OCEANS, SEAS AND THEIR COASTS

Wave Transportation and Deposition
Coastal Depositional Features - Beaches and Spits

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain longshore drift process and material transportation. Describe factors influencing coastal deposition. Identify transportation mechanisms along coasts.

Simple demonstration of longshore drift using sand and water. Discussion of sediment sorting and deposition patterns. Students draw longshore drift diagrams.

Sand, water container, chalkboard, chalk, exercise books
Chalkboard, chalk, exercise books, sand for demonstration

KLB Secondary Geography Form 3, Pages 134-135

OCEANS, SEAS AND THEIR COASTS

Coastal Depositional Features - Bars and Other Features
Types of Coasts - Concordant and Discordant

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain bar formation: bay bars and offshore bars. Describe tombolo, cuspate foreland, mudflats, salt marshes, and dune belts formation.

Drawing different bar formation types on chalkboard. Discussion of lagoon formation behind bars. Students sketch various depositional features.

Chalkboard, chalk, exercise books, textbooks
Atlas, chalkboard, chalk, exercise books

KLB Secondary Geography Form 3, Pages 137-139

OCEANS, SEAS AND THEIR COASTS

Submerged Coasts - Highland and Lowland
Emerged Coasts

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain submerged coast formation through base level changes. Describe rias, fjords, and Dalmatian coasts in highland areas. Identify fjards in lowland submergence.

Drawing submerged coast formation diagrams on chalkboard. Discussion of East African rias (Kilindini, Lamu). Students analyze submergence causes.

Chalkboard, chalk, exercise books, maps of Kenya coast
Chalkboard, chalk, exercise books, local examples

KLB Secondary Geography Form 3, Pages 140-142

OCEANS, SEAS AND THEIR COASTS

Coral Coasts and Reef Formation
Types of Coral Reefs

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain coral polyp requirements for growth: temperature, clean water, shallow depth, salinity. Describe conditions favoring coral development.

Discussion of coral growth conditions and requirements. Analysis of tropical coral distribution patterns. Students list coral growth requirements.

Chalkboard, chalk, exercise books, world map
Chalkboard, chalk, exercise books, atlas

KLB Secondary Geography Form 3, Pages 143-144

OCEANS, SEAS AND THEIR COASTS

Coral Reef Formation Theories

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain Darwin's, Daly's, and Murray's theories of coral reef formation. Compare different explanations for barrier reef and atoll development.

Discussion of different coral formation theories with diagrams. Comparison of theory strengths and limitations. Students create theory comparison charts.

Chalkboard, chalk, exercise books, textbooks

KLB Secondary Geography Form 3, Pages 146-148

OCEANS, SEAS AND THEIR COASTS

Significance of Oceans - Economic Importance
Significance of Coasts and Coastal Features

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain ocean significance for climate modification, fishing, transport, and mineral extraction. Describe HEP generation from tides and tourism benefits.

Discussion of ocean economic activities and benefits. Analysis of global fishing grounds and shipping routes. Students list ocean economic uses.

Chalkboard, chalk, exercise books, world map
Chalkboard, chalk, exercise books, maps of Kenya

KLB Secondary Geography Form 3, Pages 148-149

OCEANS, SEAS AND THEIR COASTS
ACTION OF WIND AND WATER IN ARID AREAS
ACTION OF WIND AND WATER IN ARID AREAS

Unit Assessment
Definition of Terms and Types of Deserts
Wind Erosion Processes

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Assess understanding of ocean characteristics, water movements, coastal processes, and significance. Evaluate achievement of all learning objectives.

Written assessment covering all unit topics. Practical identification of coastal features from descriptions. Map work exercises using atlas.

Assessment papers, atlas, exercise books, maps
Chalkboard, world map, atlas, exercise books
Sand, small container, chalkboard, chalk, exercise books

KLB Secondary Geography Form 3, Pages 113-150

ACTION OF WIND AND WATER IN ARID AREAS

Wind Erosion Features - Small Scale
Wind Erosion Features - Large Scale
Wind Transportation and Deposition
Sand Dunes - Barchans and Seif Dunes

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe formation of "millet seed" sand grains, rock pedestals (gours), and ventifacts. Explain undercutting and abrasion effects up to 2 meters above ground. Include dreinkanter formation.

Drawing formation diagrams of small-scale erosional features on chalkboard. Discussion of differential erosion on hard and soft rocks. Students sketch feature formation stages.

Chalkboard, chalk, exercise books, small stones for demonstration
Chalkboard, chalk, exercise books, atlas
Sand, fan or strong breath, chalkboard, chalk, exercise books
Sand, small obstacles, chalkboard, chalk, exercise books

KLB Secondary Geography Form 3, Pages 153-155

ACTION OF WIND AND WATER IN ARID AREAS

Other Dune Types, Draas, and Loess
Water Action in Arid Areas - Wadis and Inselbergs
Pediments, Pediplains, and Plateau Features

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain transverse and wake dune formation. Describe draas as large dune features up to 200m high. Define loess as fine-grained wind-deposited soil with examples from Europe, China, and Americas.

Discussion of various dune types and their wind conditions. Analysis of global loess distribution and agricultural importance. Students compare different depositional features.

Chalkboard, chalk, exercise books, world map
Chalkboard, chalk, exercise books, pictures from textbook
Chalkboard, chalk, exercise books, textbooks

KLB Secondary Geography Form 3, Pages 159-160

ACTION OF WIND AND WATER IN ARID AREAS

Water Deposition Features and Dry Valleys
Significance of Arid Features

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe alluvial fan and bajada formation at upland feet. Explain playa and salina development in basins. Identify dry river valleys (laghs/lagas) common in northern Kenya counties.

Discussion of seasonal water flow and deposition patterns. Analysis of Kenya's northern dry valleys with county examples. Students map regional examples of water features.

Maps of Kenya, chalkboard, chalk, exercise books
Chalkboard, chalk, exercise books, pictures of solar panels

KLB Secondary Geography Form 3, Pages 163-164

Action of Water in Limestone Areas

Surface and Underground Water
Features Resulting from Underground Water

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe processes leading to surface and underground water. Distinguish between surface and underground water types. Identify sources of underground water including rain, snow melt, lake/sea water, and magmatic water. Define water table, aquifer and aquifuge. Explain factors affecting occurrence of underground water.

Q/A to review hydrological cycle processes. Exposition on underground water as "body of water derived from percolation and contained in soil, sub-soil and underlying rocks above impermeable layer". Discussion on surface water types and saltiness from weathering. Detailed explanation of water infiltration through permeable rocks and joints/faults. Discussion on factors affecting occurrence including precipitation, evaporation, porosity, permeability, slope, vegetation, saturation levels, evapotranspiration.

Charts showing water sources, Rock samples, Diagrams of percolation and water table, Transparent containers
Topographical maps, Geological cross-sections, Textbook diagrams, 3D models, World maps

KLB Secondary Geography Form 3, Pages 166-170

Action of Water in Limestone Areas

Importance of Underground Water

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain ways underground water is important to humankind and countries. Give specific examples of underground water significance including settlement, irrigation, domestic/industrial supply, geothermal energy, mineral deposits.

Brain storming on underground water uses. Detailed discussion on importance aspects including settlement sites like spring-line settlements, irrigation in dry areas like Sahara oases, domestic/industrial water like Mzima Springs supplying Mombasa, river sources in Kenyan Highlands, geothermal power like Olkaria near Naivasha, mineral deposits like salt at Homa Hills, underground streams keeping lakes fresh like Lake Naivasha.

Photographs of key sites, Maps of Kenya, Case study materials, Charts showing applications

KLB Secondary Geography Form 3, Pages 172-173

Action of Water in Limestone Areas

Action of Water in Limestone Areas and Resultant Features
Significance of Resultant Features

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define karst as area with limestone, chalk or dolomite. Explain chemical processes forming carbonic acid and calcium bicarbonate. Identify conditions for karst development. Describe surface features: grikes/clints, swallow holes, dolines, uvalas, poljes, gorges. Describe underground features: caves, underground rivers, stalactites, stalagmites, limestone pillars.

Q/A to review limestone characteristics from Form 1. Exposition on karst origin and chemical equations. Discussion on development conditions including jointed rocks, humid climate, deep water table. Progressive explanation of surface features using textbook diagrams and formation table. Exposition on underground features with stalactite/stalagmite formation processes. Examples from various countries including Kenya's Marafa Cave.

Limestone samples, Weak acids, Sequential diagrams, Clay for modeling, Salt solution setup, Cave photographs, Safety equipment
Economic charts, Photographs of industries, Tourism materials, Infrastructure maps, Assessment worksheets

KLB Secondary Geography Form 3, Pages 172-178

Glaciation

Definition of Terms
Types of Glaciers and Ice Masses

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define glaciation, ice, snow, snowline, firn, neve fields. Distinguish between permanent and temporary snowlines. Explain glacier formation conditions.

Q/A to review ice formation concepts. Exposition on glaciation definition and related terminology. Discussion on snowline variations with latitude and altitude. Explanation of firn formation through compaction processes. Discussion on glacier formation conditions and avalanche effects.

Charts showing snowline variations, Diagrams of ice formation, Maps showing ice distribution, Safety materials
Glacier example tables, World maps, Photographs of mountain glaciers, Distribution charts

KLB Secondary Geography Form 3, Pages 180-182

Glaciation

Icebergs and Ice Movement
Processes of Glaciation

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define icebergs and explain their formation. Describe iceberg distribution. Explain three ways ice moves. Analyze factors affecting ice movement speed.

Exposition on iceberg formation and distribution. Discussion on iceberg movement by ocean currents. Explanation of ice movement mechanisms including freeze-thaw action, basal slip, and extrusion flow. Analysis of movement speed factors and rates. Comparison of different glacier movement speeds.

World maps showing icebergs, Ocean current charts, Movement mechanism diagrams, Speed comparison data
Rock samples, Process diagrams, Moraine type charts, Glacial debris photographs

KLB Secondary Geography Form 3, Pages 183-184

Glaciation
Soil

Glacial Features and Significance
Definition and Composition of Soil

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe highland and lowland glacial features. Analyze positive and negative significance of glaciation.

Discussion on highland feature formation processes and characteristics. Description of lowland glacial features and formation. Analysis of glaciation significance including economic benefits and challenges. Examples from East African mountains and world locations. Group work on significance evaluation and local applications.

Formation diagrams, Feature photographs, Economic impact charts, Maps showing benefits, East African examples
Soil samples, Composition diagrams, Constituent charts, Microscopes

KLB Secondary Geography Form 3, Pages 186-194

Soil

Soil Forming Processes

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain soil formation through weathering and decomposition. Describe leaching processes including ferralisation, eluviation, podzolisation, calcification.

Discussion on weathering as primary formation process. Exposition on decomposition stages: mineralisation and humification. Explanation of leaching types with climatic examples. Reference to formation diagrams.

Rock samples, Decomposition diagrams, Leaching process charts, Formation illustrations

KLB Secondary Geography Form 3, Pages 200-203

Soil

Factors Influencing Soil Formation
Properties and Profile

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Identify five soil formation factors. Explain parent material influence on soil type. Analyze climate and organism effects. Describe topography and time factors.

Exposition on parent material as key factor determining soil type. Discussion on climate effects including rainfall and temperature variations. Analysis of vegetation and micro-organism roles. Explanation of slope and time influences on soil development.

Parent rock samples, Climate charts, Vegetation specimens, Maps, Time examples
Soil structure samples, pH materials, Colour charts, Profile diagrams, Catena illustrations

KLB Secondary Geography Form 3, Pages 203-205

Soil
AGRICULTURE

Soil Degeneration and Erosion
Classification and Management
Introduction and Definition of Agriculture

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define soil degeneration and classify types. Describe erosion types and processes. Identify conditions favouring soil erosion.

Exposition on degeneration types: physical, chemical, biological with causes. Discussion on erosion processes from splash to gully formation. Analysis of erosion factors with Kenyan examples.

Erosion photographs, Degeneration charts, Local examples, Process diagrams
Classification charts, Distribution maps, Conservation photographs, Practice examples
Charts showing agricultural activities, Pictures of crops and livestock, Map of Kenya

KLB Secondary Geography Form 3, Pages 209-214

AGRICULTURE

Physical Factors: Climate
Physical Factors: Relief and Soil
Biotic and Human Factors

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain climate as highest influence factor; Describe temperature effects on crop maturity; Analyze moisture distribution for cotton and tea; Explain wind effects on crops

Review climatic elements; Discussion on pyrethrum quality and sunshine; Analysis of moisture requirements (750mm cotton); Study of Mediterranean citrus adaptation

Maps showing climate zones, Rainfall charts, Pictures of crops, Thermometers
Soil samples, pH testing materials, Maps of Pampas and Prairies, Terraced farming pictures
Pictures of pests, Insect specimens, Wilson Airport maps, Price charts

KLB Secondary Geography Form 3, Pages 233-236

AGRICULTURE

Types of Agriculture: Simple Subsistence and Sedentary Agriculture
Intensive Subsistence Agriculture and Plantation Agriculture
Mediterranean Agriculture, Mixed Farming, and Livestock Farming
Distribution of Major Cash Crops in Kenya

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define simple subsistence farming; Identify local names (Milpa, Counco, Roca, Masole, Citemene, Ladang); Describe shifting cultivation characteristics

Study shifting cultivation practices; Discuss slash-and-burn agriculture; Analyze sedentary agriculture; Compare farming implements

Maps of tropical lands, Slash-and-burn pictures, Farming systems diagrams
Monsoon Asia maps, Rice terraces pictures, Plantation distribution charts
Mediterranean maps, Olive grove pictures, Crop combination charts
Figure 13.7 map, Cash crop pictures, Colonial agriculture photos

KLB Secondary Geography Form 3, Pages 242-244

AGRICULTURE

Tea Farming in Kenya
Tea Marketing and Sugar-cane Farming

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Identify tea growing highlands; Explain growing conditions (21°C, 1000-2000mm, 1000-1700m); Describe cultivation and processing

Study Figure 13.8 tea areas; Discuss tea varieties; Analyze cultivation process; Step-by-step processing at 100°C

Figure 13.8 map, Plantation pictures, Processing flow chart, Tea samples
KTDA charts, Figure 13.10 map, Factory pictures, Processing diagrams

KLB Secondary Geography Form 3, Pages 253-257

AGRICULTURE

Maize Growing and Cocoa in Ghana
Oil Palm in Nigeria and Coffee Farming

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Identify maize areas and Katumani variety; Describe growing conditions; Identify Ghana cocoa triangle; Explain cocoa conditions

Study Figure 13.14 maize areas; Discuss Portuguese introduction; Analyze Ghana cocoa using Figure 13.15; Cocoa processing to export

Figure 13.14 map, Maize pictures, Figure 13.15 Ghana map, Processing charts
Oil palm pictures, Figure 13.18 coffee map, Processing charts, pH testing materials

KLB Secondary Geography Form 3, Pages 262-270

AGRICULTURE

Wheat Growing and Horticulture
Pastoral Farming and Dairy Farming

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Identify wheat areas and conditions; Compare with Canada's advantages; Define horticulture; Identify horticultural areas

Study Figure 13.20 wheat areas; Analyze Canadian Prairie advantages; Discuss horticultural companies; Export market analysis

Figure 13.20 map, Harvester pictures, Figure 13.25 horticulture map, Export charts
Figure 13.29 map, Pastoral pictures, Table 13.1, Cattle breed photos

KLB Secondary Geography Form 3, Pages 283-299

AGRICULTURE

Beef Farming and Agricultural Fieldwork

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Compare traditional and commercial beef farming; Describe Argentina's Pampas system; Plan agricultural fieldwork

Analyze KMC operations; Study Argentine estancias; Discuss Kaputiei Scheme; Practice fieldwork planning

Cattle breed pictures, Figure 13.40 Pampas map, Sample questionnaires, Data sheets

KLB Secondary Geography Form 3, Pages 313-327