Three Dimensional Geometry

Introduction to 3D Concepts
Properties of Common Solids

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

-Distinguish between 1D, 2D, and 3D objects
-Identify vertices, edges, and faces of 3D solids
-Understand concepts of points, lines, and planes in space
-Recognize real-world 3D objects and their properties

-Use classroom objects to demonstrate dimensions
-Count vertices, edges, faces of cardboard models
-Identify 3D shapes in school environment
-Discuss difference between area and volume

Exercise books
-Cardboard boxes
-Manila paper
-Real 3D objects
-Cardboard
-Scissors
-Tape/glue

KLB Secondary Mathematics Form 4, Pages 113-115

Three Dimensional Geometry

Understanding Planes in 3D Space

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

-Define planes and their properties in 3D
-Identify parallel and intersecting planes
-Understand that planes extend infinitely
-Recognize planes formed by faces of solids

-Use books/boards to represent planes
-Demonstrate parallel planes using multiple books
-Show intersecting planes using book corners
-Identify planes in classroom architecture

Exercise books
-Manila paper
-Books/boards
-Classroom examples

KLB Secondary Mathematics Form 4, Pages 113-115

Three Dimensional Geometry

Lines in 3D Space
Introduction to Projections

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

-Understand different types of lines in 3D
-Identify parallel, intersecting, and skew lines
-Recognize that skew lines don't intersect and aren't parallel
-Find examples of different line relationships

-Use rulers/sticks to demonstrate line relationships
-Show parallel lines using parallel rulers
-Demonstrate skew lines using classroom edges
-Practice identifying line relationships in models

Exercise books
-Rulers/sticks
-3D models
-Manila paper
-Light source

KLB Secondary Mathematics Form 4, Pages 113-115

Three Dimensional Geometry

Angle Between Line and Plane - Concept
Calculating Angles Between Lines and Planes

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

-Define angle between line and plane
-Understand that angle is measured with projection
-Identify the projection of line on plane
-Recognize when line is perpendicular to plane

-Demonstrate using stick against book (plane)
-Show that angle is with projection, not plane itself
-Use protractor to measure angles with projections
-Identify perpendicular lines to planes

Exercise books
-Manila paper
-Protractor
-Rulers/sticks
-Calculators
-3D problem diagrams

KLB Secondary Mathematics Form 4, Pages 115-123

Three Dimensional Geometry

Advanced Line-Plane Angle Problems

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

-Solve complex angle problems systematically
-Apply coordinate geometry methods where helpful
-Use multiple right-angled triangles in solutions
-Verify answers using different approaches

-Practice with tent and roof angle problems
-Solve ladder against wall problems in 3D
-Work through architectural angle calculations
-Use real-world engineering applications

Exercise books
-Manila paper
-Real scenarios
-Problem sets

KLB Secondary Mathematics Form 4, Pages 115-123

Three Dimensional Geometry

Introduction to Plane-Plane Angles
Finding Angles Between Planes

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

-Define angle between two planes
-Understand concept of dihedral angles
-Identify line of intersection of two planes
-Find perpendiculars to intersection line

-Use two books to demonstrate intersecting planes
-Show how planes meet along an edge
-Identify dihedral angles in classroom
-Demonstrate using folded paper

Exercise books
-Manila paper
-Books
-Folded paper
-Protractor
-Building examples

KLB Secondary Mathematics Form 4, Pages 123-128

Three Dimensional Geometry

Complex Plane-Plane Angle Problems

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

-Solve advanced dihedral angle problems
-Apply to frustums and compound solids
-Use systematic approach for complex shapes
-Verify solutions using geometric properties

-Work with frustum of pyramid problems
-Solve wedge and compound shape angles
-Practice with architectural applications
-Use geometric reasoning to check answers

Exercise books
-Manila paper
-Complex 3D models
-Architecture examples

KLB Secondary Mathematics Form 4, Pages 123-128

Three Dimensional Geometry

Practical Applications of Plane Angles
Understanding Skew Lines

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

-Apply plane angles to real-world problems
-Solve engineering and construction problems
-Calculate angles in roof structures
-Use in navigation and surveying contexts

-Calculate roof pitch angles
-Solve bridge construction angle problems
-Apply to mining and tunnel excavation
-Use in aerial navigation problems

Exercise books
-Manila paper
-Real engineering data
-Construction examples
-Rulers
-Building frameworks

KLB Secondary Mathematics Form 4, Pages 123-128

Three Dimensional Geometry

Angle Between Skew Lines
Advanced Skew Line Problems

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

-Understand how to find angle between skew lines
-Apply translation method for skew line angles
-Use parallel line properties in 3D
-Calculate angles by creating intersecting lines

-Demonstrate translation method using rulers
-Translate one line to intersect the other
-Practice with cuboid edge problems
-Apply to framework and structure problems

Exercise books
-Manila paper
-Rulers
-Translation examples
-Engineering examples
-Structure diagrams

KLB Secondary Mathematics Form 4, Pages 128-135

Three Dimensional Geometry

Distance Calculations in 3D

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

-Calculate distances between points in 3D
-Find shortest distances between lines and planes
-Apply 3D Pythagoras theorem
-Use distance formula in coordinate geometry

-Calculate space diagonals in cuboids
-Find distances from points to planes
-Apply 3D distance formula systematically
-Solve minimum distance problems

Exercise books
-Manila paper
-Distance calculation charts
-3D coordinate examples

KLB Secondary Mathematics Form 4, Pages 115-135

Three Dimensional Geometry

Volume and Surface Area Applications
Coordinate Geometry in 3D

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

-Connect 3D geometry to volume calculations
-Apply angle calculations to surface area problems
-Use 3D relationships in optimization
-Solve practical volume and area problems

-Calculate slant heights using 3D angles
-Find surface areas of pyramids using angles
-Apply to packaging and container problems
-Use in architectural space planning

Exercise books
-Manila paper
-Volume formulas
-Real containers
-3D coordinate grid
-Room corner reference

KLB Secondary Mathematics Form 4, Pages 115-135

Three Dimensional Geometry

Integration with Trigonometry

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

-Apply trigonometry extensively to 3D problems
-Use multiple trigonometric ratios in solutions
-Combine trigonometry with 3D geometric reasoning
-Solve complex problems requiring trig and geometry

-Work through problems requiring sin, cos, tan
-Use trigonometric identities in 3D contexts
-Practice angle calculations in pyramids
-Apply to navigation and astronomy problems

Exercise books
-Manila paper
-Trigonometric tables
-Astronomy examples

KLB Secondary Mathematics Form 4, Pages 115-135

Longitudes and Latitudes

Introduction to Earth as a Sphere
Great and Small Circles

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

-Understand Earth as a sphere for mathematical purposes
-Identify poles, equator, and axis of rotation
-Recognize Earth's dimensions and basic structure
-Connect Earth's rotation to day-night cycle

-Use globe or spherical ball to demonstrate Earth
-Identify North Pole, South Pole, and equator
-Discuss Earth's rotation and its effects
-Show axis of rotation through poles

Exercise books
-Globe/spherical ball
-Manila paper
-Chalk/markers
-Globe
-String

KLB Secondary Mathematics Form 4, Pages 136-139

Longitudes and Latitudes

Understanding Latitude
Properties of Latitude Lines

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

-Define latitude and its measurement
-Identify equator as 0° latitude reference
-Understand North and South latitude designations
-Recognize that latitude ranges from 0° to 90°

-Mark latitude lines on globe using tape
-Show equator as reference line (0°)
-Demonstrate measurement from equator to poles
-Practice identifying latitude positions

Exercise books
-Globe
-Tape/string
-Protractor
-Calculator
-Manila paper

KLB Secondary Mathematics Form 4, Pages 136-139

Longitudes and Latitudes

Understanding Longitude

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

-Define longitude and its measurement
-Identify Greenwich Meridian as 0° longitude reference
-Understand East and West longitude designations
-Recognize that longitude ranges from 0° to 180°

-Mark longitude lines on globe using string
-Show Greenwich Meridian as reference line
-Demonstrate measurement East and West from Greenwich
-Practice identifying longitude positions

Exercise books
-Globe
-String
-World map

KLB Secondary Mathematics Form 4, Pages 136-139

Longitudes and Latitudes

Properties of Longitude Lines
Position of Places on Earth

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

-Understand that longitude lines are great circles
-Recognize that all longitude lines pass through poles
-Understand that longitude lines converge at poles
-Identify that opposite longitudes differ by 180°

-Show longitude lines converging at poles
-Demonstrate that longitude lines are great circles
-Find opposite longitude positions
-Compare longitude and latitude line properties

Exercise books
-Globe
-String
-Manila paper
-World map
-Kenya map

KLB Secondary Mathematics Form 4, Pages 136-139

Longitudes and Latitudes

Latitude and Longitude Differences

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

-Calculate latitude differences between two points
-Calculate longitude differences between two points
-Understand angular differences on same and opposite sides
-Apply difference calculations to navigation problems

-Calculate difference between Nairobi and Cairo
-Practice with points on same and opposite sides
-Work through systematic calculation methods
-Apply to real navigation scenarios

Exercise books
-Manila paper
-Calculator
-Navigation examples

KLB Secondary Mathematics Form 4, Pages 139-143

Longitudes and Latitudes

Introduction to Distance Calculations
Distance Along Great Circles

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

-Understand relationship between angles and distances
-Learn that 1° on great circle = 60 nautical miles
-Define nautical mile and its relationship to kilometers
-Apply basic distance formulas for great circles

-Demonstrate angle-distance relationship using globe
-Show that 1' (minute) = 1 nautical mile
-Convert between nautical miles and kilometers
-Practice basic distance calculations

Exercise books
-Globe
-Calculator
-Conversion charts
-Manila paper
-Real examples

KLB Secondary Mathematics Form 4, Pages 143-156

Longitudes and Latitudes

Distance Along Small Circles (Parallels)
Shortest Distance Problems

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

-Understand that parallel distances use different formula
-Apply formula: distance = longitude difference × 60 × cos(latitude)
-Calculate radius of latitude circles
-Solve problems involving parallel of latitude distances

-Derive formula using trigonometry
-Calculate distance between Mombasa and Lagos
-Show why latitude affects distance calculations
-Practice with various latitude examples

Exercise books
-Manila paper
-Calculator
-African city examples
-Flight path examples

KLB Secondary Mathematics Form 4, Pages 143-156

Longitudes and Latitudes

Advanced Distance Calculations

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

-Solve complex distance problems with multiple steps
-Calculate distances involving multiple coordinate differences
-Apply to surveying and mapping problems
-Use systematic approaches for difficult calculations

-Work through complex multi-step distance problems
-Apply to surveying land boundaries
-Calculate perimeters of geographical regions
-Practice with examination-style problems

Exercise books
-Manila paper
-Calculator
-Surveying examples

KLB Secondary Mathematics Form 4, Pages 143-156

Longitudes and Latitudes

Introduction to Time and Longitude
Local Time Calculations

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

-Understand relationship between longitude and time
-Learn that Earth rotates 360° in 24 hours
-Calculate that 15° longitude = 1 hour time difference
-Understand concept of local time

-Demonstrate Earth's rotation using globe
-Show how sun position determines local time
-Calculate time differences for various longitudes
-Apply to understanding sunrise/sunset times

Exercise books
-Globe
-Light source
-Time zone examples
-Manila paper
-World time examples
-Calculator

KLB Secondary Mathematics Form 4, Pages 156-161

Longitudes and Latitudes

Greenwich Mean Time (GMT)

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

-Understand Greenwich as reference for world time
-Calculate local times relative to GMT
-Apply GMT to solve international time problems
-Understand time zones and their practical applications

-Use Greenwich as time reference point
-Calculate local times for cities worldwide
-Apply to international business scenarios
-Discuss practical applications of GMT

Exercise books
-Manila paper
-World map
-Time zone charts

KLB Secondary Mathematics Form 4, Pages 156-161

Longitudes and Latitudes

Complex Time Problems
Speed Calculations

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

-Solve time problems involving date changes
-Handle calculations crossing International Date Line
-Apply to travel and communication scenarios
-Calculate arrival times for international flights

-Work through International Date Line problems
-Calculate flight arrival times across time zones
-Apply to international communication timing
-Practice with business meeting scheduling

Exercise books
-Manila paper
-International examples
-Travel scenarios
-Calculator
-Navigation examples

KLB Secondary Mathematics Form 4, Pages 156-161

Linear Programming

Introduction to Linear Programming
Forming Linear Inequalities from Word Problems

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

-Understand the concept of optimization in real life
-Identify decision variables in practical situations
-Recognize constraints and objective functions
-Understand applications of linear programming

-Discuss resource allocation problems in daily life
-Identify optimization scenarios in business and farming
-Introduce decision-making with limited resources
-Use simple examples from student experiences

Exercise books
-Manila paper
-Real-life examples
-Chalk/markers
-Local business examples
-Agricultural scenarios

KLB Secondary Mathematics Form 4, Pages 165-167

Linear Programming

Types of Constraints

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

-Identify non-negativity constraints
-Understand resource constraints and their implications
-Form demand and supply constraints
-Apply constraint formation to various industries

-Practice with non-negativity constraints (x ≥ 0, y ≥ 0)
-Form material and labor constraints
-Apply to manufacturing and service industries
-Use school resource allocation examples

Exercise books
-Manila paper
-Industry examples
-School scenarios

KLB Secondary Mathematics Form 4, Pages 165-167

Linear Programming

Objective Functions
Complete Problem Formulation

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

-Define objective functions for maximization problems
-Define objective functions for minimization problems
-Understand profit, cost, and other objective measures
-Connect objective functions to real-world goals

-Form profit maximization functions
-Create cost minimization functions
-Practice with revenue and efficiency objectives
-Apply to business and production scenarios

Exercise books
-Manila paper
-Business examples
-Production scenarios
-Complete examples
-Systematic templates

KLB Secondary Mathematics Form 4, Pages 165-167

Linear Programming

Introduction to Graphical Solution Method

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

-Understand graphical representation of inequalities
-Plot constraint lines on coordinate plane
-Identify feasible and infeasible regions
-Understand boundary lines and their significance

-Plot simple inequality x + y ≤ 10 on graph
-Shade feasible regions systematically
-Distinguish between ≤ and < inequalities
-Practice with multiple examples on manila paper

Exercise books
-Manila paper
-Rulers
-Colored pencils

KLB Secondary Mathematics Form 4, Pages 166-172

Linear Programming

Plotting Multiple Constraints
Properties of Feasible Regions

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

-Plot multiple inequalities on same graph
-Find intersection of constraint lines
-Identify feasible region bounded by multiple constraints
-Handle cases with no feasible solution

-Plot system of 3-4 constraints simultaneously
-Find intersection points of constraint lines
-Identify and shade final feasible region
-Discuss unbounded and empty feasible regions

Exercise books
-Manila paper
-Rulers
-Different colored pencils
-Calculators
-Algebraic methods

KLB Secondary Mathematics Form 4, Pages 166-172

Linear Programming

Introduction to Optimization
The Corner Point Method

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

-Understand concept of optimal solution
-Recognize that optimal solution occurs at corner points
-Learn to evaluate objective function at corner points
-Compare values to find maximum or minimum

-Evaluate objective function at each corner point
-Compare values to identify optimal solution
-Practice with both maximization and minimization
-Verify optimal solution satisfies all constraints

Exercise books
-Manila paper
-Calculators
-Evaluation tables
-Evaluation templates
-Systematic approach

KLB Secondary Mathematics Form 4, Pages 172-176

Linear Programming

The Iso-Profit/Iso-Cost Line Method

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

-Understand concept of iso-profit and iso-cost lines
-Draw family of parallel objective function lines
-Use slope to find optimal point graphically
-Apply sliding line method for optimization

-Draw iso-profit lines for given objective function
-Show family of parallel lines with different values
-Find optimal point by sliding line to extreme position
-Practice with both maximization and minimization

Exercise books
-Manila paper
-Rulers
-Sliding technique

KLB Secondary Mathematics Form 4, Pages 172-176

Linear Programming

Comparing Solution Methods
Business Applications - Production Planning

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

-Compare corner point and iso-line methods
-Understand when each method is most efficient
-Verify solutions using both methods
-Choose appropriate method for different problems

-Solve same problem using both methods
-Compare efficiency and accuracy of methods
-Practice method selection based on problem type
-Verify consistency of results

Exercise books
-Manila paper
-Method comparison
-Verification examples
-Manufacturing examples
-Kenyan industry data

KLB Secondary Mathematics Form 4, Pages 172-176

Differentiation

Introduction to Rate of Change

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

-Understand concept of rate of change in daily life
-Distinguish between average and instantaneous rates
-Identify examples of changing quantities
-Connect rate of change to gradient concepts

-Discuss speed as rate of change of distance
-Examine population growth rates
-Analyze temperature change throughout the day
-Connect to gradients of lines from coordinate geometry

Exercise books
-Manila paper
-Real-world examples
-Graph examples

KLB Secondary Mathematics Form 4, Pages 177-182

Differentiation

Average Rate of Change
Instantaneous Rate of Change

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

-Calculate average rate of change between two points
-Use formula: average rate = Δy/Δx
-Apply to distance-time and other practical graphs
-Understand limitations of average rate calculations

-Calculate average speed between two time points
-Find average rate of population change
-Use coordinate points to find average rates
-Compare average rates over different intervals

Exercise books
-Manila paper
-Calculators
-Graph paper
-Tangent demonstrations
-Motion examples

KLB Secondary Mathematics Form 4, Pages 177-182

Differentiation

Gradient of Curves at Points
Introduction to Delta Notation

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

-Find gradient of curve at specific points
-Use tangent line method for gradient estimation
-Apply limiting process to find exact gradients
-Practice with various curve types

-Draw tangent lines to curves on manila paper
-Estimate gradients using tangent slopes
-Use the limiting approach with chord sequences
-Practice with parabolas and other curves

Exercise books
-Manila paper
-Rulers
-Curve examples
-Delta notation examples
-Symbol practice

KLB Secondary Mathematics Form 4, Pages 178-182

Differentiation

The Limiting Process

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

-Understand concept of limit in differentiation
-Apply "as Δx approaches zero" reasoning
-Use limiting process to find exact derivatives
-Practice systematic limiting calculations

-Demonstrate limiting process with numerical examples
-Show chord approaching tangent as Δx → 0
-Calculate limits using table of values
-Practice systematic limit evaluation

Exercise books
-Manila paper
-Limit tables
-Systematic examples

KLB Secondary Mathematics Form 4, Pages 182-184

Differentiation

Introduction to Derivatives
Derivative of Linear Functions

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

-Define derivative as limit of rate of change
-Use dy/dx notation for derivatives
-Understand derivative as gradient function
-Connect derivatives to tangent line slopes

-Introduce derivative notation dy/dx
-Show derivative as gradient of tangent
-Practice derivative concept with simple functions
-Connect to previous gradient work

Exercise books
-Manila paper
-Derivative notation
-Function examples
-Linear function examples
-Verification methods

KLB Secondary Mathematics Form 4, Pages 182-184

Differentiation

Derivative of y = x^n (Basic Powers)

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

-Find derivatives of power functions
-Apply the rule d/dx(x^n) = nx^(n-1)
-Practice with x², x³, x⁴, etc.
-Verify using first principles for simple cases

-Derive d/dx(x²) = 2x using first principles
-Apply power rule to various functions
-Practice with x³, x⁴, x⁵ examples
-Verify selected results using definition

Exercise books
-Manila paper
-Power rule examples
-First principles verification

KLB Secondary Mathematics Form 4, Pages 184-188

Differentiation

Derivative of Constant Functions
Derivative of Coefficient Functions

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

-Understand that derivative of constant is zero
-Apply to functions like y = 5, y = -3
-Explain geometric meaning of zero derivative
-Combine with other differentiation rules

-Show that horizontal lines have zero gradient
-Find derivatives of constant functions
-Explain why rate of change of constant is zero
-Apply to mixed functions with constants

Exercise books
-Manila paper
-Constant function graphs
-Geometric explanations
-Coefficient examples
-Rule combinations

KLB Secondary Mathematics Form 4, Pages 184-188

Differentiation

Derivative of Polynomial Functions
Applications to Tangent Lines

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

-Find derivatives of polynomial functions
-Apply term-by-term differentiation
-Practice with various polynomial degrees
-Verify results using first principles

-Differentiate y = x³ + 2x² - 5x + 7
-Apply rule to each term separately
-Practice with various polynomial types
-Check results using definition for simple cases

Exercise books
-Manila paper
-Polynomial examples
-Term-by-term method
-Tangent line examples
-Point-slope applications

KLB Secondary Mathematics Form 4, Pages 184-188

Differentiation

Applications to Normal Lines

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

-Find equations of normal lines to curves
-Use negative reciprocal of tangent gradient
-Apply to perpendicular line problems
-Practice with normal line calculations

-Find normal to y = x² at point (2, 4)
-Use negative reciprocal relationship
-Apply perpendicular line concepts
-Practice normal line equation finding

Exercise books
-Manila paper
-Normal line examples
-Perpendicular concepts

KLB Secondary Mathematics Form 4, Pages 187-189

Differentiation

Introduction to Stationary Points
Types of Stationary Points

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

-Define stationary points as points where dy/dx = 0
-Identify different types of stationary points
-Understand geometric meaning of zero gradient
-Find stationary points by solving dy/dx = 0

-Show horizontal tangents at stationary points
-Find stationary points of y = x² - 4x + 3
-Identify maximum, minimum, and inflection points
-Practice finding where dy/dx = 0

Exercise books
-Manila paper
-Curve sketches
-Stationary point examples
-Sign analysis charts
-Classification examples

KLB Secondary Mathematics Form 4, Pages 189-195

Differentiation

Finding and Classifying Stationary Points

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

-Solve dy/dx = 0 to find stationary points
-Apply systematic classification method
-Use organized approach for point analysis
-Practice with polynomial functions

-Work through complete stationary point analysis
-Use systematic gradient sign testing
-Create organized solution format
-Practice with cubic and quartic functions

Exercise books
-Manila paper
-Systematic templates
-Complete examples

KLB Secondary Mathematics Form 4, Pages 189-195

Differentiation

Curve Sketching Using Derivatives
Introduction to Kinematics Applications

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

-Use derivatives to sketch accurate curves
-Identify key features: intercepts, stationary points
-Apply systematic curve sketching method
-Combine algebraic and graphical analysis

-Sketch y = x³ - 3x² + 2 using derivatives
-Find intercepts, stationary points, and behavior
-Use systematic curve sketching approach
-Verify sketches using derivative information

Exercise books
-Manila paper
-Curve sketching templates
-Systematic method
-Motion examples
-Kinematics applications

KLB Secondary Mathematics Form 4, Pages 195-197

Differentiation

Acceleration as Second Derivative
Motion Problems and Applications

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

-Understand acceleration as derivative of velocity
-Apply a = dv/dt = d²s/dt² notation
-Find acceleration functions from displacement
-Apply to motion analysis problems

-Find acceleration from velocity functions
-Use second derivative notation
-Apply to projectile motion problems
-Practice with particle motion scenarios

Exercise books
-Manila paper
-Second derivative examples
-Motion analysis
-Complete motion examples
-Real scenarios

KLB Secondary Mathematics Form 4, Pages 197-201

Differentiation

Introduction to Optimization

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

-Apply derivatives to find maximum and minimum values
-Understand optimization in real-world contexts
-Use calculus for practical optimization problems
-Connect to business and engineering applications

-Find maximum area of rectangle with fixed perimeter
-Apply calculus to profit maximization
-Use derivatives for cost minimization
-Practice with geometric optimization

Exercise books
-Manila paper
-Optimization examples
-Real applications

KLB Secondary Mathematics Form 4, Pages 201-204

Differentiation

Geometric Optimization Problems
Business and Economic Applications

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

-Apply calculus to geometric optimization
-Find maximum areas and minimum perimeters
-Use derivatives for shape optimization
-Apply to construction and design problems

-Find dimensions for maximum area enclosure
-Optimize container volumes and surface areas
-Apply to architectural design problems
-Practice with various geometric constraints

Exercise books
-Manila paper
-Geometric examples
-Design applications
-Business examples
-Economic applications

KLB Secondary Mathematics Form 4, Pages 201-204

Differentiation
Matrices and Transformations

Advanced Optimization Problems
Transformation on a Cartesian plane

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

-Solve complex optimization with multiple constraints
-Apply systematic optimization methodology
-Use calculus for engineering applications
-Practice with advanced real-world problems

-Solve complex geometric optimization problems
-Apply to engineering design scenarios
-Use systematic optimization approach
-Practice with multi-variable situations

Exercise books
-Manila paper
-Complex examples
-Engineering applications
Square boards
-Peg boards
-Graph papers
-Mirrors
-Rulers

KLB Secondary Mathematics Form 4, Pages 201-204

Matrices and Transformations

Basic Transformation Matrices
Identification of transformation matrix
Two Successive Transformations

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

-Determine matrices for reflection in x-axis, y-axis, and y=x
-Find matrices for 90°, 180°, 270° rotations about origin
-Calculate translation using column vectors
-Apply enlargement matrices with different scale factors

-Step-by-step derivation of reflection matrices
-Demonstration of rotation matrices using unit square
-Working examples with translation vectors
-Practice calculating images under each transformation
-Group exercises on matrix identification

Square boards
-Peg boards
-Graph papers
-Protractors
-Calculators
Graph papers
-Exercise books
-Matrix examples
-Colored pencils
-Rulers

KLB Secondary Mathematics Form 4, Pages 1-16

Matrices and Transformations

Complex Successive Transformations
Single matrix of transformation for successive transformations
Matrix Multiplication Properties
Identity Matrix and Transformation

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

-Apply three or more transformations in sequence
-Track changes through multiple transformation steps
-Solve complex successive transformation problems
-Understand cumulative effects

-Extended examples with 3-4 transformations
-Students work through complex examples step by step
-Discussion on tracking coordinate changes
-Problem-solving with mixed transformation types
-Practice exercises Ex 1.4 from textbook

Square boards
-Graph papers
-Calculators
-Colored pencils
Calculators
-Matrix multiplication charts
-Exercise books
-Matrix worksheets
-Formula sheets
-Matrix examples

KLB Secondary Mathematics Form 4, Pages 16-24

Matrices and Transformations

Inverse of a matrix
Determinant and Area Scale Factor

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

-Calculate inverse of 2×2 matrix using formula
-Understand that AA⁻¹ = A⁻¹A = I
-Determine when inverse exists (det ≠ 0)
-Apply inverse matrices to find inverse transformations

-Formula for 2×2 matrix inverse derivation
-Multiple worked examples with different matrices
-Practice identifying singular matrices (det = 0)
-Finding inverse transformations using inverse matrices
-Problem-solving exercises Ex 1.5

Calculators
-Exercise books
-Formula sheets
-Graph papers
-Solve problems involving area changes under transformations

KLB Secondary Mathematics Form 4, Pages 14-15, 24-26

Matrices and Transformations

Area scale factor and determinant relationship

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

-Establish mathematical relationship between determinant and area scaling
-Explain why absolute value is needed
-Apply relationship in various transformation problems
-Understand orientation change when determinant is negative

-Mathematical proof of area scale factor relationship
-Examples with positive and negative determinants
-Discussion on orientation preservation/reversal
-Practice problems from textbook Ex 1.5
-Verification through direct area calculations

Calculators
-Graph papers
-Formula sheets
-Area calculation tools

KLB Secondary Mathematics Form 4, Pages 26-27

Matrices and Transformations

Shear Transformation
Stretch Transformation and Review

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

-Define shear transformation and its properties
-Find matrices for shear parallel to x-axis and y-axis
-Calculate images under shear transformations
-Understand that shear preserves area but changes shape

-Physical demonstration using flexible materials
-Derivation of shear transformation matrices
-Drawing effects of shear on rectangles and parallelograms
-Verification that area is preserved under shear
-Practice exercises Ex 1.6

Square boards
-Flexible materials
-Graph papers
-Rulers
-Calculators
Graph papers
-Elastic materials
-Comparison charts
-Review materials

KLB Secondary Mathematics Form 4, Pages 10-13, 28-34

Integration

Introduction to Reverse Differentiation
Basic Integration Rules - Power Functions
Integration of Polynomial Functions

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

-Define integration as reverse of differentiation
-Understand the concept of antiderivative
-Recognize the relationship between gradient functions and original functions
-Apply reverse thinking to simple differentiation examples

-Q/A review on differentiation formulas and rules
-Demonstration of reverse process using simple examples
-Working backwards from derivatives to find original functions
-Discussion on why multiple functions can have same derivative
-Introduction to integration symbol ∫

Graph papers
-Differentiation charts
-Exercise books
-Function examples
Calculators
-Graph papers
-Power rule charts
-Algebraic worksheets
-Polynomial examples

KLB Secondary Mathematics Form 4, Pages 221-223

Integration

Finding Particular Solutions
Introduction to Definite Integrals
Evaluating Definite Integrals
Area Under Curves - Single Functions

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

-Use initial conditions to find specific values of constant c
-Solve problems involving boundary conditions
-Apply integration to find equations of curves
-Distinguish between general and particular solutions

-Working examples with given initial conditions
-Finding curve equations when gradient function and point are known
-Practice problems from various contexts
-Discussion on why particular solutions are important
-Problem-solving session with curve-finding exercises

Graph papers
-Calculators
-Curve examples
-Exercise books
-Geometric models
-Integration notation charts
Calculators
-Step-by-step worksheets
-Evaluation charts
-Curve sketching tools
-Colored pencils
-Area grids

KLB Secondary Mathematics Form 4, Pages 223-225

Integration
Paper 1 Revision

Areas Below X-axis and Mixed Regions
Area Between Two Curves
Section I: Short Answer Questions

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

-Handle negative areas when curve is below x-axis
-Understand absolute value consideration for areas
-Calculate areas of regions crossing x-axis
-Apply integration to mixed positive/negative regions

-Demonstration of negative integrals and their meaning
-Working with curves that cross x-axis multiple times
-Finding total area vs net area
-Practice with functions like y = x³ - x
-Problem-solving with complex area calculations

Graph papers
-Calculators
-Curve examples
-Colored materials
-Exercise books
-Equation solving aids
-Colored pencils
Past Paper 1 exams, Marking Schemes

KLB Secondary Mathematics Form 4, Pages 230-235

REVISION

Paper 1 Revision
Paper 1 Revision
Paper 1 Revision

Section I: Short Answer Questions
Section I: Mixed Question Practice
Section II: Structured Questions

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
– practice a variety of short-answer styles – apply problem-solving strategies – build confidence in tackling compulsory questions

Teacher demonstrates approaches Students work in pairs and discuss solutions

Chalkboard, Past Papers, Calculators
Past Papers, Marking Schemes
Past Paper 1s, Marking Schemes

KLB Math Bk 1–4
paper 1 question paper

Paper 1 Revision
paper 2 Revision
paper 2 Revision

Section II: Structured Questions
Section I: Short Answer Questions
Section I: Short Answer Questions

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
– practice extended problem solving – interpret and use graphs, diagrams and data – present answers clearly for maximum marks

Students attempt structured questions under timed conditions Peer review and corrections

Graph Papers, Geometry Sets, Past Papers
Past paper 2 exams, Marking Schemes
Chalkboard, Past Papers, Calculators

KLB Math Bk 1–4
paper 1 question paper

paper 2 Revision

Section I: Mixed Question Practice
Section II: Structured Questions
Section II: Structured Questions

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
– integrate knowledge to solve mixed short questions – apply logical reasoning and time management – identify common errors and correct them

Timed practice with mixed short-answer questions Class discussion of solutions

Past Papers, Marking Schemes
Past Paper 2s, Marking Schemes
Graph Papers, Geometry Sets, Past Papers

Students’ Notes, Revision Texts
Paper 2 question paper

Paper 1 Revision

Section I: Short Answer Questions
Section I: Short Answer Questions
Section I: Mixed Question Practice
Section II: Structured Questions

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
– attempt compulsory short-answer questions – show clear working for full marks – apply speed and accuracy in solving problems

Students attempt selected questions individually Peer-marking and teacher correction

Past Paper 1 exams, Marking Schemes
Chalkboard, Past Papers, Calculators
Past Papers, Marking Schemes
Past Paper 1s, Marking Schemes

KLB Math Bk 1–4, paper 1 question paper

Paper 1 Revision
paper 2 Revision
paper 2 Revision

Section II: Structured Questions
Section I: Short Answer Questions
Section I: Short Answer Questions

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
– practice extended problem solving – interpret and use graphs, diagrams and data – present answers clearly for maximum marks

Students attempt structured questions under timed conditions Peer review and corrections

Graph Papers, Geometry Sets, Past Papers
Past paper 2 exams, Marking Schemes
Chalkboard, Past Papers, Calculators

KLB Math Bk 1–4
paper 1 question paper

paper 2 Revision

Section I: Mixed Question Practice
Section II: Structured Questions
Section II: Structured Questions

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
– integrate knowledge to solve mixed short questions – apply logical reasoning and time management – identify common errors and correct them

Timed practice with mixed short-answer questions Class discussion of solutions

Past Papers, Marking Schemes
Past Paper 2s, Marking Schemes
Graph Papers, Geometry Sets, Past Papers

Students’ Notes, Revision Texts
Paper 2 question paper

Paper 1 Revision

Section I: Short Answer Questions
Section I: Short Answer Questions
Section I: Mixed Question Practice

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
– attempt compulsory short-answer questions – show clear working for full marks – apply speed and accuracy in solving problems

Students attempt selected questions individually Peer-marking and teacher correction

Past Paper 1 exams, Marking Schemes
Chalkboard, Past Papers, Calculators
Past Papers, Marking Schemes

KLB Math Bk 1–4, paper 1 question paper

Paper 1 Revision
paper 2 Revision

Section II: Structured Questions
Section I: Short Answer Questions

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
– develop detailed structured responses – organize answers step by step – apply concepts in real-life problem settings

Group brainstorming on selected structured questions Teacher gives feedback on presentation

Past Paper 1s, Marking Schemes
Graph Papers, Geometry Sets, Past Papers
Past paper 2 exams, Marking Schemes

KLB Math Bk 1–4
paper 1 question paper

paper 2 Revision

Section I: Short Answer Questions
Section I: Mixed Question Practice
Section II: Structured Questions
Section II: Structured Questions

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
– practice a variety of short-answer styles – apply problem-solving strategies – build confidence in tackling compulsory questions

Teacher demonstrates approaches Students work in pairs and discuss solutions

Chalkboard, Past Papers, Calculators
Past Papers, Marking Schemes
Past Paper 2s, Marking Schemes
Graph Papers, Geometry Sets, Past Papers

KLB Math Bk 1–4
paper 2 question paper

Paper 1 Revision

Section I: Short Answer Questions
Section I: Short Answer Questions
Section I: Mixed Question Practice

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
– attempt compulsory short-answer questions – show clear working for full marks – apply speed and accuracy in solving problems

Students attempt selected questions individually Peer-marking and teacher correction

Past Paper 1 exams, Marking Schemes
Chalkboard, Past Papers, Calculators
Past Papers, Marking Schemes

KLB Math Bk 1–4, paper 1 question paper

Paper 1 Revision
paper 2 Revision

Section II: Structured Questions
Section I: Short Answer Questions

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
– develop detailed structured responses – organize answers step by step – apply concepts in real-life problem settings

Group brainstorming on selected structured questions Teacher gives feedback on presentation

Past Paper 1s, Marking Schemes
Graph Papers, Geometry Sets, Past Papers
Past paper 2 exams, Marking Schemes

KLB Math Bk 1–4
paper 1 question paper

paper 2 Revision

Section I: Short Answer Questions
Section I: Mixed Question Practice
Section II: Structured Questions

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
– practice a variety of short-answer styles – apply problem-solving strategies – build confidence in tackling compulsory questions

Teacher demonstrates approaches Students work in pairs and discuss solutions

Chalkboard, Past Papers, Calculators
Past Papers, Marking Schemes
Past Paper 2s, Marking Schemes

KLB Math Bk 1–4
paper 2 question paper

paper 2 Revision
Paper 1 Revision
Paper 1 Revision

Section II: Structured Questions
Section I: Short Answer Questions
Section I: Short Answer Questions

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
– practice extended problem solving – interpret and use graphs, diagrams and data – present answers clearly for maximum marks

Students attempt structured questions under timed conditions Peer review and corrections

Graph Papers, Geometry Sets, Past Papers
Past Paper 1 exams, Marking Schemes
Chalkboard, Past Papers, Calculators

KLB Math Bk 1–4
paper 2 question paper

Paper 1 Revision
paper 2 Revision

Section I: Mixed Question Practice
Section II: Structured Questions
Section II: Structured Questions
Section I: Short Answer Questions

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
– integrate knowledge to solve mixed short questions – apply logical reasoning and time management – identify common errors and correct them

Timed practice with mixed short-answer questions Class discussion of solutions

Past Papers, Marking Schemes
Past Paper 1s, Marking Schemes
Graph Papers, Geometry Sets, Past Papers
Past paper 2 exams, Marking Schemes

Students’ Notes, Revision Texts
paper 1 question paper

paper 2 Revision

Section I: Short Answer Questions
Section I: Mixed Question Practice
Section II: Structured Questions

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
– practice a variety of short-answer styles – apply problem-solving strategies – build confidence in tackling compulsory questions

Teacher demonstrates approaches Students work in pairs and discuss solutions

Chalkboard, Past Papers, Calculators
Past Papers, Marking Schemes
Past Paper 2s, Marking Schemes

KLB Math Bk 1–4
paper 2 question paper

paper 2 Revision
Paper 1 Revision
Paper 1 Revision

Section II: Structured Questions
Section I: Short Answer Questions
Section I: Short Answer Questions

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
– practice extended problem solving – interpret and use graphs, diagrams and data – present answers clearly for maximum marks

Students attempt structured questions under timed conditions Peer review and corrections

Graph Papers, Geometry Sets, Past Papers
Past Paper 1 exams, Marking Schemes
Chalkboard, Past Papers, Calculators

KLB Math Bk 1–4
paper 2 question paper

Paper 1 Revision

Section I: Mixed Question Practice
Section II: Structured Questions
Section II: Structured Questions

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
– integrate knowledge to solve mixed short questions – apply logical reasoning and time management – identify common errors and correct them

Timed practice with mixed short-answer questions Class discussion of solutions

Past Papers, Marking Schemes
Past Paper 1s, Marking Schemes
Graph Papers, Geometry Sets, Past Papers

Students’ Notes, Revision Texts
paper 1 question paper

paper 2 Revision

Section I: Short Answer Questions
Section I: Short Answer Questions
Section I: Mixed Question Practice

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
– attempt compulsory short-answer questions – show clear working for full marks – apply speed and accuracy in solving problems

Students attempt selected questions individually Peer-marking and teacher correction

Past paper 2 exams, Marking Schemes
Chalkboard, Past Papers, Calculators
Past Papers, Marking Schemes

KLB Math Bk 1–4, paper 2 question paper

paper 2 Revision
Paper 1 Revision
Paper 1 Revision

Section II: Structured Questions
Section I: Short Answer Questions
Section I: Short Answer Questions

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
– develop detailed structured responses – organize answers step by step – apply concepts in real-life problem settings

Group brainstorming on selected structured questions Teacher gives feedback on presentation

Past Paper 2s, Marking Schemes
Graph Papers, Geometry Sets, Past Papers
Past Paper 1 exams, Marking Schemes
Chalkboard, Past Papers, Calculators

KLB Math Bk 1–4
paper 2 question paper

Paper 1 Revision

Section I: Mixed Question Practice
Section II: Structured Questions
Section II: Structured Questions

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
– integrate knowledge to solve mixed short questions – apply logical reasoning and time management – identify common errors and correct them

Timed practice with mixed short-answer questions Class discussion of solutions

Past Papers, Marking Schemes
Past Paper 1s, Marking Schemes
Graph Papers, Geometry Sets, Past Papers

Students’ Notes, Revision Texts
paper 1 question paper

paper 2 Revision

Section I: Short Answer Questions
Section I: Short Answer Questions
Section I: Mixed Question Practice

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
– attempt compulsory short-answer questions – show clear working for full marks – apply speed and accuracy in solving problems

Students attempt selected questions individually Peer-marking and teacher correction

Past paper 2 exams, Marking Schemes
Chalkboard, Past Papers, Calculators
Past Papers, Marking Schemes

KLB Math Bk 1–4, paper 2 question paper

paper 2 Revision

Section II: Structured Questions

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
– develop detailed structured responses – organize answers step by step – apply concepts in real-life problem settings

Group brainstorming on selected structured questions Teacher gives feedback on presentation

Past Paper 2s, Marking Schemes
Graph Papers, Geometry Sets, Past Papers

KLB Math Bk 1–4
paper 2 question paper