REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Introduction and Fertilisation Types
Reproduction in Amphibia and Mammalian Characteristics

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To distinguish between sexual and asexual reproduction in animals. To compare external and internal fertilisation. To give examples of animals using each method. To explain advantages of each fertilisation type.

Q/A: Review plant reproduction concepts. Discussion: Types of reproduction in animals and hermaphrodites. Detailed comparison: External vs internal fertilisation with examples. Tabulate differences and advantages of each method.

Charts showing reproduction types and fertilisation, Textbook, Wall charts
Frog eggs specimens, Charts showing amphibian and mammalian reproduction, Hand lens

Certificate Biology Form 3, Pages 147-148

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Female Reproductive System Structure
Stages of Reproduction and Oogenesis

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To draw and label the human female reproductive system. To identify functions of ovaries, oviducts, uterus and vagina. To describe uterine structure and endometrium function. To explain placenta formation.

Drawing and labeling: Complete female reproductive system. Teacher demonstration using charts and models. Discussion: Functions of each organ and structure-function relationships. Detailed explanation: Endometrium role and placenta formation during pregnancy.

Charts of female reproductive system, Drawing materials, Models if available, Textbook
Flow charts, Oogenesis diagrams, Drawing materials, Textbook

Certificate Biology Form 3, Pages 149-151

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Menstrual Cycle - Follicle Development and Ovulation
Hormonal Control and Menstrual Phases
Ovum Structure and Fertilisation Process

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To describe the 28-day menstrual cycle. To explain FSH action on follicle development. To describe Graafian follicle formation and ovulation. To outline corpus luteum formation and function.
To identify hormones controlling menstrual cycle. To explain FSH, LH, oestrogen and progesterone functions. To describe menstrual cycle phases and endometrium changes. To explain negative feedback mechanisms.

Teacher exposition: Complete menstrual cycle overview. Discussion: FSH stimulation and Graafian follicle development. Detailed explanation: LH surge, ovulation process on day 14. Q/A: Corpus luteum development and progesterone secretion.
Detailed discussion: Four main hormones and their interactions. Graphical analysis: Hormone levels throughout cycle. Discussion: Endometrium thickening and breakdown phases. Q/A: Negative feedback control mechanisms and menstruation.

Menstrual cycle charts, Drawing materials, Textbook
Hormone level graphs, Menstrual cycle phase charts, Textbook
Ovum structure charts, Fertilisation diagrams, Drawing materials, Textbook

Certificate Biology Form 3, Pages 152-154
Certificate Biology Form 3, Pages 154-156

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Early Development and Twins Formation

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To describe mitotic divisions after fertilisation. To explain morula and blastocyst formation. To distinguish between identical and fraternal twins. To describe mechanisms of multiple births.

Discussion: Zygote divisions and morula formation. Teacher exposition: Blastocyst development and trophoblast function. Detailed explanation: Types of twins and formation mechanisms. Q/A: Genetic basis of identical vs fraternal twins.

Developmental stages charts, Twin formation diagrams, Drawing materials, Textbook

Certificate Biology Form 3, Pages 157-158

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Implantation and Pregnancy Indicators

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To define implantation and describe the process. To explain chorionic villi formation and anchoring. To identify early signs of pregnancy. To explain HCG hormone function and detection.

Detailed discussion: Implantation timing and chorionic villi development. Teacher exposition: Blastocyst embedding in endometrium. Discussion: Early pregnancy symptoms and HCG hormone. Q/A: Laboratory confirmation methods and pregnancy tests.

Implantation charts, Pregnancy test demonstration materials, Textbook

Certificate Biology Form 3, Pages 158-159

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Gestation and Embryonic Membranes

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To define gestation period in humans. To identify extra-embryonic membranes. To describe amnion, chorion and allantois functions. To explain amniotic fluid importance.

Teacher exposition: 40-week gestation period comparison with other mammals. Detailed discussion: Formation and functions of amnion, chorion, allantois. Q/A: Amniotic fluid functions - protection, support, lubrication. Drawing embryonic membrane arrangement.

Gestation charts, Fetal development models, Drawing materials, Textbook

Certificate Biology Form 3, Pages 159-161

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Placenta Structure and Functions
Pregnancy Hormones and Parturition

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To describe placenta structure and formation. To explain maternal and fetal blood separation. To identify nutrient transfer and gas exchange functions. To discuss placental barrier limitations.
To identify hormones during pregnancy. To explain HCG, progesterone and oestrogen roles. To describe hormonal changes triggering birth. To explain the parturition process.

Detailed discussion: Placenta as temporary organ with dual tissue origin. Teacher exposition: Blood vessel arrangement and separation mechanisms. Discussion: Nutrient, oxygen transfer and harmful substance passage. Q/A: Placental protection and its limitations.
Discussion: Hormone secretion patterns during pregnancy. Teacher exposition: HCG, progesterone, oestrogen functions and interactions. Detailed explanation: Hormonal triggers for birth and oxytocin role. Q/A: Uterine contractions, cervix dilation and delivery stages.

Placenta structure diagrams, Function charts, Drawing materials, Textbook
Pregnancy hormone charts, Birth process diagrams, Hormone level graphs, Textbook

Certificate Biology Form 3, Pages 161-163
Certificate Biology Form 3, Pages 163-165

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Male Reproductive System Structure and Functions

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To draw and label male reproductive system. To identify testes, epididymis, vas deferens and accessory glands. To describe functions of each component. To explain scrotum function and temperature regulation.

Drawing and labeling: Complete male reproductive system. Teacher demonstration using charts and models. Discussion: Functions of testes, epididymis, vas deferens, accessory glands. Q/A: Scrotum location and temperature regulation for sperm production.

Male reproductive system charts, Drawing materials, Models if available, Textbook

Certificate Biology Form 3, Pages 164-166

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Sperm Structure and Male Hormones

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To draw and label spermatozoon structure. To explain head, middle piece and tail functions. To describe testosterone and FSH roles. To identify secondary sexual characteristics.

Drawing and labeling: Detailed sperm structure showing all components. Discussion: Sperm adaptations for fertilization and motility. Teacher exposition: Hormone control of sperm production and male development. Q/A: Testosterone effects and secondary sexual characteristics.

Sperm structure diagrams, Male hormone charts, Drawing materials, Textbook

Certificate Biology Form 3, Pages 166-167

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Sperm Structure and Male Hormones

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To draw and label spermatozoon structure. To explain head, middle piece and tail functions. To describe testosterone and FSH roles. To identify secondary sexual characteristics.

Drawing and labeling: Detailed sperm structure showing all components. Discussion: Sperm adaptations for fertilization and motility. Teacher exposition: Hormone control of sperm production and male development. Q/A: Testosterone effects and secondary sexual characteristics.

Sperm structure diagrams, Male hormone charts, Drawing materials, Textbook

Certificate Biology Form 3, Pages 166-167

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

HIV/AIDS - Causes and Transmission
AIDS Symptoms and Prevention

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To describe HIV virus and immune system effects. To explain AIDS development and symptoms. To identify HIV transmission modes. To discuss high-risk behaviors.
To identify early and late AIDS symptoms. To describe opportunistic diseases. To explain AIDS prevention methods. To discuss social responsibility and behavior change.

Detailed discussion: HIV virus structure and immune system destruction. Teacher exposition: AIDS development and opportunistic diseases. Discussion: Transmission modes - sexual, blood, mother-to-child. Q/A: High-risk behaviors and transmission prevention.
Discussion: Early AIDS symptoms and progression to full syndrome. Teacher exposition: Opportunistic diseases and their effects. Detailed explanation: Prevention strategies and behavior modification. Group discussion: Social responsibility and community health.

AIDS awareness charts, HIV transmission diagrams, Educational materials, Textbook
AIDS symptom charts, Prevention posters, Case study materials, Textbook

Certificate Biology Form 3, Pages 167-170
Certificate Biology Form 3, Pages 170-171

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Bacterial STIs - Gonorrhea and Syphilis
Viral STIs and Other Infections

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To describe gonorrhea causes, symptoms and treatment. To explain syphilis stages and progression. To identify transmission modes for bacterial STIs. To discuss antibiotic treatment and prevention.
To describe genital herpes causes and symptoms. To explain hepatitis B transmission and effects. To identify trichomoniasis and other STIs. To emphasize prevention strategies for all STIs.

Detailed discussion: Gonorrhea bacterium and reproductive tract effects. Teacher exposition: Syphilis stages - primary, secondary, tertiary. Q/A: Transmission modes and treatment with antibiotics. Discussion: Prevention methods and partner responsibility.
Discussion: Viral STIs and their incurable nature. Teacher exposition: Herpes simplex virus effects and dormancy. Q/A: Hepatitis B liver effects and vaccination. Discussion: Comprehensive STI prevention and faithful relationships.

STI information charts, Bacterial infection diagrams, Textbook
Viral STI charts, Prevention strategy posters, Textbook

Certificate Biology Form 3, Pages 171-172
Certificate Biology Form 3, Page 172

GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT

Introduction and Definitions

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To distinguish between growth and development. To define growth as permanent increase in size and weight. To explain development as structural changes and differentiation. To relate growth to cell division and tissue formation.

Q/A: Review reproduction concepts. Discussion: Definition of growth vs development. Teacher exposition: Cell division, differentiation and tissue formation. Q/A: Examples of growth and development in organisms. Discussion: Growth as characteristic of living organisms.

Charts showing growth and development, Textbook, Wall charts

Certificate Biology Form 3, Pages 178-179

GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT

Measurement of Growth

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To identify different methods of measuring growth. To explain linear dimensions, mass and dry weight measurements. To describe advantages and limitations of each method. To calculate growth rates.

Discussion: Methods of measuring growth in plants and animals. Teacher exposition: Linear measurements, mass, dry weight procedures. Practical demonstration: Measuring techniques. Q/A: Why dry weight is more accurate for plants. Calculate growth rate examples.

Measuring instruments, Scales, Rulers, Calculators, Sample plants

Certificate Biology Form 3, Pages 178-179

GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT

Patterns and Rate of Growth
Factors Controlling Plant Growth

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To describe continuous and discontinuous growth patterns. To interpret growth curves for plants. To explain factors affecting growth rate. To calculate growth rates from given data.

Analysis of growth curves showing continuous vs discontinuous patterns. Teacher exposition: Growth phases A-B, B-C, C-D, D-E, E-F. Discussion: Environmental effects on growth patterns. Mathematical exercises: Calculating growth rates from data.

Growth curve charts, Graph paper, Calculators, Sample data sets
Environmental factor charts, Temperature scales, Light meters if available, Textbook

Certificate Biology Form 3, Pages 179-180

GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT

Stages of Growth and Life Cycle
Seed Structure - Monocots and Dicots
Conditions for Germination

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To describe stages from seed to maturity. To distinguish between annuals and perennials. To identify vegetative and reproductive phases. To explain germination, primary and secondary growth.
To identify conditions necessary for seed germination. To explain roles of water, oxygen and temperature in germination. To describe enzyme activation and food mobilization. To investigate scarification effects.

Discussion: Plant life cycle from seed to maturity. Teacher exposition: Vegetative vs reproductive growth phases. Q/A: Differences between annuals and perennials with examples. Overview of germination, primary and secondary growth stages.
Detailed discussion: Water absorption, enzyme activation, hydrolysis reactions. Teacher exposition: Oxygen requirements for respiration and ATP production. Q/A: Temperature effects on enzyme activity. Discussion: Scarification and testa permeability. Demonstration of vernalization concept.

Plant life cycle charts, Examples of annual and perennial plants, Textbook
Soaked bean and maize seeds, Hand lens, Scalpels, Drawing materials, Iodine solution
Germination apparatus, Seeds at different stages, Temperature monitoring equipment, Textbook

Certificate Biology Form 3, Pages 181-182
Certificate Biology Form 3, Pages 183-184

GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT

Types of Germination
Germination Practical Investigation

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To distinguish between epigeal and hypogeal germination. To describe hypocotyl and epicotyl elongation. To explain cotyledon behavior in each type. To give examples of plants showing each germination type.

Practical observation: Germinating bean and maize seeds at different stages. Teacher exposition: Epigeal germination - hypocotyl elongation, cotyledon emergence. Discussion: Hypogeal germination - epicotyl elongation, cotyledons remain underground. Drawing comparative diagrams of both types.

Germinating seeds at various stages, Drawing materials, Observation trays, Hand lens
Seeds, Petri dishes, Cotton wool, Measuring rulers, Data recording sheets, Clay pots

Certificate Biology Form 3, Pages 184-186

GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT

Primary Growth and Meristems

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To describe primary growth in plants. To identify apical meristems and their functions. To explain tissue development from meristems. To relate meristem activity to plant growth.

Discussion: Primary growth in seedlings and herbaceous plants. Teacher exposition: Apical meristem structure and cell characteristics. Q/A: Meristem cell division and differentiation processes. Drawing diagrams showing meristem distribution in plants.

Meristem distribution charts, Drawing materials, Microscope slides of meristems, Textbook

Certificate Biology Form 3, Pages 186-187

GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT

Secondary Growth and Cambium Activity

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To describe secondary growth in dicots. To explain vascular cambium and cork cambium functions. To identify secondary xylem and phloem formation. To relate secondary growth to plant strength and support.

Detailed discussion: Secondary thickening in woody plants. Teacher exposition: Vascular cambium tangential divisions. Q/A: Secondary xylem and phloem development. Discussion: Cork cambium, lenticels and bark formation. Drawing cross-sections showing secondary tissues.

Secondary growth diagrams, Tree trunk sections, Drawing materials, Hand lens

Certificate Biology Form 3, Pages 186-188

GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT

Annual Rings and Plant Dormancy

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To explain annual ring formation in temperate trees. To describe factors causing plant dormancy. To identify dormancy in buds, seeds and organs. To explain dormancy advantages for plant survival.

Discussion: Annual growth seasons and ring formation. Teacher exposition: Environmental factors triggering dormancy. Q/A: Metabolic changes during dormancy periods. Discussion: Dormancy in bulbs, corms, rhizomes. Examples of seasonal dormancy in tropical plants.

Tree trunk cross-sections, Dormant plant organs, Charts, Textbook

Certificate Biology Form 3, Page 188

GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT

Seed Dormancy and Breaking Mechanisms

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To describe seed dormancy characteristics. To explain factors that break seed dormancy. To identify vernalization, moisture, light and chemical effects. To discuss advantages of seed dormancy.

Detailed discussion: Dormant seed characteristics and low metabolic activity. Teacher exposition: Vernalization, moisture, light requirements. Q/A: Chemical inhibitors and gibberellic acid effects. Discussion: Dormancy advantages - dispersal time, favorable conditions.

Dormant seeds, Germination comparison setups, Chemical solutions, Textbook

Certificate Biology Form 3, Pages 188-189

GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT

Plant Growth Substances - Auxins

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To describe discovery of plant hormones by Fritz Went. To explain auxin functions in stems, leaves, roots and fruits. To identify IAA structure and translocation. To discuss practical applications of auxins.

Teacher exposition: Went's experiments with oat coleoptiles and auxin discovery. Discussion: Auxin effects in different plant organs. Q/A: Apical dominance and parthenocarpy. Practical applications: rooting powders, herbicides, fruit development.

Auxin experiment diagrams, Plant cuttings, Rooting powder demonstration, Textbook

Certificate Biology Form 3, Pages 189-192

GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT

Gibberellins, Cytokinins and Other Hormones

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To describe gibberellin functions and effects. To explain cytokinin roles in cell division and growth. To identify abscissic acid as growth inhibitor. To describe ethene and florigen effects.

Discussion: Gibberellin effects on stem elongation and seed germination. Teacher exposition: Cytokinin functions in meristematic tissues. Q/A: Abscissic acid antagonistic effects. Discussion: Ethene in fruit ripening and florigen in flowering.

Plant hormone effect charts, Ripening fruits, Textbook

Certificate Biology Form 3, Pages 192-194

GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT

Practical Applications of Plant Hormones

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To explain commercial uses of plant hormones. To describe hormone applications in agriculture and horticulture. To identify hormone uses in crop production. To discuss economic benefits of hormone applications.

Discussion: Commercial applications of auxins in propagation. Teacher exposition: Gibberellins in brewing and dwarf plant treatment. Q/A: Hormone use in fruit production and weed control. Case studies: Economic benefits in agriculture and horticulture.

Hormone application examples, Agricultural product samples, Case study materials

Certificate Biology Form 3, Pages 191-194

GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT

Animal Growth Patterns and Life Cycles

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To distinguish continuous from discontinuous growth in animals. To describe sigmoid growth curve phases. To explain lag, exponential, decelerating and plateau phases. To compare growth patterns in different animal groups.

Analysis of sigmoid growth curves showing four phases. Teacher exposition: Continuous growth in mammals, birds, fish. Discussion: Discontinuous growth in insects and amphibians. Q/A: Factors affecting each growth phase.

Growth curve charts, Animal development examples, Graph paper, Textbook

Certificate Biology Form 3, Pages 193-194

GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT

Complete Metamorphosis

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To describe complete metamorphosis stages. To explain life cycle of housefly and butterfly. To identify egg, larva, pupa and adult stages. To discuss economic importance of insects with complete metamorphosis.

Detailed study: Housefly life cycle - egg, maggot, pupa, imago. Teacher exposition: Butterfly development - caterpillar, chrysalis, adult. Q/A: Structural and behavioral differences between stages. Discussion: Economic importance - pests, silk production.

Insect life cycle charts, Preserved specimens if available, Drawings, Textbook

Certificate Biology Form 3, Pages 195-198

GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT

Incomplete Metamorphosis

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To describe incomplete metamorphosis characteristics. To explain life cycles of cockroach and locust. To identify nymphal stages and molting process. To compare complete and incomplete metamorphosis.

Discussion: Egg to adult development through nymphal stages. Teacher exposition: Cockroach and locust life cycles. Q/A: Molting/ecdysis process and wing development. Comparison table: Complete vs incomplete metamorphosis.

Incomplete metamorphosis charts, Grasshopper specimens, Comparison tables, Textbook

Certificate Biology Form 3, Pages 198-199

GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT

Hormonal Control of Growth in Animals

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To identify growth hormones in different animals. To explain human growth hormone from pituitary gland. To describe insect molting hormones - ecdysone and juvenile hormone. To explain thyroxine role in frog metamorphosis.

Discussion: Growth hormone control in mammals. Teacher exposition: Pituitary gland and human growth regulation. Q/A: Insect hormone balance - ecdysone and neotonin effects. Discussion: Thyroxine control of amphibian metamorphosis.

Hormone control charts, Animal development diagrams, Textbook

Certificate Biology Form 3, Page 199

GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT

Hormonal Control of Growth in Animals

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To identify growth hormones in different animals. To explain human growth hormone from pituitary gland. To describe insect molting hormones - ecdysone and juvenile hormone. To explain thyroxine role in frog metamorphosis.

Discussion: Growth hormone control in mammals. Teacher exposition: Pituitary gland and human growth regulation. Q/A: Insect hormone balance - ecdysone and neotonin effects. Discussion: Thyroxine control of amphibian metamorphosis.

Hormone control charts, Animal development diagrams, Textbook

Certificate Biology Form 3, Page 199

GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT

Growth Measurement Practical

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To measure plant growth over time. To record linear measurements and calculate growth rates. To plot growth curves from collected data. To analyze factors affecting growth differences.

Practical work: Long-term measurement of plant growth (height, leaf length). Data recording: Daily/weekly measurements over extended period. Mathematical analysis: Growth rate calculations. Graph plotting: Growth curves and growth rate curves.

Growing plants, Measuring rulers, Data recording sheets, Graph paper, Calculators

Certificate Biology Form 3, Pages 201-202