of ionic bonds.

Chart- dot and cross diagrams.
Models for bonding.

K.L.B. BOOK II P. 58

STRUCTURE & BONDING

Grant ionic structures.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe the crystalline ionic compound.
Give examples of ionic substances.

Discuss the group ionic structures of NaCl.
Teacher gives examples of other ionic substances: KNO3, potassium bromide, Ca (NO3)2, sodium iodide.

Giant sodium chloride model.

K.L.B. BOOK II PP 56-58

STRUCTURE & BONDING

Physical properties of ionic compounds.
Covalent bond.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe physical properties of ionic compounds.
Explain the differences in the physical properties of ionic compounds.

Analyse tabulated comparative physical properties of ionic compounds.

Teacher asks probing questions.

text book

K.L.B. BOOK IIPP 58-59

STRUCTURE & BONDING

Co-ordinate bond.
Molecular structure.
Trend in physical properties of molecular structures.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To describe the co-ordinate bond
To represent co-ordinate bond diagrammatically.
To describe the molecular structure.
To give examples of substance exhibiting molecular structure

Exposition- teacher explains the nature of co-ordinate bond.
Students represent co-ordinate bond diagrammatically.
Discussion ? To explain formation of the giant structure and give examples of substance exhibiting molecular structure.

text book
text book
Sugar, naphthalene, iodine rhombic sulphur.

K.L.B. BOOK II P 65
K.L.B. BOOK IIP 65

STRUCTURE & BONDING

Giant atomic structure in diamond.
Giant atomic structure in graphite.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To describe giant atomic structure in diamond.
To state uses of diamond.

Diagrammatic representation of diamond.
Discuss uses of diamond.

Diagrams in textbooks.

K.L.B. BOOK II P 69

STRUCTURE & BONDING

Metallic bond. Uses of some metals.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To describe mutual electronic forces between electrons and nuclei.
To describe metallic bond.
To compare physical properties of metals.
To state uses of some metals.

Discussion:
Detailed analysis of comparative physical properties of metals and their uses.



Probing questions & brief explanations.

text book

K.L.B. BOOK IIP 70

PROPERTIES AND TRENDS ACROSS PERIOD THREE

Physical properties of elements in periods.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:




To compare electrical conductivity of elements in period 3

Group experiments- Construct electrical circuits incorporating a magnesium ribbon, then aluminum foil, then sulphur in turns.
The brightness of the bulb is noted in each case.
Discuss the observations in terms of delocalised electrons.

The periodic table.

K.L.B. BOOK IIP. 76

PROPERTIES AND TRENDS ACROSS PERIOD THREE

Physical properties of elements in period 3.
Chemical properties of elements in period 3.
Chemical properties of elements in the third period.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To compare other physical properties of elements across period 3.
To compare reactions of elements in period 3 with oxygen.

Analyse comparative physical properties presented in form of a table.
Explain the trend in the physical properties given.

Q/A: Products of reactions of Na, Mg, Al, P, & S with oxygen.
Discuss the trend in their reactivity; identify basic and acidic oxides.
Exercise ? balanced chemical equations for the above reactions.

The periodic table.

K.L.B. BOOK II P. 77
K.L.B. BOOK II PP. 79-80

PROPERTIES AND TRENDS ACROSS PERIOD THREE

Oxides of period 3 elements.
Chlorides of period 3 elements.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To identify bonds across elements in period 3.
To explain chemical behavior of their oxide.

Comparative analysis, discussion and explanation.

The periodic table.

K.L.B. BOOK II P. 84

SALTS

Types of salts.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define a salt.
Describe various types of salts and give several examples in each case.

Descriptive approach. Teacher exposes new concepts.

text book

K.L.B. BOOK II P. 91

SALTS

Solubility of salts in water.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To test solubility of various salts in cold water/warm water.

Class experiments- Dissolve salts in 5 cc of water.
Record the solubility in a table,
Analyse the results.

Sulphates, chlorides, nitrates, carbonates of various metals.

K.L.B. BOOK II PP. 92-93

SALTS

Solubility of bases in water.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To test solubility of various bases in water.
To carry out litmus test on the resulting solutions.

Class experiments- Dissolve salts in 5cc of water.
Record the solubility in a table,
Carry out litmus tests.
Discuss the results.

Oxides, hydroxides, of various metals, litmus papers.

K.L.B. BOOK IIPP. 94-95

SALTS

Methods of preparing various salts.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To describe various methods of preparing some salts.

Experimental and descriptive treatments of preparation of salts e.g. ZnSO4, CuSO4, NaCl and Pb(NO3)2.

CuO, H2SO4, HCl, NaOH, PbCO3, dil HNO3.

K.L.B. BOOK II pp96

SALTS

Direct synthesis of a salts.
Ionic equations.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To describe direct synthesis of a salt.
To write balanced equations for the reactions.
To identify spectator ions in double decomposition reactions.
To write ionic equations correctly.

Group experiments- preparation of iron (II) sulphide by direct synthesis.
Give other examples of salts prepared by direct synthesis.
Students write down corresponding balanced equations.


Q/A: Ions present in given reactants.
Deduce the products of double decomposition reactions.
Give examples of equations.
Supervised practice.

Iron,
Sulphur
PbNO3, MgSO4 solutions.

K.L.B. BOOK II P. 104

SALTS

Effects of heat on carbonates.
Effects of heat on nitrates.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To state effects of heat on carbonates.
To predict products resulting from heating metal carbonates.

Group experiments- To investigate effects of heat on Na2CO3, K2CO3, CaCO3, ZnCO3, PbCO3, e.t.c.
Observe various colour changes before, during and after heating.
Write equations for the reactions.

Various carbonates.
Common metal nitrates.

K.L.B. BOOK II PP. 108-109

SALTS

Effects of heat on sulphates.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To state effects of heat on sulphates.
To predict products results from heating metal sulphates.

Group experiments- To investigate effects of heat on various sulphates.
Observe various colour changes before, during and after heating.
Write equations for the reactions.

Common sulphates.

K.L.B. BOOK II P. 113

SALTS

Hygroscopy, Deliquescence and Efflorescence.
Uses of salts.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To define hygroscopic deliquescent and efflorescent salts.
To give examples of hygroscopic deliquescent and efflorescent salts.

Prepare a sample of various salts.
Expose them to the atmosphere overnight.
Students classify the salts as hygroscopic, deliquescent and / or efflorescent.

K.L.B. BOOK II P. 114

EFFECTS OF AN ELECTRIC CURRENT ON SUBSTANCES.

Molten electrolytes.
Electrolysis.
Aqueous electrolytes. Electrodes.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To test for electrical conductivities molten electrolytes.
To define an electrolyte
To test for electrical conductivities of electrodes.

Group experiments- to identify electrolytes in molten form.
Explain the difference in molten electrolytes.
To investigate chemical effect of an electric current.
Classify the solutions as electrolyte or non -electrolytes.
Discuss the electrical properties of the solutions.

Molten candle wax
Sugar
Sulphur
Lead oxide.
Graphite electrodes
Battery
Various aqueous solutions switch bulb.

K.L.B. BOOK IIPP. 120-121
K.L.B. BOOK II PP.122-123

EFFECTS OF AN ELECTRIC CURRENT ON SUBSTANCES.

Reaction on electrodes.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To describe half- equation reactions at the cathode and anode

To demonstrate ?Electrolysis of molten lead (II) bromide
Observe colour changes
Explanation of half-equations and reactions at the electrodes.

Graphite electrodes
Battery
Various aqueous solutions switch.

K.L.B. BOOK II PP.126-127

EFFECTS OF AN ELECTRIC CURRENT ON SUBSTANCES.

Binary electrolyte.
Application of electrolysis.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To define a binary electrolyte.
To state the products of a binary electrolyte.

Completing a table of electrolysis of binary electrolytes.

text book

K.L.B. BOOK II P.127

EFFECTS OF AN ELECTRIC CURRENT ON SUBSTANCES.

Electroplating.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To describe electroplating process.

Experiment- Left overnight.
Electroplating an iron nail with silver nitrate/ copper sulphate.
Brief discussion.

Silver nitrate
Iron nail
Complete circuit battery.

K.L.B. BOOK II PP. 129-30

CARBON AND SOME OF ITS COMPOUNDS.

Allotropy.
Physical and chemical properties of diamond, graphite and amorphous carbon
Burning carbon and oxygen.
Reduction properties of carbon.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define allotropes and allotropy.
Identify allotropes of carbon.
Represent diamond and graphite diagrammatically.

Describe reaction of carbon with oxygen.

Teacher exposes new terms.
Review covalent bond.
Discuss boding in diamond and graphite.

Teacher demonstration- Prepare oxygen and pass dry oxygen into a tube containing carbon. Heat the carbon. Observe effects on limewater.

text book
Charcoal, graphite.
Carbon, limewater, tube, limewater stand& Bunsen burner.
CuO, pounded charcoal, Bunsen burner& bottle top

K.L.B. BOOK II PP. 131-133
K.L.B. BOOK II PP. 134-135

CARBON AND SOME OF ITS COMPOUNDS.

Reaction of carbon with acids. Preparation of CO2.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe reaction of carbon with acids.




Prepare CO2 in the lab.

Teacher demonstration- reaction of carbon with hot conc HNO3.
Write balanced equations for the reaction.

Review effects of heat on carbonates.
Group experiments/teacher demonstration- preparation of CO2.

Conc. HNO3, limewater.

K.L.B. BOOK II P.126

CARBON AND SOME OF ITS COMPOUNDS.

Properties of CO2.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe properties of CO2

Simple experiments to determine properties of CO2.

Discuss the observations.

Lime water,
Magnesium ribbon,
Universal indicator,
lit candle.

K.L.B. BOOK II PP.138-139

CARBON AND SOME OF ITS COMPOUNDS.

Chemical equations for reactions involving CO2.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Write balanced CO2.

Give examples of reactions. Write corresponding balanced chemical equations.

text book

K.L.B. BOOK II PP.139-140

CARBON AND SOME OF ITS COMPOUNDS.

Uses of CO2.
Carbon monoxide lab preparation.
Chemical properties of carbon monoxide.
Carbonates and hydrogen carbonates.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
State uses of CO2
To write chemical equations for reactions of carbonates and hydrogen carbonates with acids.

Discuss briefly the uses of CO2.
Discuss the observations above.
Write chemical equations for the reactions.

text book

K.L.B. BOOK II PP.140-1

CARBON AND SOME OF ITS COMPOUNDS.

Heating carbonates and hydrogen carbonates.
Extraction of sodium carbonate from trona.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To write equations for reaction of carbonates and hydrogen carbonates on heating.

Discuss the above observations.
Write corresponding balanced equations.

text book

K.L.B. BOOK II PP.150-151

CARBON AND SOME OF ITS COMPOUNDS.

Solvay process of preparing sodium carbonate.
Importance of carbon in nature. & its effects on the environment.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To draw schematic diagram for extraction of sodium carbonates.

Discuss each step of the process.

Write relevant equations.

text book, chart
text book

K.L.B. BOOK II