CARBON AND SOME OF ITS COMPOUNDS.

Reduction properties of carbon.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe reduction properties of carbon.
Show reduction properties of carbon.

Teacher demonstration ? Burn strongly a mixture of carbon and CuO on a bottle top.
Observe colour changes and give underlying explanation

CuO, pounded charcoal, Bunsen burner& bottle top

K.L.B. BOOK II P.126

CARBON AND SOME OF ITS COMPOUNDS.

Reaction of carbon with acids. Preparation of CO2.
Properties of CO2.
Chemical equations for reactions involving CO2.
Uses of CO2.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe reaction of carbon with acids.




Prepare CO2 in the lab.
Write balanced CO2.

Teacher demonstration- reaction of carbon with hot conc HNO3.
Write balanced equations for the reaction.

Review effects of heat on carbonates.
Group experiments/teacher demonstration- preparation of CO2.

Give examples of reactions. Write corresponding balanced chemical equations.

Conc. HNO3, limewater.
Lime water,
Magnesium ribbon,
Universal indicator,
lit candle.
text book

K.L.B. BOOK II P.126
K.L.B. BOOK II PP.139-140

CARBON AND SOME OF ITS COMPOUNDS.

Carbon monoxide lab preparation.
Chemical properties of carbon monoxide.
Carbonates and hydrogen carbonates.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To describe preparation of carbon monoxide in the lab

Teacher demonstration: preparation of carbon monoxide in the lab.
Make observations.

text book

K.L.B. BOOK II PP. 142-143

CARBON AND SOME OF ITS COMPOUNDS.

Heating carbonates and hydrogen carbonates.
Extraction of sodium carbonate from trona.
Solvay process of preparing sodium carbonate.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To write equations for reaction of carbonates and hydrogen carbonates on heating.

Discuss the above observations.
Write corresponding balanced equations.

text book
text book, chart

K.L.B. BOOK II PP.150-151

CARBON AND SOME OF ITS COMPOUNDS.

Importance of carbon in nature. & its effects on the environment.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To discuss: - Importance of carbon in nature.
&
Effects of carbon on the environment.

Discuss the carbon cycle and processes that increase/ reduce amount of CO2 in the air.
Uses of CO2 in soft drinks and fire extinguishers.

text book

K.L.B. BOOK II PP.157-158

NITROGEN AND ITS COMPOUNDS

Introduction to Nitrogen - Properties and Occurrence
Isolation of Nitrogen from Air - Industrial and Laboratory Methods

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe position of nitrogen in the periodic table
State electron configuration of nitrogen
Identify natural occurrence of nitrogen
Explain why nitrogen exists as diatomic molecules
Describe isolation of nitrogen from air
Explain fractional distillation of liquid air
Set up apparatus for laboratory isolation
Identify impurities removed during isolation

Teacher exposition: Nitrogen as Group V element, atomic number 7, electron arrangement Discussion: 78% of atmosphere is nitrogen. Q/A: Combined nitrogen in compounds - nitrates, proteins. Explanation: N≡N triple bond strength.
Experiment: Laboratory isolation using aspirator. Pass air through KOH solution to remove CO₂, then over heated copper to remove oxygen. Teacher demonstration: Fractional distillation principles. Flow chart study: Industrial nitrogen production steps.

Periodic table charts, Atmospheric composition diagrams, Molecular models showing N≡N triple bond
Aspirator, KOH solution, Copper turnings, Heating apparatus, Fractional distillation flow chart

KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 3, Pages 119
KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 3, Pages 119-121

NITROGEN AND ITS COMPOUNDS

Laboratory Preparation of Nitrogen Gas
Properties and Uses of Nitrogen Gas

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Prepare nitrogen gas from ammonium compounds
Use sodium nitrite and ammonium chloride method
Test physical and chemical properties of nitrogen
Write equations for nitrogen preparation

Experiment: Mix sodium nitrite (7g) and ammonium chloride ( 5g) with water. Heat gently and collect gas over water. Tests: Color, smell, burning splint, litmus paper, lime water, burning Mg and S. Safety precautions during heating.

Sodium nitrite, Ammonium chloride, Round-bottomed flask, Gas collection apparatus, Test reagents, Deflagrating spoon
Property summary charts, Uses of nitrogen displays, Industrial application diagrams

KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 3, Pages 121-123

NITROGEN AND ITS COMPOUNDS

Nitrogen(I) Oxide - Preparation and Properties

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Prepare nitrogen(I) oxide from ammonium nitrate
Test physical and chemical properties
Explain decomposition and oxidizing properties
Describe uses of nitrogen(I) oxide

Experiment: Heat ammonium nitrate carefully in test tube. Collect gas over warm water. Tests: Color, smell, glowing splint test, reaction with heated copper and sulfur. Safety: Stop heating while some solid remains to avoid explosion.

Ammonium nitrate, Test tubes, Gas collection apparatus, Copper turnings, Sulfur, Glowing splints

KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 3, Pages 123-125

NITROGEN AND ITS COMPOUNDS

Nitrogen(II) Oxide - Preparation and Properties

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Prepare nitrogen(II) oxide from copper and dilute nitric acid
Observe colorless gas and brown fumes formation
Test reactions with air and iron(II) sulfate
Explain oxidation in air to NO₂

Experiment: Add dilute HNO₃ to copper turnings. Observe brown fumes formation then disappearance. Tests: Effect on litmus, burning splint, FeSO₄ complex formation. Discussion: NO oxidation to NO₂ in air.

Copper turnings, Dilute nitric acid, Gas collection apparatus, Iron(II) sulfate solution, Test reagents

KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 3, Pages 125-127

NITROGEN AND ITS COMPOUNDS

Nitrogen(IV) Oxide - Preparation and Properties
Comparison of Nitrogen Oxides and Environmental Effects

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Prepare nitrogen(IV) oxide from copper and concentrated nitric acid
Prepare from thermal decomposition of nitrates
Test properties including equilibrium with N₂O₄
Describe reactions and uses
Compare preparation methods of nitrogen oxides
Distinguish between different nitrogen oxides
Explain formation in vehicle engines
Describe environmental pollution effects

Experiment: Add concentrated HNO₃ to copper turnings. Collect red-brown gas by downward delivery. Alternative: Heat lead(II) nitrate with cooling U-tube. Tests: Solubility, effect on litmus, burning elements, cooling/heating effects.
Comparative study: Properties table of N₂O, NO, NO₂. Discussion: Formation in internal combustion engines. Environmental effects: Acid rain formation, smog, health problems. Worked examples: Distinguishing tests for each oxide.

Copper turnings, Concentrated nitric acid, Lead(II) nitrate, Gas collection apparatus, U-tube with ice, Testing materials
Comparison charts, Environmental impact diagrams, Vehicle emission illustrations

KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 3, Pages 127-131
KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 3, Pages 123-131

NITROGEN AND ITS COMPOUNDS

Laboratory Preparation of Ammonia

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Prepare ammonia from ammonium salts and alkalis
Set up apparatus with proper gas collection
Test characteristic properties of ammonia
Explain displacement reaction principle

Experiment: Heat mixture of calcium hydroxide and ammonium chloride. Collect gas by upward delivery using calcium oxide as drying agent. Tests: Color, smell, combustion, HCl fumes test, litmus paper. Safety: Slanted flask position.

Calcium hydroxide, Ammonium chloride, Round-bottomed flask, Calcium oxide, HCl solution, Glass rod, Litmus paper

KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 3, Pages 131-134

NITROGEN AND ITS COMPOUNDS

Preparation of Aqueous Ammonia and Solubility

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Prepare aqueous ammonia solution
Demonstrate high solubility using fountain experiment
Explain alkaline properties of aqueous ammonia
Write equations for ammonia in water

Experiment: Dissolve ammonia in water using inverted funnel method. Fountain experiment: Show partial vacuum formation due to high solubility. Tests: Effect on universal indicator, pH measurement. Theory: NH₃ + H₂O equilibrium.

Ammonia generation apparatus, Funnel, Universal indicator, Fountain apparatus, pH meter/paper

KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 3, Pages 134-136

NITROGEN AND ITS COMPOUNDS

Reactions of Aqueous Ammonia with Metal Ions
Chemical Properties of Ammonia - Reactions with Acids and Combustion

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Test reactions of aqueous ammonia with various metal ions
Observe precipitate formation and dissolution
Explain complex ion formation
Use reactions for metal ion identification

Experiment: Add aqueous ammonia dropwise to solutions of Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, Al³⁺, Zn²⁺, Fe²⁺, Fe³⁺, Pb²⁺, Cu²⁺. Record observations with few drops vs excess ammonia. Identify complex ion formation with Zn²⁺ and Cu²⁺.

Various metal salt solutions, Aqueous ammonia, Test tubes, Droppers, Observation recording tables
Various dilute acids, Methyl orange, Oxygen supply, Platinum wire, Copper(II) oxide, Combustion apparatus, U-tube for collection

KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 3, Pages 136-138

NITROGEN AND ITS COMPOUNDS

Industrial Manufacture of Ammonia - The Haber Process
Uses of Ammonia and Introduction to Nitrogenous Fertilizers

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe raw materials and their sources
Explain optimum conditions for ammonia synthesis
Draw flow diagram of Haber process
Explain economic considerations and catalyst use
List major uses of ammonia
Explain importance as fertilizer
Calculate nitrogen percentages in fertilizers
Compare different nitrogenous fertilizers

Teacher exposition: N₂ from air, H₂ from natural gas/cracking. Process conditions: 500°C, 200 atm, iron catalyst. Flow diagram study: Purification, compression, catalytic chamber, separation, recycling. Economic factors: Compromise between yield and rate.
Discussion: Uses - fertilizer, refrigerant, cleaning agent, hydrazine production. Introduction to fertilizers: Ammonium sulfate, ammonium nitrate, ammonium phosphate, urea, CAN. Calculations: Percentage nitrogen content in each fertilizer type.

Haber process flow charts, Industrial diagrams, Catalyst samples, Economic analysis sheets
Fertilizer samples, Percentage calculation worksheets, Use application charts, Calculator

KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 3, Pages 140-141
KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 3, Pages 141-144

NITROGEN AND ITS COMPOUNDS

Nitrogenous Fertilizers - Types and Calculations

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Calculate percentage nitrogen in various fertilizers
Compare fertilizer effectiveness
Prepare simple nitrogenous fertilizers
Discuss environmental considerations

Worked examples: Calculate % N in (NH₄)₂SO₄, NH₄NO₃, (NH₄)₃PO₄, CO(NH₂)₂, CAN. Comparison: Urea has highest nitrogen content. Practical: Prepare ammonium sulfate from ammonia and sulfuric acid. Environmental impact discussion.

Various fertilizer formulas, Scientific calculators, Laboratory preparation materials, Environmental impact data

KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 3, Pages 141-144

NITROGEN AND ITS COMPOUNDS

Laboratory Preparation of Nitric(V) Acid

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Prepare nitric acid from nitrate and concentrated sulfuric acid
Set up all-glass apparatus safely
Explain brown fumes and yellow color
Purify nitric acid by air bubbling

Experiment: Heat mixture of KNO₃ and concentrated H₂SO₄ in all-glass apparatus. Collect yellow nitric acid. Explain brown fumes (NO₂) and yellow color. Bubble air through to remove dissolved NO₂. Safety: Gentle heating, fume cupboard.

Potassium nitrate, Concentrated sulfuric acid, All-glass apparatus, Condenser, Retort stand, Safety equipment

KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 3, Pages 144-145

NITROGEN AND ITS COMPOUNDS

Industrial Manufacture of Nitric(V) Acid

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe catalytic oxidation process
Explain raw materials and conditions
Draw flow diagram of industrial process
Calculate theoretical yields and efficiency

Teacher exposition: Ostwald process - NH₃ oxidation with Pt-Rh catalyst at 900°C. Flow diagram: Oxidation chamber, cooling, absorption tower. Equations: NH₃ → NO → NO₂ → HNO₃. Economic factors: Catalyst cost, heat recovery.

Industrial process flow charts, Catalyst samples, Process condition charts, Efficiency calculation sheets

KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 3, Pages 145-147

NITROGEN AND ITS COMPOUNDS

Reactions of Dilute Nitric(V) Acid with Metals
Reactions of Dilute Nitric(V) Acid with Carbonates and Hydroxides
Reactions of Concentrated Nitric(V) Acid - Oxidizing Properties

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Test reactions with various metals
Explain absence of hydrogen gas production
Observe formation of nitrogen oxides
Write equations for metal-acid reactions
Demonstrate strong oxidizing properties
Test reactions with FeSO₄, sulfur, and copper
Observe formation of nitrogen dioxide
Explain electron transfer in oxidation

Experiment: Add dilute HNO₃ to Mg, Zn, Cu. Test gases produced with burning splint. Observe that no H₂ is produced (except with Mg in very dilute acid). Explain oxidation of any H₂ formed to water. Record observations and write equations.
Experiments: (a) Add concentrated HNO₃ to acidified FeSO₄ - observe color change. (b) Add to sulfur - observe reaction. (c) Add to copper turnings - observe vigorous reaction and brown fumes. Explain oxidizing power and reduction to NO₂.

Various metals (Mg, Zn, Cu), Dilute nitric acid, Test tubes, Gas testing apparatus, Burning splints
Various carbonates and hydroxides, Dilute nitric acid, Lime water, Universal indicator, Test tubes
Concentrated nitric acid, Iron(II) sulfate, Sulfur powder, Copper turnings, Test tubes, Fume cupboard access

KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 3, Pages 147-150
KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 3, Pages 150-151

NITROGEN AND ITS COMPOUNDS

Uses of Nitric(V) Acid and Introduction to Nitrates

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
List major industrial uses of nitric acid
Explain importance in fertilizer manufacture
Describe use in explosives and dyes
Introduce nitrate salts and their preparation

Discussion: Uses - fertilizer production (NH₄NO₃), explosives (TNT), dyes, drugs, metal purification, etching. Introduction to nitrates as salts of nitric acid. Methods of preparation: acid + base, acid + carbonate, acid + metal. Examples of common nitrates.

Industrial use charts, Nitrate salt samples, Preparation method diagrams, Safety data sheets

KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 3, Pages 151

NITROGEN AND ITS COMPOUNDS

Action of Heat on Nitrates - Decomposition Patterns

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Test thermal decomposition of different nitrates
Classify decomposition patterns based on metal reactivity
Identify products formed on heating
Write equations for decomposition reactions

Experiment: Heat KNO₃, NaNO₃, Zn(NO₃)₂, Cu(NO₃)₂, NH₄NO₃ separately. Test gases with glowing splint. Observe residues. Classification: Group I nitrates → nitrite + O₂; Group II → oxide + NO₂ + O₂; NH₄NO₃ → N₂O + H₂O.

Various nitrate salts, Test tubes, Bunsen burner, Gas collection apparatus, Glowing splints, Observation recording sheets

KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 3, Pages 151-153

NITROGEN AND ITS COMPOUNDS

Test for Nitrates - Brown Ring Test

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Perform brown ring test for nitrates
Explain mechanism of complex formation
Use alternative copper test method
Apply tests to unknown samples

Experiments: (a) Brown ring test - add FeSO₄ solution to nitrate, then carefully add concentrated H₂SO₄. Observe brown ring formation. (b) Alternative test - warm nitrate with H₂SO₄ and copper turnings. Observe brown fumes. Test unknown samples.

Sodium nitrate, Fresh FeSO₄ solution, Concentrated H₂SO₄, Copper turnings, Test tubes, Unknown nitrate samples

KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 3, Pages 153-154

NITROGEN AND ITS COMPOUNDS

Environmental Pollution by Nitrogen Compounds
Pollution Control and Environmental Solutions
Comprehensive Problem Solving - Nitrogen Chemistry

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain sources of nitrogen pollution
Describe formation of acid rain
Discuss effects on environment and health
Evaluate pollution control measures
Analyze methods to reduce nitrogen pollution
Design pollution control strategies
Evaluate effectiveness of current measures
Propose new solutions for environmental protection

Teacher exposition: NOₓ from vehicles, HNO₃ formation in atmosphere, acid rain effects. Discussion: Chlorosis in plants, building corrosion, soil leaching, smog formation, health effects. Control measures: Catalytic converters, emission controls, proper fertilizer use.
Discussion and analysis: Catalytic converters in vehicles, sewage treatment, lime addition to soils/lakes, proper fertilizer application, industrial gas recycling. Group activity: Design pollution control strategy for local area. Evaluation of current measures.

Environmental pollution charts, Acid rain effect photos, Vehicle emission diagrams, Control measure illustrations
Case studies, Pollution control technology information, Group activity worksheets, Local environmental data
Scientific calculators, Comprehensive problem sets, Industrial data sheets, Experimental result tables

KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 3, Pages 154-157

NITROGEN AND ITS COMPOUNDS

Laboratory Practical Assessment - Nitrogen Compounds

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Demonstrate practical skills in nitrogen chemistry
Perform qualitative analysis of nitrogen compounds
Apply safety procedures correctly
Interpret experimental observations accurately

Practical examination: Identify unknown nitrogen compounds using chemical tests. Prepare specified nitrogen compounds. Demonstrate proper laboratory techniques. Safety assessment. Written report on observations and conclusions.

Unknown nitrogen compounds, All laboratory chemicals and apparatus used in chapter, Safety equipment, Assessment rubrics

KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 3, Pages 119-157

NITROGEN AND ITS COMPOUNDS

Industrial Applications and Economic Importance

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Evaluate economic importance of nitrogen industry
Analyze industrial production costs and benefits
Compare different manufacturing processes
Assess impact on agricultural productivity

Case study analysis: Haber process economics, fertilizer industry impact, nitric acid production costs. Agricultural benefits: Crop yield improvements, food security. Economic calculations: Production costs, profit margins, environmental costs. Global nitrogen cycle importance.

Economic data sheets, Industry case studies, Agricultural statistics, Cost-benefit analysis templates

KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 3, Pages 119-157

NITROGEN AND ITS COMPOUNDS

Chapter Review and Integration

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Synthesize all nitrogen chemistry concepts
Compare preparation methods for nitrogen compounds
Relate structure to properties and reactivity
Connect laboratory and industrial processes

Comprehensive review: Concept mapping of all nitrogen compounds and their relationships. Comparison tables: Preparation methods, properties, uses. Flow chart: Nitrogen cycle in industry and environment. Integration exercises connecting all topics.

Concept mapping materials, Comparison charts, Flow diagram templates, Integration worksheets

KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 3, Pages 119-157