GENETICS

Introduction to Genetics and Variation
Observable Variations in Human Beings

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define genetics, heredity and variation. Explain the importance of studying genetics. Identify examples of variation in organisms.

Q/A on prior knowledge of inheritance. Brainstorming on observable differences in humans. Discussion on the meaning of genetics and heredity.

Textbook, chalkboard, chalk
Ink pad, plain paper, metre rule, exercise books

KLB Secondary Biology Form 4, Pages 1-2

GENETICS

Discontinuous and Continuous Variation
Causes of Variation
Chromosome Structure
Chromosome Behaviour During Mitosis
Chromosome Behaviour During Meiosis

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define discontinuous and continuous variation. Give examples of each type. Plot frequency distribution graphs for continuous variation.

Analysis of tongue rolling and height data. Plotting frequency-height graphs on chalkboard. Discussion on differences between variation types.

Graph paper, rulers, height data from previous lesson, textbook
Textbook, chalkboard, chalk
Textbook, chalkboard, chalk, exercise books, pencils
Colored threads (6cm and 3cm), scissors, manila paper, string for tying knots
Colored threads, manila paper, textbook

KLB Secondary Biology Form 4, Pages 3-4

GENETICS

DNA Structure and Replication
DNA and Protein Synthesis
Mendel's Experiments and First Law

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe the structure of DNA. Explain DNA replication process. Understand the role of DNA in heredity.

Drawing DNA double helix on chalkboard. Step-by-step explanation of replication. Discussion on base pairing rules.

Textbook, chalkboard, chalk, exercise books
Textbook, chalkboard, chalk

KLB Secondary Biology Form 4, Pages 10-12

GENETICS

Monohybrid Inheritance Concepts
Genetic Crosses and Punnet Squares
Probability in Inheritance
Modeling Random Gamete Fusion
Complete Dominance Problems

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define monohybrid inheritance, genotype, phenotype. Distinguish between dominant and recessive genes. Explain homozygous and heterozygous conditions.
Explain probability in genetic inheritance. Calculate phenotypic and genotypic ratios. Demonstrate random events using coin tossing.

Exposition on genetic terminology. Practice using genetic symbols on chalkboard. Discussion on gene expression patterns.
Mathematical analysis of genetic ratios. Coin tossing experiment to demonstrate probability. Statistical interpretation of results.

Textbook, chalkboard, chalk, exercise books
Textbook, chalkboard, chalk, exercise books, pencils
Coins, exercise books for recording, calculators (if available), textbook
Different colored beans (or maize grains), small containers, exercise books
Textbook, chalkboard, chalk, exercise books

KLB Secondary Biology Form 4, Pages 15-17
KLB Secondary Biology Form 4, Pages 18-19

GENETICS

Incomplete Dominance
ABO Blood Group System

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define incomplete dominance. Analyze inheritance in four o'clock plants. Compare with complete dominance patterns. Draw genetic crosses showing blending.

Exposition on incomplete dominance using chalkboard diagrams. Genetic crosses showing blending inheritance. Practice problems with flower colors.

Textbook, chalkboard, chalk, colored chalk (if available)
Textbook, chalkboard, chalk, exercise books

KLB Secondary Biology Form 4, Pages 22-24

GENETICS

Rhesus Factor and Unknown Genotypes
Sex Determination
Gene Linkage

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe Rhesus factor genetics. Explain test cross and back cross methods. Use selfing to determine genotypes.

Exposition on Rh factor inheritance using chalkboard. Demonstration of test cross technique. Practice problems on genotype determination.

Textbook, chalkboard, chalk, exercise books
Textbook, chalkboard, chalk

KLB Secondary Biology Form 4, Pages 25-26

GENETICS

Sex-linked Inheritance - Color Blindness
Sex-linked Inheritance - Haemophilia

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe sex-linked inheritance patterns. Explain color blindness inheritance. Construct and analyze pedigree charts.

Detailed exposition on X-linked inheritance using chalkboard. Genetic crosses for color blindness. Drawing simple pedigree charts.

Textbook, chalkboard, chalk, exercise books, rulers
Textbook, chalkboard, chalk, exercise books

KLB Secondary Biology Form 4, Pages 28-30

GENETICS

Crossing Over and Recombination
Chromosomal Mutations - Non-disjunction
Chromosomal Mutations - Polyploidy

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain crossing over during meiosis. Understand how crossing over affects linkage. Describe formation of new gene combinations.

Detailed explanation of crossing over using simple diagrams. Examples of recombinant offspring drawn on chalkboard. Discussion on genetic variation.

Textbook, chalkboard, chalk, colored chalk
Textbook, chalkboard, chalk, exercise books
Textbook, chalkboard, chalk

KLB Secondary Biology Form 4, Page 31

GENETICS

Gene Mutations
Genetic Disorders - Albinism
Genetic Disorders - Sickle Cell Anaemia
Environmental Effects on Gene Expression

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define gene mutations. Describe insertion, deletion, substitution and inversion. Explain effects on protein synthesis using analogies.
Describe sickle cell anaemia inheritance. Explain hemoglobin differences. Understand sickle cell trait vs disease.

Detailed exposition on point mutations using simple examples. Use SMS text analogies for mutations. Discussion on protein changes.
Exposition on sickle cell genetics using diagrams. Comparison of normal and sickle cell hemoglobin. Genetic crosses and probabilities.

Textbook, chalkboard, chalk, simple text examples
Textbook, chalkboard, chalk, exercise books
Textbook, chalkboard, chalk
Textbook, local plant examples, chalkboard

KLB Secondary Biology Form 4, Pages 36-38
KLB Secondary Biology Form 4, Pages 40-42

GENETICS
REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS
REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS
REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS
REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Applications of Genetics
Introduction and Fertilisation Types
Reproduction in Amphibia and Mammalian Characteristics
Female Reproductive System Structure
Stages of Reproduction and Oogenesis

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Identify applications in plant and animal breeding. Explain genetic counselling. Understand blood transfusion genetics. Introduce genetic engineering basics.

Exposition on practical genetics applications. Local examples of plant breeding. Discussion on genetic counselling process and medical applications.

Textbook, local breeding examples, chalkboard
Charts showing reproduction types and fertilisation, Textbook, Wall charts
Frog eggs specimens, Charts showing amphibian and mammalian reproduction, Hand lens
Charts of female reproductive system, Drawing materials, Models if available, Textbook
Flow charts, Oogenesis diagrams, Drawing materials, Textbook

KLB Secondary Biology Form 4, Pages 43-49

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Menstrual Cycle - Follicle Development and Ovulation
Hormonal Control and Menstrual Phases
Ovum Structure and Fertilisation Process
Early Development and Twins Formation
Implantation and Pregnancy Indicators

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To describe the 28-day menstrual cycle. To explain FSH action on follicle development. To describe Graafian follicle formation and ovulation. To outline corpus luteum formation and function.

Teacher exposition: Complete menstrual cycle overview. Discussion: FSH stimulation and Graafian follicle development. Detailed explanation: LH surge, ovulation process on day 14. Q/A: Corpus luteum development and progesterone secretion.

Menstrual cycle charts, Drawing materials, Textbook
Hormone level graphs, Menstrual cycle phase charts, Textbook
Ovum structure charts, Fertilisation diagrams, Drawing materials, Textbook
Developmental stages charts, Twin formation diagrams, Drawing materials, Textbook
Implantation charts, Pregnancy test demonstration materials, Textbook

Certificate Biology Form 3, Pages 152-154

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Gestation and Embryonic Membranes
Placenta Structure and Functions

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To define gestation period in humans. To identify extra-embryonic membranes. To describe amnion, chorion and allantois functions. To explain amniotic fluid importance.

Teacher exposition: 40-week gestation period comparison with other mammals. Detailed discussion: Formation and functions of amnion, chorion, allantois. Q/A: Amniotic fluid functions - protection, support, lubrication. Drawing embryonic membrane arrangement.

Gestation charts, Fetal development models, Drawing materials, Textbook
Placenta structure diagrams, Function charts, Drawing materials, Textbook

Certificate Biology Form 3, Pages 159-161

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Pregnancy Hormones and Parturition
Male Reproductive System Structure and Functions
Sperm Structure and Male Hormones
HIV/AIDS - Causes and Transmission
AIDS Symptoms and Prevention

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To identify hormones during pregnancy. To explain HCG, progesterone and oestrogen roles. To describe hormonal changes triggering birth. To explain the parturition process.
To draw and label spermatozoon structure. To explain head, middle piece and tail functions. To describe testosterone and FSH roles. To identify secondary sexual characteristics.

Discussion: Hormone secretion patterns during pregnancy. Teacher exposition: HCG, progesterone, oestrogen functions and interactions. Detailed explanation: Hormonal triggers for birth and oxytocin role. Q/A: Uterine contractions, cervix dilation and delivery stages.
Drawing and labeling: Detailed sperm structure showing all components. Discussion: Sperm adaptations for fertilization and motility. Teacher exposition: Hormone control of sperm production and male development. Q/A: Testosterone effects and secondary sexual characteristics.

Pregnancy hormone charts, Birth process diagrams, Hormone level graphs, Textbook
Male reproductive system charts, Drawing materials, Models if available, Textbook
Sperm structure diagrams, Male hormone charts, Drawing materials, Textbook
AIDS awareness charts, HIV transmission diagrams, Educational materials, Textbook
AIDS symptom charts, Prevention posters, Case study materials, Textbook

Certificate Biology Form 3, Pages 163-165
Certificate Biology Form 3, Pages 166-167

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS
GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT

Bacterial STIs - Gonorrhea and Syphilis
Viral STIs and Other Infections
Introduction and Definitions

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To describe gonorrhea causes, symptoms and treatment. To explain syphilis stages and progression. To identify transmission modes for bacterial STIs. To discuss antibiotic treatment and prevention.

Detailed discussion: Gonorrhea bacterium and reproductive tract effects. Teacher exposition: Syphilis stages - primary, secondary, tertiary. Q/A: Transmission modes and treatment with antibiotics. Discussion: Prevention methods and partner responsibility.

STI information charts, Bacterial infection diagrams, Textbook
Viral STI charts, Prevention strategy posters, Textbook
Charts showing growth and development, Textbook, Wall charts

Certificate Biology Form 3, Pages 171-172

GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT

Measurement of Growth
Patterns and Rate of Growth
Factors Controlling Plant Growth
Stages of Growth and Life Cycle
Seed Structure - Monocots and Dicots

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To identify different methods of measuring growth. To explain linear dimensions, mass and dry weight measurements. To describe advantages and limitations of each method. To calculate growth rates.

Discussion: Methods of measuring growth in plants and animals. Teacher exposition: Linear measurements, mass, dry weight procedures. Practical demonstration: Measuring techniques. Q/A: Why dry weight is more accurate for plants. Calculate growth rate examples.

Measuring instruments, Scales, Rulers, Calculators, Sample plants
Growth curve charts, Graph paper, Calculators, Sample data sets
Environmental factor charts, Temperature scales, Light meters if available, Textbook
Plant life cycle charts, Examples of annual and perennial plants, Textbook
Soaked bean and maize seeds, Hand lens, Scalpels, Drawing materials, Iodine solution

Certificate Biology Form 3, Pages 178-179

GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT

Conditions for Germination
Types of Germination
Germination Practical Investigation
Primary Growth and Meristems

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To identify conditions necessary for seed germination. To explain roles of water, oxygen and temperature in germination. To describe enzyme activation and food mobilization. To investigate scarification effects.

Detailed discussion: Water absorption, enzyme activation, hydrolysis reactions. Teacher exposition: Oxygen requirements for respiration and ATP production. Q/A: Temperature effects on enzyme activity. Discussion: Scarification and testa permeability. Demonstration of vernalization concept.

Germination apparatus, Seeds at different stages, Temperature monitoring equipment, Textbook
Germinating seeds at various stages, Drawing materials, Observation trays, Hand lens
Seeds, Petri dishes, Cotton wool, Measuring rulers, Data recording sheets, Clay pots
Meristem distribution charts, Drawing materials, Microscope slides of meristems, Textbook

Certificate Biology Form 3, Pages 183-184

GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT

Secondary Growth and Cambium Activity
Annual Rings and Plant Dormancy
Seed Dormancy and Breaking Mechanisms
Plant Growth Substances - Auxins

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To describe secondary growth in dicots. To explain vascular cambium and cork cambium functions. To identify secondary xylem and phloem formation. To relate secondary growth to plant strength and support.
To describe seed dormancy characteristics. To explain factors that break seed dormancy. To identify vernalization, moisture, light and chemical effects. To discuss advantages of seed dormancy.

Detailed discussion: Secondary thickening in woody plants. Teacher exposition: Vascular cambium tangential divisions. Q/A: Secondary xylem and phloem development. Discussion: Cork cambium, lenticels and bark formation. Drawing cross-sections showing secondary tissues.
Detailed discussion: Dormant seed characteristics and low metabolic activity. Teacher exposition: Vernalization, moisture, light requirements. Q/A: Chemical inhibitors and gibberellic acid effects. Discussion: Dormancy advantages - dispersal time, favorable conditions.

Secondary growth diagrams, Tree trunk sections, Drawing materials, Hand lens
Tree trunk cross-sections, Dormant plant organs, Charts, Textbook
Dormant seeds, Germination comparison setups, Chemical solutions, Textbook
Auxin experiment diagrams, Plant cuttings, Rooting powder demonstration, Textbook

Certificate Biology Form 3, Pages 186-188
Certificate Biology Form 3, Pages 188-189

GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT

Gibberellins, Cytokinins and Other Hormones
Practical Applications of Plant Hormones
Animal Growth Patterns and Life Cycles

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To describe gibberellin functions and effects. To explain cytokinin roles in cell division and growth. To identify abscissic acid as growth inhibitor. To describe ethene and florigen effects.

Discussion: Gibberellin effects on stem elongation and seed germination. Teacher exposition: Cytokinin functions in meristematic tissues. Q/A: Abscissic acid antagonistic effects. Discussion: Ethene in fruit ripening and florigen in flowering.

Plant hormone effect charts, Ripening fruits, Textbook
Hormone application examples, Agricultural product samples, Case study materials
Growth curve charts, Animal development examples, Graph paper, Textbook

Certificate Biology Form 3, Pages 192-194

GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT

Complete Metamorphosis
Incomplete Metamorphosis
Hormonal Control of Growth in Animals
Growth Measurement Practical

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To describe complete metamorphosis stages. To explain life cycle of housefly and butterfly. To identify egg, larva, pupa and adult stages. To discuss economic importance of insects with complete metamorphosis.

Detailed study: Housefly life cycle - egg, maggot, pupa, imago. Teacher exposition: Butterfly development - caterpillar, chrysalis, adult. Q/A: Structural and behavioral differences between stages. Discussion: Economic importance - pests, silk production.

Insect life cycle charts, Preserved specimens if available, Drawings, Textbook
Incomplete metamorphosis charts, Grasshopper specimens, Comparison tables, Textbook
Hormone control charts, Animal development diagrams, Textbook
Growing plants, Measuring rulers, Data recording sheets, Graph paper, Calculators

Certificate Biology Form 3, Pages 195-198