REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Introduction and Fertilisation Types

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To distinguish between sexual and asexual reproduction in animals. To compare external and internal fertilisation. To give examples of animals using each method. To explain advantages of each fertilisation type.

Q/A: Review plant reproduction concepts. Discussion: Types of reproduction in animals and hermaphrodites. Detailed comparison: External vs internal fertilisation with examples. Tabulate differences and advantages of each method.

Charts showing reproduction types and fertilisation, Textbook, Wall charts

Certificate Biology Form 3, Pages 147-148

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Reproduction in Amphibia and Mammalian Characteristics
Female Reproductive System Structure

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To describe reproduction in frogs and toads. To explain seasonal breeding and egg protection. To state characteristics of mammalian reproduction. To define viviparous, placental mammals and mammary glands.
To draw and label the human female reproductive system. To identify functions of ovaries, oviducts, uterus and vagina. To describe uterine structure and endometrium function. To explain placenta formation.

Examination of frog egg masses and jelly coating functions. Discussion: Seasonal breeding patterns and tadpole development. Teacher exposition: Mammalian reproduction characteristics. Q/A: Viviparous vs oviparous reproduction and mammary gland functions.
Drawing and labeling: Complete female reproductive system. Teacher demonstration using charts and models. Discussion: Functions of each organ and structure-function relationships. Detailed explanation: Endometrium role and placenta formation during pregnancy.

Frog eggs specimens, Charts showing amphibian and mammalian reproduction, Hand lens
Charts of female reproductive system, Drawing materials, Models if available, Textbook

Certificate Biology Form 3, Pages 148-149
Certificate Biology Form 3, Pages 149-151

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Stages of Reproduction and Oogenesis

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To list the stages of reproduction in mammals. To describe oogenesis from fetal development to puberty. To explain primordial follicle formation. To relate oogenesis to reproductive maturity.

Teacher exposition: Four main reproductive stages overview. Detailed discussion: Oogenesis process from fetal development. Q/A: Primordial follicle formation and puberty changes. Drawing diagrams showing follicle development stages.

Flow charts, Oogenesis diagrams, Drawing materials, Textbook

Certificate Biology Form 3, Pages 151-152

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Menstrual Cycle - Follicle Development and Ovulation

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To describe the 28-day menstrual cycle. To explain FSH action on follicle development. To describe Graafian follicle formation and ovulation. To outline corpus luteum formation and function.

Teacher exposition: Complete menstrual cycle overview. Discussion: FSH stimulation and Graafian follicle development. Detailed explanation: LH surge, ovulation process on day 14. Q/A: Corpus luteum development and progesterone secretion.

Menstrual cycle charts, Drawing materials, Textbook

Certificate Biology Form 3, Pages 152-154

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Hormonal Control and Menstrual Phases

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To identify hormones controlling menstrual cycle. To explain FSH, LH, oestrogen and progesterone functions. To describe menstrual cycle phases and endometrium changes. To explain negative feedback mechanisms.

Detailed discussion: Four main hormones and their interactions. Graphical analysis: Hormone levels throughout cycle. Discussion: Endometrium thickening and breakdown phases. Q/A: Negative feedback control mechanisms and menstruation.

Hormone level graphs, Menstrual cycle phase charts, Textbook

Certificate Biology Form 3, Pages 154-156

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Hormonal Control and Menstrual Phases
Ovum Structure and Fertilisation Process

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To identify hormones controlling menstrual cycle. To explain FSH, LH, oestrogen and progesterone functions. To describe menstrual cycle phases and endometrium changes. To explain negative feedback mechanisms.
To draw and label structure of human ovum. To describe sperm movement in female tract. To explain acrosome function during fertilisation. To outline zygote formation and nuclear fusion.

Detailed discussion: Four main hormones and their interactions. Graphical analysis: Hormone levels throughout cycle. Discussion: Endometrium thickening and breakdown phases. Q/A: Negative feedback control mechanisms and menstruation.
Drawing and labeling: Mature human ovum structure. Discussion: Sperm journey from vagina to oviduct. Teacher exposition: Acrosome enzymes and zona pellucida penetration. Q/A: Nuclear fusion, chromosome combination and zygote formation.

Hormone level graphs, Menstrual cycle phase charts, Textbook
Ovum structure charts, Fertilisation diagrams, Drawing materials, Textbook

Certificate Biology Form 3, Pages 154-156
Certificate Biology Form 3, Pages 155-157

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Early Development and Twins Formation

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To describe mitotic divisions after fertilisation. To explain morula and blastocyst formation. To distinguish between identical and fraternal twins. To describe mechanisms of multiple births.

Discussion: Zygote divisions and morula formation. Teacher exposition: Blastocyst development and trophoblast function. Detailed explanation: Types of twins and formation mechanisms. Q/A: Genetic basis of identical vs fraternal twins.

Developmental stages charts, Twin formation diagrams, Drawing materials, Textbook

Certificate Biology Form 3, Pages 157-158

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Implantation and Pregnancy Indicators

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To define implantation and describe the process. To explain chorionic villi formation and anchoring. To identify early signs of pregnancy. To explain HCG hormone function and detection.

Detailed discussion: Implantation timing and chorionic villi development. Teacher exposition: Blastocyst embedding in endometrium. Discussion: Early pregnancy symptoms and HCG hormone. Q/A: Laboratory confirmation methods and pregnancy tests.

Implantation charts, Pregnancy test demonstration materials, Textbook

Certificate Biology Form 3, Pages 158-159

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Gestation and Embryonic Membranes

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To define gestation period in humans. To identify extra-embryonic membranes. To describe amnion, chorion and allantois functions. To explain amniotic fluid importance.

Teacher exposition: 40-week gestation period comparison with other mammals. Detailed discussion: Formation and functions of amnion, chorion, allantois. Q/A: Amniotic fluid functions - protection, support, lubrication. Drawing embryonic membrane arrangement.

Gestation charts, Fetal development models, Drawing materials, Textbook

Certificate Biology Form 3, Pages 159-161

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Gestation and Embryonic Membranes
Placenta Structure and Functions

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To define gestation period in humans. To identify extra-embryonic membranes. To describe amnion, chorion and allantois functions. To explain amniotic fluid importance.
To describe placenta structure and formation. To explain maternal and fetal blood separation. To identify nutrient transfer and gas exchange functions. To discuss placental barrier limitations.

Teacher exposition: 40-week gestation period comparison with other mammals. Detailed discussion: Formation and functions of amnion, chorion, allantois. Q/A: Amniotic fluid functions - protection, support, lubrication. Drawing embryonic membrane arrangement.
Detailed discussion: Placenta as temporary organ with dual tissue origin. Teacher exposition: Blood vessel arrangement and separation mechanisms. Discussion: Nutrient, oxygen transfer and harmful substance passage. Q/A: Placental protection and its limitations.

Gestation charts, Fetal development models, Drawing materials, Textbook
Placenta structure diagrams, Function charts, Drawing materials, Textbook

Certificate Biology Form 3, Pages 159-161
Certificate Biology Form 3, Pages 161-163

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Placenta Structure and Functions

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To describe placenta structure and formation. To explain maternal and fetal blood separation. To identify nutrient transfer and gas exchange functions. To discuss placental barrier limitations.

Detailed discussion: Placenta as temporary organ with dual tissue origin. Teacher exposition: Blood vessel arrangement and separation mechanisms. Discussion: Nutrient, oxygen transfer and harmful substance passage. Q/A: Placental protection and its limitations.

Placenta structure diagrams, Function charts, Drawing materials, Textbook

Certificate Biology Form 3, Pages 161-163

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Pregnancy Hormones and Parturition

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To identify hormones during pregnancy. To explain HCG, progesterone and oestrogen roles. To describe hormonal changes triggering birth. To explain the parturition process.

Discussion: Hormone secretion patterns during pregnancy. Teacher exposition: HCG, progesterone, oestrogen functions and interactions. Detailed explanation: Hormonal triggers for birth and oxytocin role. Q/A: Uterine contractions, cervix dilation and delivery stages.

Pregnancy hormone charts, Birth process diagrams, Hormone level graphs, Textbook

Certificate Biology Form 3, Pages 163-165

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Male Reproductive System Structure and Functions

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To draw and label male reproductive system. To identify testes, epididymis, vas deferens and accessory glands. To describe functions of each component. To explain scrotum function and temperature regulation.

Drawing and labeling: Complete male reproductive system. Teacher demonstration using charts and models. Discussion: Functions of testes, epididymis, vas deferens, accessory glands. Q/A: Scrotum location and temperature regulation for sperm production.

Male reproductive system charts, Drawing materials, Models if available, Textbook

Certificate Biology Form 3, Pages 164-166

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Male Reproductive System Structure and Functions

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To draw and label male reproductive system. To identify testes, epididymis, vas deferens and accessory glands. To describe functions of each component. To explain scrotum function and temperature regulation.

Drawing and labeling: Complete male reproductive system. Teacher demonstration using charts and models. Discussion: Functions of testes, epididymis, vas deferens, accessory glands. Q/A: Scrotum location and temperature regulation for sperm production.

Male reproductive system charts, Drawing materials, Models if available, Textbook

Certificate Biology Form 3, Pages 164-166

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Male Reproductive System Structure and Functions

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To draw and label male reproductive system. To identify testes, epididymis, vas deferens and accessory glands. To describe functions of each component. To explain scrotum function and temperature regulation.

Drawing and labeling: Complete male reproductive system. Teacher demonstration using charts and models. Discussion: Functions of testes, epididymis, vas deferens, accessory glands. Q/A: Scrotum location and temperature regulation for sperm production.

Male reproductive system charts, Drawing materials, Models if available, Textbook

Certificate Biology Form 3, Pages 164-166

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Sperm Structure and Male Hormones

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To draw and label spermatozoon structure. To explain head, middle piece and tail functions. To describe testosterone and FSH roles. To identify secondary sexual characteristics.

Drawing and labeling: Detailed sperm structure showing all components. Discussion: Sperm adaptations for fertilization and motility. Teacher exposition: Hormone control of sperm production and male development. Q/A: Testosterone effects and secondary sexual characteristics.

Sperm structure diagrams, Male hormone charts, Drawing materials, Textbook

Certificate Biology Form 3, Pages 166-167

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

HIV/AIDS - Causes and Transmission

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To describe HIV virus and immune system effects. To explain AIDS development and symptoms. To identify HIV transmission modes. To discuss high-risk behaviors.

Detailed discussion: HIV virus structure and immune system destruction. Teacher exposition: AIDS development and opportunistic diseases. Discussion: Transmission modes - sexual, blood, mother-to-child. Q/A: High-risk behaviors and transmission prevention.

AIDS awareness charts, HIV transmission diagrams, Educational materials, Textbook

Certificate Biology Form 3, Pages 167-170

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

HIV/AIDS - Causes and Transmission

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To describe HIV virus and immune system effects. To explain AIDS development and symptoms. To identify HIV transmission modes. To discuss high-risk behaviors.

Detailed discussion: HIV virus structure and immune system destruction. Teacher exposition: AIDS development and opportunistic diseases. Discussion: Transmission modes - sexual, blood, mother-to-child. Q/A: High-risk behaviors and transmission prevention.

AIDS awareness charts, HIV transmission diagrams, Educational materials, Textbook

Certificate Biology Form 3, Pages 167-170

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

AIDS Symptoms and Prevention

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To identify early and late AIDS symptoms. To describe opportunistic diseases. To explain AIDS prevention methods. To discuss social responsibility and behavior change.

Discussion: Early AIDS symptoms and progression to full syndrome. Teacher exposition: Opportunistic diseases and their effects. Detailed explanation: Prevention strategies and behavior modification. Group discussion: Social responsibility and community health.

AIDS symptom charts, Prevention posters, Case study materials, Textbook

Certificate Biology Form 3, Pages 170-171

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

AIDS Symptoms and Prevention

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To identify early and late AIDS symptoms. To describe opportunistic diseases. To explain AIDS prevention methods. To discuss social responsibility and behavior change.

Discussion: Early AIDS symptoms and progression to full syndrome. Teacher exposition: Opportunistic diseases and their effects. Detailed explanation: Prevention strategies and behavior modification. Group discussion: Social responsibility and community health.

AIDS symptom charts, Prevention posters, Case study materials, Textbook

Certificate Biology Form 3, Pages 170-171

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Bacterial STIs - Gonorrhea and Syphilis

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To describe gonorrhea causes, symptoms and treatment. To explain syphilis stages and progression. To identify transmission modes for bacterial STIs. To discuss antibiotic treatment and prevention.

Detailed discussion: Gonorrhea bacterium and reproductive tract effects. Teacher exposition: Syphilis stages - primary, secondary, tertiary. Q/A: Transmission modes and treatment with antibiotics. Discussion: Prevention methods and partner responsibility.

STI information charts, Bacterial infection diagrams, Textbook

Certificate Biology Form 3, Pages 171-172

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Bacterial STIs - Gonorrhea and Syphilis

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To describe gonorrhea causes, symptoms and treatment. To explain syphilis stages and progression. To identify transmission modes for bacterial STIs. To discuss antibiotic treatment and prevention.

Detailed discussion: Gonorrhea bacterium and reproductive tract effects. Teacher exposition: Syphilis stages - primary, secondary, tertiary. Q/A: Transmission modes and treatment with antibiotics. Discussion: Prevention methods and partner responsibility.

STI information charts, Bacterial infection diagrams, Textbook

Certificate Biology Form 3, Pages 171-172

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Viral STIs and Other Infections

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To describe genital herpes causes and symptoms. To explain hepatitis B transmission and effects. To identify trichomoniasis and other STIs. To emphasize prevention strategies for all STIs.

Discussion: Viral STIs and their incurable nature. Teacher exposition: Herpes simplex virus effects and dormancy. Q/A: Hepatitis B liver effects and vaccination. Discussion: Comprehensive STI prevention and faithful relationships.

Viral STI charts, Prevention strategy posters, Textbook

Certificate Biology Form 3, Page 172

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Viral STIs and Other Infections

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To describe genital herpes causes and symptoms. To explain hepatitis B transmission and effects. To identify trichomoniasis and other STIs. To emphasize prevention strategies for all STIs.

Discussion: Viral STIs and their incurable nature. Teacher exposition: Herpes simplex virus effects and dormancy. Q/A: Hepatitis B liver effects and vaccination. Discussion: Comprehensive STI prevention and faithful relationships.

Viral STI charts, Prevention strategy posters, Textbook

Certificate Biology Form 3, Page 172