OCEANS, SEAS AND THEIR COASTS

Distinction Between Oceans and Seas

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Distinguish between oceans and seas based on size, location, and connection. Identify the four major oceans and their characteristics. Compare similarities and differences between oceans and seas.

Q/A to review water bodies from previous chapters. Discussion of ocean vs sea characteristics using world map. Students list major oceans and seas in exercise books.

Chalkboard, world map, atlas, exercise books

KLB Secondary Geography Form 3, Pages 113-114

OCEANS, SEAS AND THEIR COASTS

Nature of Ocean Water - Salinity and Temperature
Nature of Ocean Water - Ocean Life and Topography

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain ocean water salinity and factors affecting it. Describe temperature variations in ocean water with depth and latitude. Identify salt content composition in oceans.

Discussion of ocean water composition and salinity measurement. Drawing temperature variation diagrams on chalkboard. Students copy salt content percentages in notebooks.

Chalkboard, chalk, exercise books, thermometer for demonstration
Chalkboard, chalk, exercise books, textbooks

KLB Secondary Geography Form 3, Pages 114-117

OCEANS, SEAS AND THEIR COASTS

Islands and Ocean Pollution
Water Movement - Vertical Movement
Water Movement - Ocean Currents

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Classify islands as continental, oceanic, and coral islands. Give examples from East Africa and globally. Explain ocean pollution sources and effects.

Discussion of island formation types with examples. Analysis of pollution sources from industries and human activities. Students list local pollution examples.

Chalkboard, chalk, exercise books, atlas
Containers, warm and cold water, chalkboard, atlas
Chalkboard, chalk, globe, world map, exercise books

KLB Secondary Geography Form 3, Pages 119-120

OCEANS, SEAS AND THEIR COASTS

Major Ocean Currents
Tides - Formation and Causes
Types of Tides

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Identify characteristics and distribution of major world ocean currents. Give examples: Gulf Stream, Labrador, Kuroshio, California currents. Analyze current patterns in different ocean basins.

Discussion of major ocean currents with world map reference. Students create table of warm and cold currents. Analysis of current circulation patterns.

World map, atlas, chalkboard, exercise books
Chalkboard, chalk, exercise books, stones for demonstration
Chalkboard, chalk, exercise books, textbooks

KLB Secondary Geography Form 3, Pages 124-125

OCEANS, SEAS AND THEIR COASTS

Wave Formation and Types

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain wave formation through wind friction on water surface. Describe wave components: crest, trough, wavelength, height. Distinguish between constructive and destructive waves.

Simple demonstration of wave formation using water basin and fan/breath. Drawing wave diagrams showing crest and trough. Discussion of wave breaking processes.

Water basin, chalkboard, chalk, exercise books

KLB Secondary Geography Form 3, Pages 128-130

OCEANS, SEAS AND THEIR COASTS

Wave Erosion Processes and Features

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe wave erosion processes: corrasion, hydraulic action, attrition, solution. Identify erosional features: cliffs, wave-cut platforms, caves, arches, stacks, stumps.

Discussion of erosion processes with practical examples. Drawing formation sequence of coastal erosional features on chalkboard. Students sketch feature formation stages.

Chalkboard, chalk, exercise books, pictures from textbook

KLB Secondary Geography Form 3, Pages 130-134

OCEANS, SEAS AND THEIR COASTS

Wave Transportation and Deposition

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain longshore drift process and material transportation. Describe factors influencing coastal deposition. Identify transportation mechanisms along coasts.

Simple demonstration of longshore drift using sand and water. Discussion of sediment sorting and deposition patterns. Students draw longshore drift diagrams.

Sand, water container, chalkboard, chalk, exercise books

KLB Secondary Geography Form 3, Pages 134-135

OCEANS, SEAS AND THEIR COASTS

Coastal Depositional Features - Beaches and Spits
Coastal Depositional Features - Bars and Other Features

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe beach formation and characteristics. Explain spit formation at coastline direction changes. Identify beach features: ridges, cusps, berms, beach rock.

Discussion of beach formation conditions and processes. Drawing spit formation diagrams showing longshore drift effects. Students identify local beach examples.

Chalkboard, chalk, exercise books, sand for demonstration
Chalkboard, chalk, exercise books, textbooks

KLB Secondary Geography Form 3, Pages 135-137

OCEANS, SEAS AND THEIR COASTS

Types of Coasts - Concordant and Discordant

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Distinguish between concordant and discordant coasts. Explain factors determining coast types: wave action, tidal currents, rock nature, alignment.

Discussion of coast types with Kenya examples (Malindi-Lamu vs Mombasa). Analysis of factors affecting coastal development. Students identify coast types on maps.

Atlas, chalkboard, chalk, exercise books

KLB Secondary Geography Form 3, Pages 139-140

OCEANS, SEAS AND THEIR COASTS

Submerged Coasts - Highland and Lowland

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain submerged coast formation through base level changes. Describe rias, fjords, and Dalmatian coasts in highland areas. Identify fjards in lowland submergence.

Drawing submerged coast formation diagrams on chalkboard. Discussion of East African rias (Kilindini, Lamu). Students analyze submergence causes.

Chalkboard, chalk, exercise books, maps of Kenya coast

KLB Secondary Geography Form 3, Pages 140-142

OCEANS, SEAS AND THEIR COASTS

Emerged Coasts
Coral Coasts and Reef Formation

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe emerged coast formation through sea level fall. Identify upland features: raised beaches, notches, wave-cut platforms. Explain lowland features: fall-lines, gentle coastal plains.

Discussion of emergence processes and resultant features. Analysis of Kenya coast examples (Mama Ngina Drive, Oceanic Hotel). Students draw emerged coast profiles.

Chalkboard, chalk, exercise books, local examples
Chalkboard, chalk, exercise books, world map

KLB Secondary Geography Form 3, Pages 142-143

OCEANS, SEAS AND THEIR COASTS

Types of Coral Reefs

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Distinguish between fringing reefs, barrier reefs, and atolls. Explain formation processes and characteristics of each reef type. Give examples from East Africa and globally.

Drawing coral reef formation diagrams on chalkboard. Discussion of Great Barrier Reef and local examples. Students sketch reef formation sequences.

Chalkboard, chalk, exercise books, atlas

KLB Secondary Geography Form 3, Pages 144-146

OCEANS, SEAS AND THEIR COASTS

Coral Reef Formation Theories

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain Darwin's, Daly's, and Murray's theories of coral reef formation. Compare different explanations for barrier reef and atoll development.

Discussion of different coral formation theories with diagrams. Comparison of theory strengths and limitations. Students create theory comparison charts.

Chalkboard, chalk, exercise books, textbooks

KLB Secondary Geography Form 3, Pages 146-148

OCEANS, SEAS AND THEIR COASTS

Significance of Oceans - Economic Importance

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain ocean significance for climate modification, fishing, transport, and mineral extraction. Describe HEP generation from tides and tourism benefits.

Discussion of ocean economic activities and benefits. Analysis of global fishing grounds and shipping routes. Students list ocean economic uses.

Chalkboard, chalk, exercise books, world map

KLB Secondary Geography Form 3, Pages 148-149

OCEANS, SEAS AND THEIR COASTS

Significance of Coasts and Coastal Features
Unit Assessment

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe coastal benefits: ports, harbours, fishing grounds, tourism, building materials. Explain marine life habitats and transport challenges.

Discussion of coastal economic activities with Kenya examples. Analysis of port development and coastal tourism. Students evaluate coastal significance.

Chalkboard, chalk, exercise books, maps of Kenya
Assessment papers, atlas, exercise books, maps

KLB Secondary Geography Form 3, Pages 149-150

Soil

Definition and Composition of Soil

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define soil and its components. Distinguish between soil and land. Explain soil composition percentages and constituent importance.

Q/A to review weathering concepts. Exposition on soil definition and regolith formation. Discussion on soil composition including organic matter, inorganic matter, water, air percentages. Analysis of humus importance for plant nutrition.

Soil samples, Composition diagrams, Constituent charts, Microscopes

KLB Secondary Geography Form 3, Pages 198-200

Soil

Soil Forming Processes

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain soil formation through weathering and decomposition. Describe leaching processes including ferralisation, eluviation, podzolisation, calcification.

Discussion on weathering as primary formation process. Exposition on decomposition stages: mineralisation and humification. Explanation of leaching types with climatic examples. Reference to formation diagrams.

Rock samples, Decomposition diagrams, Leaching process charts, Formation illustrations

KLB Secondary Geography Form 3, Pages 200-203

Soil

Factors Influencing Soil Formation
Properties and Profile

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Identify five soil formation factors. Explain parent material influence on soil type. Analyze climate and organism effects. Describe topography and time factors.

Exposition on parent material as key factor determining soil type. Discussion on climate effects including rainfall and temperature variations. Analysis of vegetation and micro-organism roles. Explanation of slope and time influences on soil development.

Parent rock samples, Climate charts, Vegetation specimens, Maps, Time examples
Soil structure samples, pH materials, Colour charts, Profile diagrams, Catena illustrations

KLB Secondary Geography Form 3, Pages 203-205

Soil

Soil Degeneration and Erosion

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define soil degeneration and classify types. Describe erosion types and processes. Identify conditions favouring soil erosion.

Exposition on degeneration types: physical, chemical, biological with causes. Discussion on erosion processes from splash to gully formation. Analysis of erosion factors with Kenyan examples.

Erosion photographs, Degeneration charts, Local examples, Process diagrams

KLB Secondary Geography Form 3, Pages 209-214

Soil
AGRICULTURE

Classification and Management
Introduction and Definition of Agriculture

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Classify soils by order: zonal, intrazonal, azonal. Describe major soil types and their characteristics. Explain soil management and conservation methods.

Exposition on soil classification based on formation conditions. Discussion on major Kenyan soil types and distribution. Analysis of management techniques and conservation methods. Examples of Kenyan conservation practices.

Classification charts, Distribution maps, Conservation photographs, Practice examples
Charts showing agricultural activities, Pictures of crops and livestock, Map of Kenya

KLB Secondary Geography Form 3, Pages 214-228

AGRICULTURE

Physical Factors: Climate
Physical Factors: Relief and Soil
Biotic and Human Factors

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain climate as highest influence factor; Describe temperature effects on crop maturity; Analyze moisture distribution for cotton and tea; Explain wind effects on crops

Review climatic elements; Discussion on pyrethrum quality and sunshine; Analysis of moisture requirements (750mm cotton); Study of Mediterranean citrus adaptation

Maps showing climate zones, Rainfall charts, Pictures of crops, Thermometers
Soil samples, pH testing materials, Maps of Pampas and Prairies, Terraced farming pictures
Pictures of pests, Insect specimens, Wilson Airport maps, Price charts

KLB Secondary Geography Form 3, Pages 233-236

AGRICULTURE

Types of Agriculture: Simple Subsistence and Sedentary Agriculture
Intensive Subsistence Agriculture and Plantation Agriculture

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define simple subsistence farming; Identify local names (Milpa, Counco, Roca, Masole, Citemene, Ladang); Describe shifting cultivation characteristics

Study shifting cultivation practices; Discuss slash-and-burn agriculture; Analyze sedentary agriculture; Compare farming implements

Maps of tropical lands, Slash-and-burn pictures, Farming systems diagrams
Monsoon Asia maps, Rice terraces pictures, Plantation distribution charts

KLB Secondary Geography Form 3, Pages 242-244

AGRICULTURE

Mediterranean Agriculture, Mixed Farming, and Livestock Farming
Distribution of Major Cash Crops in Kenya
Tea Farming in Kenya

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe Mediterranean agriculture regions; Explain farming aspects; Define mixed farming; Identify livestock farming types

Study Mediterranean regions; Analyze orchard farming, viticulture; Discuss mixed farming areas; Introduction to livestock types

Mediterranean maps, Olive grove pictures, Crop combination charts
Figure 13.7 map, Cash crop pictures, Colonial agriculture photos
Figure 13.8 map, Plantation pictures, Processing flow chart, Tea samples

KLB Secondary Geography Form 3, Pages 248-252

AGRICULTURE

Tea Marketing and Sugar-cane Farming

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain KTDA role (260,000 farmers); Describe export destinations; Identify sugar-cane belt; Explain growing conditions

Discuss KTDA achievements; Study Figure 13.10 sugar areas; Analyze out-grower schemes; Sugar processing and uses

KTDA charts, Figure 13.10 map, Factory pictures, Processing diagrams

KLB Secondary Geography Form 3, Pages 257-262

AGRICULTURE

Maize Growing and Cocoa in Ghana

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Identify maize areas and Katumani variety; Describe growing conditions; Identify Ghana cocoa triangle; Explain cocoa conditions

Study Figure 13.14 maize areas; Discuss Portuguese introduction; Analyze Ghana cocoa using Figure 13.15; Cocoa processing to export

Figure 13.14 map, Maize pictures, Figure 13.15 Ghana map, Processing charts

KLB Secondary Geography Form 3, Pages 262-270

AGRICULTURE

Oil Palm in Nigeria and Coffee Farming
Wheat Growing and Horticulture

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe oil palm areas and conditions; Identify coffee regions in Kenya; Explain growing conditions and processing

Study oil palm distribution; Analyze tenera variety yields; Coffee processing steps; Compare with Brazil's Fazendas

Oil palm pictures, Figure 13.18 coffee map, Processing charts, pH testing materials
Figure 13.20 map, Harvester pictures, Figure 13.25 horticulture map, Export charts

KLB Secondary Geography Form 3, Pages 270-283

AGRICULTURE

Pastoral Farming and Dairy Farming
Beef Farming and Agricultural Fieldwork

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe nomadic pastoralism areas and groups; Explain characteristics; Identify dairy farming regions using Table 13.1

Study Figure 13.29 pastoral patterns; Discuss government improvements; Analyze Table 13.1 distribution; Study dairy breeds

Figure 13.29 map, Pastoral pictures, Table 13.1, Cattle breed photos
Cattle breed pictures, Figure 13.40 Pampas map, Sample questionnaires, Data sheets

KLB Secondary Geography Form 3, Pages 299-313