GENETICS

Introduction to Genetics and Variation
Observable Variations in Human Beings

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define genetics, heredity and variation. Explain the importance of studying genetics. Identify examples of variation in organisms.

Q/A on prior knowledge of inheritance. Brainstorming on observable differences in humans. Discussion on the meaning of genetics and heredity.

Textbook, chalkboard, chalk
Ink pad, plain paper, metre rule, exercise books

KLB Secondary Biology Form 4, Pages 1-2

GENETICS

Discontinuous and Continuous Variation
Causes of Variation

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define discontinuous and continuous variation. Give examples of each type. Plot frequency distribution graphs for continuous variation.

Analysis of tongue rolling and height data. Plotting frequency-height graphs on chalkboard. Discussion on differences between variation types.

Graph paper, rulers, height data from previous lesson, textbook
Textbook, chalkboard, chalk

KLB Secondary Biology Form 4, Pages 3-4

GENETICS

Chromosome Structure
Chromosome Behaviour During Mitosis
Chromosome Behaviour During Meiosis

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe the structure of chromosomes. Define chromatids, centromere and genes. Explain homologous chromosomes and chromosome numbers.
Demonstrate chromosome behaviour during mitosis. Identify stages of mitosis. Explain importance of mitosis.

Drawing labeled chromosome diagrams on chalkboard. Discussion on chromosome pairs in different species. Student drawing exercises.
Practical activity using colored threads to model mitosis stages. Creating paper models of mitotic stages. Group discussions.

Textbook, chalkboard, chalk, exercise books, pencils
Colored threads (6cm and 3cm), scissors, manila paper, string for tying knots
Colored threads, manila paper, textbook

KLB Secondary Biology Form 4, Pages 5-6
KLB Secondary Biology Form 4, Pages 6-8

GENETICS

DNA Structure and Replication
DNA and Protein Synthesis

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe the structure of DNA. Explain DNA replication process. Understand the role of DNA in heredity.

Drawing DNA double helix on chalkboard. Step-by-step explanation of replication. Discussion on base pairing rules.

Textbook, chalkboard, chalk, exercise books
Textbook, chalkboard, chalk

KLB Secondary Biology Form 4, Pages 10-12

GENETICS

Mendel's Experiments and First Law

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe Mendel's experiments with garden peas. State Mendel's first law of inheritance. Explain reasons for Mendel's success.

Q/A on Mendel's work. Detailed discussion of pea plant experiments using chalkboard diagrams. Analysis of F1 and F2 results.

Textbook, chalkboard, chalk

KLB Secondary Biology Form 4, Pages 13-15

GENETICS

Monohybrid Inheritance Concepts

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define monohybrid inheritance, genotype, phenotype. Distinguish between dominant and recessive genes. Explain homozygous and heterozygous conditions.

Exposition on genetic terminology. Practice using genetic symbols on chalkboard. Discussion on gene expression patterns.

Textbook, chalkboard, chalk, exercise books

KLB Secondary Biology Form 4, Pages 15-17

GENETICS

Monohybrid Inheritance Concepts
Genetic Crosses and Punnet Squares

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define monohybrid inheritance, genotype, phenotype. Distinguish between dominant and recessive genes. Explain homozygous and heterozygous conditions.
Draw genetic cross diagrams. Use punnet squares to show genetic crosses. Predict offspring genotypes and phenotypes.

Exposition on genetic terminology. Practice using genetic symbols on chalkboard. Discussion on gene expression patterns.
Step-by-step construction of genetic crosses on chalkboard. Practice with punnet squares. Student exercises on genetic problems.

Textbook, chalkboard, chalk, exercise books
Textbook, chalkboard, chalk, exercise books, pencils

KLB Secondary Biology Form 4, Pages 15-17
KLB Secondary Biology Form 4, Pages 17-18

GENETICS

Probability in Inheritance

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain probability in genetic inheritance. Calculate phenotypic and genotypic ratios. Demonstrate random events using coin tossing.

Mathematical analysis of genetic ratios. Coin tossing experiment to demonstrate probability. Statistical interpretation of results.

Coins, exercise books for recording, calculators (if available), textbook

KLB Secondary Biology Form 4, Pages 18-19

GENETICS

Modeling Random Gamete Fusion

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Demonstrate random fusion of gametes. Use simple materials to model inheritance. Analyze experimental vs expected results.

Practical activity using different colored beans to represent gametes. Data collection and analysis. Discussion on sample size effects.

Different colored beans (or maize grains), small containers, exercise books

KLB Secondary Biology Form 4, Pages 19-20

GENETICS

Complete Dominance Problems

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Solve genetic problems involving complete dominance. Analyze inheritance patterns in garden peas. Practice genetic calculations.

Worked examples of genetic problems on chalkboard. Practice sessions with various characteristics. Group problem-solving.

Textbook, chalkboard, chalk, exercise books

KLB Secondary Biology Form 4, Pages 20-21

GENETICS

Incomplete Dominance

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define incomplete dominance. Analyze inheritance in four o'clock plants. Compare with complete dominance patterns. Draw genetic crosses showing blending.

Exposition on incomplete dominance using chalkboard diagrams. Genetic crosses showing blending inheritance. Practice problems with flower colors.

Textbook, chalkboard, chalk, colored chalk (if available)

KLB Secondary Biology Form 4, Pages 22-24

GENETICS

ABO Blood Group System

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain multiple alleles concept. Describe ABO blood group inheritance. Understand co-dominance in blood groups. Solve blood group problems.

Detailed explanation of blood group genetics on chalkboard. Genetic crosses involving blood group inheritance. Practice problems and paternity cases.

Textbook, chalkboard, chalk, exercise books

KLB Secondary Biology Form 4, Pages 24-25

GENETICS

Rhesus Factor and Unknown Genotypes

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe Rhesus factor genetics. Explain test cross and back cross methods. Use selfing to determine genotypes.

Exposition on Rh factor inheritance using chalkboard. Demonstration of test cross technique. Practice problems on genotype determination.

Textbook, chalkboard, chalk, exercise books

KLB Secondary Biology Form 4, Pages 25-26

GENETICS

Sex Determination

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe sex determination in humans and other animals. Explain XX/XY sex determination systems. Calculate probability of male/female offspring.

Exposition on sex chromosomes using chalkboard diagrams. Genetic crosses for sex determination. Comparison with other animals.

Textbook, chalkboard, chalk

KLB Secondary Biology Form 4, Pages 26-27

GENETICS

Gene Linkage
Sex-linked Inheritance - Color Blindness

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define gene linkage and linkage groups. Explain inheritance of linked genes. Understand why some genes are inherited together.
Describe sex-linked inheritance patterns. Explain color blindness inheritance. Construct and analyze pedigree charts.

Exposition on linked genes using simple diagrams. Examples from fruit fly genetics drawn on chalkboard. Discussion on chromosome maps.
Detailed exposition on X-linked inheritance using chalkboard. Genetic crosses for color blindness. Drawing simple pedigree charts.

Textbook, chalkboard, chalk
Textbook, chalkboard, chalk, exercise books, rulers

KLB Secondary Biology Form 4, Pages 27-28
KLB Secondary Biology Form 4, Pages 28-30

GENETICS

Sex-linked Inheritance - Haemophilia

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain haemophilia inheritance. Understand carrier females and affected males. Analyze inheritance through generations.

Exposition on haemophilia genetics. Drawing inheritance patterns on chalkboard. Practice with pedigree construction and analysis.

Textbook, chalkboard, chalk, exercise books

KLB Secondary Biology Form 4, Pages 30-31

GENETICS

Crossing Over and Recombination

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain crossing over during meiosis. Understand how crossing over affects linkage. Describe formation of new gene combinations.

Detailed explanation of crossing over using simple diagrams. Examples of recombinant offspring drawn on chalkboard. Discussion on genetic variation.

Textbook, chalkboard, chalk, colored chalk

KLB Secondary Biology Form 4, Page 31

GENETICS

Crossing Over and Recombination

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain crossing over during meiosis. Understand how crossing over affects linkage. Describe formation of new gene combinations.

Detailed explanation of crossing over using simple diagrams. Examples of recombinant offspring drawn on chalkboard. Discussion on genetic variation.

Textbook, chalkboard, chalk, colored chalk

KLB Secondary Biology Form 4, Page 31

GENETICS

Chromosomal Mutations - Non-disjunction
Chromosomal Mutations - Polyploidy

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define chromosomal mutations. Explain non-disjunction during meiosis. Describe Down's syndrome and other chromosome disorders.
Describe structural chromosome changes. Explain polyploidy in plants. Understand chromosome number variations.

Exposition on non-disjunction using chalkboard diagrams. Drawing normal vs abnormal chromosome sets. Discussion on genetic disorders.
Exposition on chromosome number changes. Examples of polyploidy in agriculture using chalkboard. Discussion on plant breeding applications.

Textbook, chalkboard, chalk, exercise books

KLB Secondary Biology Form 4, Pages 32-35
KLB Secondary Biology Form 4, Pages 35-36

GENETICS

Gene Mutations

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define gene mutations. Describe insertion, deletion, substitution and inversion. Explain effects on protein synthesis using analogies.

Detailed exposition on point mutations using simple examples. Use SMS text analogies for mutations. Discussion on protein changes.

Textbook, chalkboard, chalk, simple text examples

KLB Secondary Biology Form 4, Pages 36-38

GENETICS

Genetic Disorders - Albinism

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe albinism inheritance. Explain enzyme deficiency in albinism. Calculate inheritance probabilities. Draw genetic crosses.

Case study of albinism using chalkboard diagrams. Genetic crosses for albinism inheritance. Discussion on carrier parents and affected children.

Textbook, chalkboard, chalk, exercise books

KLB Secondary Biology Form 4, Pages 38-40

GENETICS

Genetic Disorders - Sickle Cell Anaemia

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe sickle cell anaemia inheritance. Explain hemoglobin differences. Understand sickle cell trait vs disease.

Exposition on sickle cell genetics using diagrams. Comparison of normal and sickle cell hemoglobin. Genetic crosses and probabilities.

Textbook, chalkboard, chalk

KLB Secondary Biology Form 4, Pages 40-42

GENETICS

Genetic Disorders - Sickle Cell Anaemia
Environmental Effects on Gene Expression

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe sickle cell anaemia inheritance. Explain hemoglobin differences. Understand sickle cell trait vs disease.
Explain gene-environment interactions. Describe phenotypic plasticity. Understand limitations of genetic determinism.

Exposition on sickle cell genetics using diagrams. Comparison of normal and sickle cell hemoglobin. Genetic crosses and probabilities.
Discussion on environmental influences using local examples. Plant growth under different conditions. Twin studies and environmental factors.

Textbook, chalkboard, chalk
Textbook, local plant examples, chalkboard

KLB Secondary Biology Form 4, Pages 40-42
KLB Secondary Biology Form 4, Pages 42-43

GENETICS

Applications of Genetics

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Identify applications in plant and animal breeding. Explain genetic counselling. Understand blood transfusion genetics. Introduce genetic engineering basics.

Exposition on practical genetics applications. Local examples of plant breeding. Discussion on genetic counselling process and medical applications.

Textbook, local breeding examples, chalkboard

KLB Secondary Biology Form 4, Pages 43-49