EFFECTS OF AN ELECTRIC CURRENT ON SUBSTANCES.

Molten electrolytes.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To test for electrical conductivities molten electrolytes.

Group experiments- to identify electrolytes in molten form.
Explain the difference in molten electrolytes.

Molten candle wax
Sugar
Sulphur
Lead oxide.

K.L.B. BOOK IIPP. 120-121

EFFECTS OF AN ELECTRIC CURRENT ON SUBSTANCES.

Electrolysis.
Aqueous electrolytes. Electrodes.
Reaction on electrodes.
Binary electrolyte.
Application of electrolysis.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To define electrolysis
To describe the process of electrolysis in terms of charge movement.
To describe half- equation reactions at the cathode and anode

Descriptive approach punctuated with Q/A.
To demonstrate ?Electrolysis of molten lead (II) bromide
Observe colour changes
Explanation of half-equations and reactions at the electrodes.

Graphite electrodes
Battery
Various aqueous solutions switch bulb.
Graphite electrodes
Battery
Various aqueous solutions switch.
text book

K.L.B. BOOK II
K.L.B. BOOK II PP.126-127

EFFECTS OF AN ELECTRIC CURRENT ON SUBSTANCES.
CARBON AND SOME OF ITS COMPOUNDS.
CARBON AND SOME OF ITS COMPOUNDS.

Electroplating.
Allotropy.
Physical and chemical properties of diamond, graphite and amorphous carbon

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To describe electroplating process.

Experiment- Left overnight.
Electroplating an iron nail with silver nitrate/ copper sulphate.
Brief discussion.

Silver nitrate
Iron nail
Complete circuit battery.
text book
Charcoal, graphite.

K.L.B. BOOK II PP. 129-30

CARBON AND SOME OF ITS COMPOUNDS.

Burning carbon and oxygen.
Reduction properties of carbon.
Reaction of carbon with acids. Preparation of CO2.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe reaction of carbon with oxygen.

Teacher demonstration- Prepare oxygen and pass dry oxygen into a tube containing carbon. Heat the carbon. Observe effects on limewater.

Carbon, limewater, tube, limewater stand& Bunsen burner.
CuO, pounded charcoal, Bunsen burner& bottle top
Conc. HNO3, limewater.

K.L.B. BOOK II PP. 134-135

CARBON AND SOME OF ITS COMPOUNDS.

Properties of CO2.
Chemical equations for reactions involving CO2.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe properties of CO2

Simple experiments to determine properties of CO2.

Discuss the observations.

Lime water,
Magnesium ribbon,
Universal indicator,
lit candle.
text book

K.L.B. BOOK II PP.138-139

CARBON AND SOME OF ITS COMPOUNDS.

Uses of CO2.
Carbon monoxide lab preparation.
Chemical properties of carbon monoxide.
Carbonates and hydrogen carbonates.
Heating carbonates and hydrogen carbonates.
Extraction of sodium carbonate from trona.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
State uses of CO2
To write equations for reaction of carbonates and hydrogen carbonates on heating.

Discuss briefly the uses of CO2.
Discuss the above observations.
Write corresponding balanced equations.

text book

K.L.B. BOOK II PP.140-1
K.L.B. BOOK II PP.150-151

CARBON AND SOME OF ITS COMPOUNDS.

Solvay process of preparing sodium carbonate.
Importance of carbon in nature. & its effects on the environment.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To draw schematic diagram for extraction of sodium carbonates.

Discuss each step of the process.

Write relevant equations.

text book, chart
text book

K.L.B. BOOK II

NITROGEN AND ITS COMPOUNDS

Introduction to Nitrogen - Properties and Occurrence

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe position of nitrogen in the periodic table
State electron configuration of nitrogen
Identify natural occurrence of nitrogen
Explain why nitrogen exists as diatomic molecules

Teacher exposition: Nitrogen as Group V element, atomic number 7, electron arrangement Discussion: 78% of atmosphere is nitrogen. Q/A: Combined nitrogen in compounds - nitrates, proteins. Explanation: N≡N triple bond strength.

Periodic table charts, Atmospheric composition diagrams, Molecular models showing N≡N triple bond

KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 3, Pages 119

NITROGEN AND ITS COMPOUNDS

Isolation of Nitrogen from Air - Industrial and Laboratory Methods
Laboratory Preparation of Nitrogen Gas

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe isolation of nitrogen from air
Explain fractional distillation of liquid air
Set up apparatus for laboratory isolation
Identify impurities removed during isolation

Experiment: Laboratory isolation using aspirator. Pass air through KOH solution to remove CO₂, then over heated copper to remove oxygen. Teacher demonstration: Fractional distillation principles. Flow chart study: Industrial nitrogen production steps.

Aspirator, KOH solution, Copper turnings, Heating apparatus, Fractional distillation flow chart
Sodium nitrite, Ammonium chloride, Round-bottomed flask, Gas collection apparatus, Test reagents, Deflagrating spoon

KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 3, Pages 119-121

NITROGEN AND ITS COMPOUNDS

Properties and Uses of Nitrogen Gas
Nitrogen(I) Oxide - Preparation and Properties

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe physical properties of nitrogen
Explain chemical inertness of nitrogen
Describe reactions at high temperatures
List industrial uses of nitrogen
Prepare nitrogen(I) oxide from ammonium nitrate
Test physical and chemical properties
Explain decomposition and oxidizing properties
Describe uses of nitrogen(I) oxide

Analysis of test results: Colorless, odorless, does not burn or support combustion. Discussion: Triple bond strength and chemical inertness. High temperature reactions with metals forming nitrides. Uses: Haber process, light bulbs, refrigerant, inert atmosphere.
Experiment: Heat ammonium nitrate carefully in test tube. Collect gas over warm water. Tests: Color, smell, glowing splint test, reaction with heated copper and sulfur. Safety: Stop heating while some solid remains to avoid explosion.

Property summary charts, Uses of nitrogen displays, Industrial application diagrams
Ammonium nitrate, Test tubes, Gas collection apparatus, Copper turnings, Sulfur, Glowing splints

KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 3, Pages 121-123
KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 3, Pages 123-125

NITROGEN AND ITS COMPOUNDS

Nitrogen(II) Oxide - Preparation and Properties
Nitrogen(IV) Oxide - Preparation and Properties

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Prepare nitrogen(II) oxide from copper and dilute nitric acid
Observe colorless gas and brown fumes formation
Test reactions with air and iron(II) sulfate
Explain oxidation in air to NO₂

Experiment: Add dilute HNO₃ to copper turnings. Observe brown fumes formation then disappearance. Tests: Effect on litmus, burning splint, FeSO₄ complex formation. Discussion: NO oxidation to NO₂ in air.

Copper turnings, Dilute nitric acid, Gas collection apparatus, Iron(II) sulfate solution, Test reagents
Copper turnings, Concentrated nitric acid, Lead(II) nitrate, Gas collection apparatus, U-tube with ice, Testing materials

KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 3, Pages 125-127

NITROGEN AND ITS COMPOUNDS

Comparison of Nitrogen Oxides and Environmental Effects

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Compare preparation methods of nitrogen oxides
Distinguish between different nitrogen oxides
Explain formation in vehicle engines
Describe environmental pollution effects

Comparative study: Properties table of N₂O, NO, NO₂. Discussion: Formation in internal combustion engines. Environmental effects: Acid rain formation, smog, health problems. Worked examples: Distinguishing tests for each oxide.

Comparison charts, Environmental impact diagrams, Vehicle emission illustrations

KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 3, Pages 123-131

NITROGEN AND ITS COMPOUNDS

Laboratory Preparation of Ammonia

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Prepare ammonia from ammonium salts and alkalis
Set up apparatus with proper gas collection
Test characteristic properties of ammonia
Explain displacement reaction principle

Experiment: Heat mixture of calcium hydroxide and ammonium chloride. Collect gas by upward delivery using calcium oxide as drying agent. Tests: Color, smell, combustion, HCl fumes test, litmus paper. Safety: Slanted flask position.

Calcium hydroxide, Ammonium chloride, Round-bottomed flask, Calcium oxide, HCl solution, Glass rod, Litmus paper

KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 3, Pages 131-134

NITROGEN AND ITS COMPOUNDS

Preparation of Aqueous Ammonia and Solubility
Reactions of Aqueous Ammonia with Metal Ions
Chemical Properties of Ammonia - Reactions with Acids and Combustion

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Prepare aqueous ammonia solution
Demonstrate high solubility using fountain experiment
Explain alkaline properties of aqueous ammonia
Write equations for ammonia in water
Test neutralization reactions with acids
Investigate combustion of ammonia
Examine catalytic oxidation with platinum
Study reducing properties with metal oxides

Experiment: Dissolve ammonia in water using inverted funnel method. Fountain experiment: Show partial vacuum formation due to high solubility. Tests: Effect on universal indicator, pH measurement. Theory: NH₃ + H₂O equilibrium.
Experiments: (a) Neutralize H₂SO₄, HCl, HNO₃ with aqueous ammonia using indicators. (b) Attempt combustion in air and oxygen. (c) Catalytic oxidation with heated platinum wire. (d) Reduction of CuO by ammonia. Record all observations.

Ammonia generation apparatus, Funnel, Universal indicator, Fountain apparatus, pH meter/paper
Various metal salt solutions, Aqueous ammonia, Test tubes, Droppers, Observation recording tables
Various dilute acids, Methyl orange, Oxygen supply, Platinum wire, Copper(II) oxide, Combustion apparatus, U-tube for collection

KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 3, Pages 134-136
KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 3, Pages 138-140

NITROGEN AND ITS COMPOUNDS

Industrial Manufacture of Ammonia - The Haber Process

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe raw materials and their sources
Explain optimum conditions for ammonia synthesis
Draw flow diagram of Haber process
Explain economic considerations and catalyst use

Teacher exposition: N₂ from air, H₂ from natural gas/cracking. Process conditions: 500°C, 200 atm, iron catalyst. Flow diagram study: Purification, compression, catalytic chamber, separation, recycling. Economic factors: Compromise between yield and rate.

Haber process flow charts, Industrial diagrams, Catalyst samples, Economic analysis sheets

KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 3, Pages 140-141

NITROGEN AND ITS COMPOUNDS

Uses of Ammonia and Introduction to Nitrogenous Fertilizers
Nitrogenous Fertilizers - Types and Calculations

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
List major uses of ammonia
Explain importance as fertilizer
Calculate nitrogen percentages in fertilizers
Compare different nitrogenous fertilizers

Discussion: Uses - fertilizer, refrigerant, cleaning agent, hydrazine production. Introduction to fertilizers: Ammonium sulfate, ammonium nitrate, ammonium phosphate, urea, CAN. Calculations: Percentage nitrogen content in each fertilizer type.

Fertilizer samples, Percentage calculation worksheets, Use application charts, Calculator
Various fertilizer formulas, Scientific calculators, Laboratory preparation materials, Environmental impact data

KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 3, Pages 141-144

NITROGEN AND ITS COMPOUNDS

Laboratory Preparation of Nitric(V) Acid

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Prepare nitric acid from nitrate and concentrated sulfuric acid
Set up all-glass apparatus safely
Explain brown fumes and yellow color
Purify nitric acid by air bubbling

Experiment: Heat mixture of KNO₃ and concentrated H₂SO₄ in all-glass apparatus. Collect yellow nitric acid. Explain brown fumes (NO₂) and yellow color. Bubble air through to remove dissolved NO₂. Safety: Gentle heating, fume cupboard.

Potassium nitrate, Concentrated sulfuric acid, All-glass apparatus, Condenser, Retort stand, Safety equipment

KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 3, Pages 144-145

NITROGEN AND ITS COMPOUNDS

Industrial Manufacture of Nitric(V) Acid
Reactions of Dilute Nitric(V) Acid with Metals
Reactions of Dilute Nitric(V) Acid with Carbonates and Hydroxides

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe catalytic oxidation process
Explain raw materials and conditions
Draw flow diagram of industrial process
Calculate theoretical yields and efficiency
Test reactions with various metals
Explain absence of hydrogen gas production
Observe formation of nitrogen oxides
Write equations for metal-acid reactions

Teacher exposition: Ostwald process - NH₃ oxidation with Pt-Rh catalyst at 900°C. Flow diagram: Oxidation chamber, cooling, absorption tower. Equations: NH₃ → NO → NO₂ → HNO₃. Economic factors: Catalyst cost, heat recovery.
Experiment: Add dilute HNO₃ to Mg, Zn, Cu. Test gases produced with burning splint. Observe that no H₂ is produced (except with Mg in very dilute acid). Explain oxidation of any H₂ formed to water. Record observations and write equations.

Industrial process flow charts, Catalyst samples, Process condition charts, Efficiency calculation sheets
Various metals (Mg, Zn, Cu), Dilute nitric acid, Test tubes, Gas testing apparatus, Burning splints
Various carbonates and hydroxides, Dilute nitric acid, Lime water, Universal indicator, Test tubes

KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 3, Pages 145-147
KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 3, Pages 147-150

NITROGEN AND ITS COMPOUNDS

Reactions of Concentrated Nitric(V) Acid - Oxidizing Properties

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Demonstrate strong oxidizing properties
Test reactions with FeSO₄, sulfur, and copper
Observe formation of nitrogen dioxide
Explain electron transfer in oxidation

Experiments: (a) Add concentrated HNO₃ to acidified FeSO₄ - observe color change. (b) Add to sulfur - observe reaction. (c) Add to copper turnings - observe vigorous reaction and brown fumes. Explain oxidizing power and reduction to NO₂.

Concentrated nitric acid, Iron(II) sulfate, Sulfur powder, Copper turnings, Test tubes, Fume cupboard access

KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 3, Pages 150-151

NITROGEN AND ITS COMPOUNDS

Uses of Nitric(V) Acid and Introduction to Nitrates

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
List major industrial uses of nitric acid
Explain importance in fertilizer manufacture
Describe use in explosives and dyes
Introduce nitrate salts and their preparation

Discussion: Uses - fertilizer production (NH₄NO₃), explosives (TNT), dyes, drugs, metal purification, etching. Introduction to nitrates as salts of nitric acid. Methods of preparation: acid + base, acid + carbonate, acid + metal. Examples of common nitrates.

Industrial use charts, Nitrate salt samples, Preparation method diagrams, Safety data sheets

KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 3, Pages 151

NITROGEN AND ITS COMPOUNDS

Action of Heat on Nitrates - Decomposition Patterns
Test for Nitrates - Brown Ring Test

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Test thermal decomposition of different nitrates
Classify decomposition patterns based on metal reactivity
Identify products formed on heating
Write equations for decomposition reactions

Experiment: Heat KNO₃, NaNO₃, Zn(NO₃)₂, Cu(NO₃)₂, NH₄NO₃ separately. Test gases with glowing splint. Observe residues. Classification: Group I nitrates → nitrite + O₂; Group II → oxide + NO₂ + O₂; NH₄NO₃ → N₂O + H₂O.

Various nitrate salts, Test tubes, Bunsen burner, Gas collection apparatus, Glowing splints, Observation recording sheets
Sodium nitrate, Fresh FeSO₄ solution, Concentrated H₂SO₄, Copper turnings, Test tubes, Unknown nitrate samples

KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 3, Pages 151-153

NITROGEN AND ITS COMPOUNDS

Environmental Pollution by Nitrogen Compounds
Pollution Control and Environmental Solutions

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain sources of nitrogen pollution
Describe formation of acid rain
Discuss effects on environment and health
Evaluate pollution control measures
Analyze methods to reduce nitrogen pollution
Design pollution control strategies
Evaluate effectiveness of current measures
Propose new solutions for environmental protection

Teacher exposition: NOₓ from vehicles, HNO₃ formation in atmosphere, acid rain effects. Discussion: Chlorosis in plants, building corrosion, soil leaching, smog formation, health effects. Control measures: Catalytic converters, emission controls, proper fertilizer use.
Discussion and analysis: Catalytic converters in vehicles, sewage treatment, lime addition to soils/lakes, proper fertilizer application, industrial gas recycling. Group activity: Design pollution control strategy for local area. Evaluation of current measures.

Environmental pollution charts, Acid rain effect photos, Vehicle emission diagrams, Control measure illustrations
Case studies, Pollution control technology information, Group activity worksheets, Local environmental data

KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 3, Pages 154-157

NITROGEN AND ITS COMPOUNDS

Comprehensive Problem Solving - Nitrogen Chemistry
Laboratory Practical Assessment - Nitrogen Compounds

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Solve complex problems involving nitrogen compounds
Apply knowledge to industrial processes
Calculate yields and percentages in reactions
Analyze experimental data and results

Problem-solving session: Mixed calculations involving nitrogen preparation, ammonia synthesis, nitric acid concentration, fertilizer analysis. Industrial application problems. Data analysis from experiments. Integration of all nitrogen chemistry concepts.

Scientific calculators, Comprehensive problem sets, Industrial data sheets, Experimental result tables
Unknown nitrogen compounds, All laboratory chemicals and apparatus used in chapter, Safety equipment, Assessment rubrics

KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 3, Pages 119-157

NITROGEN AND ITS COMPOUNDS

Industrial Applications and Economic Importance
Chapter Review and Integration

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Evaluate economic importance of nitrogen industry
Analyze industrial production costs and benefits
Compare different manufacturing processes
Assess impact on agricultural productivity

Case study analysis: Haber process economics, fertilizer industry impact, nitric acid production costs. Agricultural benefits: Crop yield improvements, food security. Economic calculations: Production costs, profit margins, environmental costs. Global nitrogen cycle importance.

Economic data sheets, Industry case studies, Agricultural statistics, Cost-benefit analysis templates
Concept mapping materials, Comparison charts, Flow diagram templates, Integration worksheets

KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 3, Pages 119-157