ACTION OF WIND AND WATER IN ARID AREAS

Definition of Terms and Types of Deserts

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define arid lands and aridity as areas receiving less than 250mm annual rainfall. Classify deserts: hot continental interior, coastal, mid-latitude, and ice/snow deserts. Identify examples globally and in Kenya (ASAL areas, Chalbi, Kaisut, Karoli).

Q/A to review climate and aridity concepts from Form 2. Discussion of world desert distribution using atlas. Students list desert types and examples in exercise books.

Chalkboard, world map, atlas, exercise books

KLB Secondary Geography Form 3, Pages 151-152

ACTION OF WIND AND WATER IN ARID AREAS

Wind Erosion Processes
Wind Erosion Features - Small Scale
Wind Erosion Features - Large Scale

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain wind erosion processes: abrasion, attrition, and deflation. Describe factors favoring wind action in hot deserts: unconsolidated particles, scanty vegetation, tropical storms.

Discussion of wind erosion mechanisms with practical examples. Simple demonstration using sand and breath/fan to show wind effect. Students draw erosion process diagrams.

Sand, small container, chalkboard, chalk, exercise books
Chalkboard, chalk, exercise books, small stones for demonstration
Chalkboard, chalk, exercise books, atlas

KLB Secondary Geography Form 3, Pages 152-153

ACTION OF WIND AND WATER IN ARID AREAS

Wind Transportation and Deposition
Sand Dunes - Barchans and Seif Dunes
Other Dune Types, Draas, and Loess
Water Action in Arid Areas - Wadis and Inselbergs

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain wind transportation methods: suspension, saltation, surface creep. Describe factors influencing transportation: wind speed, load nature, obstacles, particle state. Explain deposition conditions.

Demonstration of particle movement using sand and fan/breath. Discussion of transportation distances for different particle sizes. Students create transportation process diagrams.

Sand, fan or strong breath, chalkboard, chalk, exercise books
Sand, small obstacles, chalkboard, chalk, exercise books
Chalkboard, chalk, exercise books, world map
Chalkboard, chalk, exercise books, pictures from textbook

KLB Secondary Geography Form 3, Pages 156-157

ACTION OF WIND AND WATER IN ARID AREAS

Pediments, Pediplains, and Plateau Features
Water Deposition Features and Dry Valleys

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain pediment formation as gently sloping rock surfaces through lateral planation or slope retreat. Describe pediplain development through coalescence of pediments. Explain mesa and butte formation from resistant-capped plateaus.

Drawing pediment and pediplain formation sequences on chalkboard. Discussion of differential erosion on sedimentary rocks. Students analyze plateau evolution stages.

Chalkboard, chalk, exercise books, textbooks
Maps of Kenya, chalkboard, chalk, exercise books

KLB Secondary Geography Form 3, Pages 161-163

ACTION OF WIND AND WATER IN ARID AREAS

Significance of Arid Features

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain positive significance: solar energy potential, mineral resources, tourism attractions, unique ecosystems. Describe negative impacts: sand dune migration, agricultural threats, water scarcity challenges, settlement difficulties.

Discussion of arid area opportunities and challenges with global and local examples. Analysis of Kenya's ASAL development potential and problems. Students evaluate significance balance.

Chalkboard, chalk, exercise books, pictures of solar panels

KLB Secondary Geography Form 3, Pages 164-165

Action of Water in Limestone Areas

Surface and Underground Water
Features Resulting from Underground Water

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe processes leading to surface and underground water. Distinguish between surface and underground water types. Identify sources of underground water including rain, snow melt, lake/sea water, and magmatic water. Define water table, aquifer and aquifuge. Explain factors affecting occurrence of underground water.

Q/A to review hydrological cycle processes. Exposition on underground water as "body of water derived from percolation and contained in soil, sub-soil and underlying rocks above impermeable layer". Discussion on surface water types and saltiness from weathering. Detailed explanation of water infiltration through permeable rocks and joints/faults. Discussion on factors affecting occurrence including precipitation, evaporation, porosity, permeability, slope, vegetation, saturation levels, evapotranspiration.

Charts showing water sources, Rock samples, Diagrams of percolation and water table, Transparent containers
Topographical maps, Geological cross-sections, Textbook diagrams, 3D models, World maps

KLB Secondary Geography Form 3, Pages 166-170

Action of Water in Limestone Areas

Importance of Underground Water
Action of Water in Limestone Areas and Resultant Features

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain ways underground water is important to humankind and countries. Give specific examples of underground water significance including settlement, irrigation, domestic/industrial supply, geothermal energy, mineral deposits.

Brain storming on underground water uses. Detailed discussion on importance aspects including settlement sites like spring-line settlements, irrigation in dry areas like Sahara oases, domestic/industrial water like Mzima Springs supplying Mombasa, river sources in Kenyan Highlands, geothermal power like Olkaria near Naivasha, mineral deposits like salt at Homa Hills, underground streams keeping lakes fresh like Lake Naivasha.

Photographs of key sites, Maps of Kenya, Case study materials, Charts showing applications
Limestone samples, Weak acids, Sequential diagrams, Clay for modeling, Salt solution setup, Cave photographs, Safety equipment

KLB Secondary Geography Form 3, Pages 172-173

Action of Water in Limestone Areas

Significance of Resultant Features

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain significance of karst landscape features to humankind and countries. Analyze positive and negative impacts of karst features. Evaluate economic importance of limestone areas including tourism, water supply challenges, industrial uses, grazing potential.

Probing questions on karst landscape significance. Detailed discussion on significance aspects including tourism attractions like caves and gorges, solution lakes providing water sources, water scarcity due to intermittent streams, infrastructure development challenges, limestone use in iron/steel industry, grazing suitability for sheep, cement production like Bamburi and Athi River factories, environmental management challenges. Q/A on sustainable use of limestone resources. Topic assessment.

Economic charts, Photographs of industries, Tourism materials, Infrastructure maps, Assessment worksheets

KLB Secondary Geography Form 3, Pages 178-179

Glaciation

Definition of Terms
Types of Glaciers and Ice Masses

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define glaciation, ice, snow, snowline, firn, neve fields. Distinguish between permanent and temporary snowlines. Explain glacier formation conditions.

Q/A to review ice formation concepts. Exposition on glaciation definition and related terminology. Discussion on snowline variations with latitude and altitude. Explanation of firn formation through compaction processes. Discussion on glacier formation conditions and avalanche effects.

Charts showing snowline variations, Diagrams of ice formation, Maps showing ice distribution, Safety materials
Glacier example tables, World maps, Photographs of mountain glaciers, Distribution charts

KLB Secondary Geography Form 3, Pages 180-182

Glaciation

Icebergs and Ice Movement
Processes of Glaciation

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define icebergs and explain their formation. Describe iceberg distribution. Explain three ways ice moves. Analyze factors affecting ice movement speed.

Exposition on iceberg formation and distribution. Discussion on iceberg movement by ocean currents. Explanation of ice movement mechanisms including freeze-thaw action, basal slip, and extrusion flow. Analysis of movement speed factors and rates. Comparison of different glacier movement speeds.

World maps showing icebergs, Ocean current charts, Movement mechanism diagrams, Speed comparison data
Rock samples, Process diagrams, Moraine type charts, Glacial debris photographs

KLB Secondary Geography Form 3, Pages 183-184

Glaciation

Glacial Features and Significance

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe highland and lowland glacial features. Analyze positive and negative significance of glaciation.

Discussion on highland feature formation processes and characteristics. Description of lowland glacial features and formation. Analysis of glaciation significance including economic benefits and challenges. Examples from East African mountains and world locations. Group work on significance evaluation and local applications.

Formation diagrams, Feature photographs, Economic impact charts, Maps showing benefits, East African examples

KLB Secondary Geography Form 3, Pages 186-194

Soil

Definition and Composition of Soil
Soil Forming Processes

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define soil and its components. Distinguish between soil and land. Explain soil composition percentages and constituent importance.

Q/A to review weathering concepts. Exposition on soil definition and regolith formation. Discussion on soil composition including organic matter, inorganic matter, water, air percentages. Analysis of humus importance for plant nutrition.

Soil samples, Composition diagrams, Constituent charts, Microscopes
Rock samples, Decomposition diagrams, Leaching process charts, Formation illustrations

KLB Secondary Geography Form 3, Pages 198-200

Soil

Factors Influencing Soil Formation
Properties and Profile

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Identify five soil formation factors. Explain parent material influence on soil type. Analyze climate and organism effects. Describe topography and time factors.

Exposition on parent material as key factor determining soil type. Discussion on climate effects including rainfall and temperature variations. Analysis of vegetation and micro-organism roles. Explanation of slope and time influences on soil development.

Parent rock samples, Climate charts, Vegetation specimens, Maps, Time examples
Soil structure samples, pH materials, Colour charts, Profile diagrams, Catena illustrations

KLB Secondary Geography Form 3, Pages 203-205

Soil

Soil Degeneration and Erosion

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define soil degeneration and classify types. Describe erosion types and processes. Identify conditions favouring soil erosion.

Exposition on degeneration types: physical, chemical, biological with causes. Discussion on erosion processes from splash to gully formation. Analysis of erosion factors with Kenyan examples.

Erosion photographs, Degeneration charts, Local examples, Process diagrams

KLB Secondary Geography Form 3, Pages 209-214

Soil
AGRICULTURE
AGRICULTURE

Classification and Management
Introduction and Definition of Agriculture
Physical Factors: Climate

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Classify soils by order: zonal, intrazonal, azonal. Describe major soil types and their characteristics. Explain soil management and conservation methods.

Exposition on soil classification based on formation conditions. Discussion on major Kenyan soil types and distribution. Analysis of management techniques and conservation methods. Examples of Kenyan conservation practices.

Classification charts, Distribution maps, Conservation photographs, Practice examples
Charts showing agricultural activities, Pictures of crops and livestock, Map of Kenya
Maps showing climate zones, Rainfall charts, Pictures of crops, Thermometers

KLB Secondary Geography Form 3, Pages 214-228

AGRICULTURE

Physical Factors: Relief and Soil
Biotic and Human Factors
Types of Agriculture: Simple Subsistence and Sedentary Agriculture
Intensive Subsistence Agriculture and Plantation Agriculture

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe relief types; Explain lowland cultivation advantages; Analyze soil composition and weathering; Evaluate soil properties

Q/A on relief and mechanization; Study lowland advantages in Monsoon Asia; Examine soil formation from rocks; Discuss hygroscopic water and temperature

Soil samples, pH testing materials, Maps of Pampas and Prairies, Terraced farming pictures
Pictures of pests, Insect specimens, Wilson Airport maps, Price charts
Maps of tropical lands, Slash-and-burn pictures, Farming systems diagrams
Monsoon Asia maps, Rice terraces pictures, Plantation distribution charts

KLB Secondary Geography Form 3, Pages 236-238

AGRICULTURE

Mediterranean Agriculture, Mixed Farming, and Livestock Farming
Distribution of Major Cash Crops in Kenya
Tea Farming in Kenya

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe Mediterranean agriculture regions; Explain farming aspects; Define mixed farming; Identify livestock farming types

Study Mediterranean regions; Analyze orchard farming, viticulture; Discuss mixed farming areas; Introduction to livestock types

Mediterranean maps, Olive grove pictures, Crop combination charts
Figure 13.7 map, Cash crop pictures, Colonial agriculture photos
Figure 13.8 map, Plantation pictures, Processing flow chart, Tea samples

KLB Secondary Geography Form 3, Pages 248-252

AGRICULTURE

Tea Marketing and Sugar-cane Farming

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain KTDA role (260,000 farmers); Describe export destinations; Identify sugar-cane belt; Explain growing conditions

Discuss KTDA achievements; Study Figure 13.10 sugar areas; Analyze out-grower schemes; Sugar processing and uses

KTDA charts, Figure 13.10 map, Factory pictures, Processing diagrams

KLB Secondary Geography Form 3, Pages 257-262

AGRICULTURE

Maize Growing and Cocoa in Ghana
Oil Palm in Nigeria and Coffee Farming

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Identify maize areas and Katumani variety; Describe growing conditions; Identify Ghana cocoa triangle; Explain cocoa conditions

Study Figure 13.14 maize areas; Discuss Portuguese introduction; Analyze Ghana cocoa using Figure 13.15; Cocoa processing to export

Figure 13.14 map, Maize pictures, Figure 13.15 Ghana map, Processing charts
Oil palm pictures, Figure 13.18 coffee map, Processing charts, pH testing materials

KLB Secondary Geography Form 3, Pages 262-270

AGRICULTURE

Wheat Growing and Horticulture
Pastoral Farming and Dairy Farming
Beef Farming and Agricultural Fieldwork

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Identify wheat areas and conditions; Compare with Canada's advantages; Define horticulture; Identify horticultural areas

Study Figure 13.20 wheat areas; Analyze Canadian Prairie advantages; Discuss horticultural companies; Export market analysis

Figure 13.20 map, Harvester pictures, Figure 13.25 horticulture map, Export charts
Figure 13.29 map, Pastoral pictures, Table 13.1, Cattle breed photos
Cattle breed pictures, Figure 13.40 Pampas map, Sample questionnaires, Data sheets

KLB Secondary Geography Form 3, Pages 283-299