OCEANS, SEAS AND THEIR COASTS

Distinction Between Oceans and Seas
Nature of Ocean Water - Salinity and Temperature

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Distinguish between oceans and seas based on size, location, and connection. Identify the four major oceans and their characteristics. Compare similarities and differences between oceans and seas.

Q/A to review water bodies from previous chapters. Discussion of ocean vs sea characteristics using world map. Students list major oceans and seas in exercise books.

Chalkboard, world map, atlas, exercise books
Chalkboard, chalk, exercise books, thermometer for demonstration

KLB Secondary Geography Form 3, Pages 113-114

OCEANS, SEAS AND THEIR COASTS

Nature of Ocean Water - Ocean Life and Topography
Islands and Ocean Pollution

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe ocean life including plankton, nekton, and benthos. Explain ocean topography features: continental shelf, slope, abyssal plain, ridges, and trenches.

Discussion of marine organisms and their habitats. Drawing ocean floor profile on chalkboard showing topographical features. Students sketch ocean life zones.

Chalkboard, chalk, exercise books, textbooks
Chalkboard, chalk, exercise books, atlas

KLB Secondary Geography Form 3, Pages 117-119

OCEANS, SEAS AND THEIR COASTS

Water Movement - Vertical Movement
Water Movement - Ocean Currents

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain vertical water movement through upwelling and downwelling. Describe causes: density differences and converging currents. Analyze significance for marine life and fishing.

Discussion of density differences in ocean water. Simple demonstration using warm and cold water in containers. Analysis of upwelling areas and fishing grounds.

Containers, warm and cold water, chalkboard, atlas
Chalkboard, chalk, globe, world map, exercise books

KLB Secondary Geography Form 3, Pages 120-122

OCEANS, SEAS AND THEIR COASTS

Major Ocean Currents

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Identify characteristics and distribution of major world ocean currents. Give examples: Gulf Stream, Labrador, Kuroshio, California currents. Analyze current patterns in different ocean basins.

Discussion of major ocean currents with world map reference. Students create table of warm and cold currents. Analysis of current circulation patterns.

World map, atlas, chalkboard, exercise books

KLB Secondary Geography Form 3, Pages 124-125

OCEANS, SEAS AND THEIR COASTS

Tides - Formation and Causes
Types of Tides

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain tide formation through gravitational pull of moon and sun. Describe earth's rotation effects on tidal patterns. Define tidal range and lunar day concepts.

Discussion of gravitational forces using simple demonstrations. Drawing tidal formation diagrams on chalkboard. Students observe local tidal patterns if applicable.

Chalkboard, chalk, exercise books, stones for demonstration
Chalkboard, chalk, exercise books, textbooks

KLB Secondary Geography Form 3, Pages 125-127

OCEANS, SEAS AND THEIR COASTS

Wave Formation and Types

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain wave formation through wind friction on water surface. Describe wave components: crest, trough, wavelength, height. Distinguish between constructive and destructive waves.

Simple demonstration of wave formation using water basin and fan/breath. Drawing wave diagrams showing crest and trough. Discussion of wave breaking processes.

Water basin, chalkboard, chalk, exercise books

KLB Secondary Geography Form 3, Pages 128-130

OCEANS, SEAS AND THEIR COASTS

Wave Erosion Processes and Features

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe wave erosion processes: corrasion, hydraulic action, attrition, solution. Identify erosional features: cliffs, wave-cut platforms, caves, arches, stacks, stumps.

Discussion of erosion processes with practical examples. Drawing formation sequence of coastal erosional features on chalkboard. Students sketch feature formation stages.

Chalkboard, chalk, exercise books, pictures from textbook

KLB Secondary Geography Form 3, Pages 130-134

OCEANS, SEAS AND THEIR COASTS

Wave Transportation and Deposition

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain longshore drift process and material transportation. Describe factors influencing coastal deposition. Identify transportation mechanisms along coasts.

Simple demonstration of longshore drift using sand and water. Discussion of sediment sorting and deposition patterns. Students draw longshore drift diagrams.

Sand, water container, chalkboard, chalk, exercise books

KLB Secondary Geography Form 3, Pages 134-135

OCEANS, SEAS AND THEIR COASTS

Wave Transportation and Deposition

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain longshore drift process and material transportation. Describe factors influencing coastal deposition. Identify transportation mechanisms along coasts.

Simple demonstration of longshore drift using sand and water. Discussion of sediment sorting and deposition patterns. Students draw longshore drift diagrams.

Sand, water container, chalkboard, chalk, exercise books

KLB Secondary Geography Form 3, Pages 134-135

OCEANS, SEAS AND THEIR COASTS

Coastal Depositional Features - Beaches and Spits

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe beach formation and characteristics. Explain spit formation at coastline direction changes. Identify beach features: ridges, cusps, berms, beach rock.

Discussion of beach formation conditions and processes. Drawing spit formation diagrams showing longshore drift effects. Students identify local beach examples.

Chalkboard, chalk, exercise books, sand for demonstration

KLB Secondary Geography Form 3, Pages 135-137

OCEANS, SEAS AND THEIR COASTS

Coastal Depositional Features - Bars and Other Features

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain bar formation: bay bars and offshore bars. Describe tombolo, cuspate foreland, mudflats, salt marshes, and dune belts formation.

Drawing different bar formation types on chalkboard. Discussion of lagoon formation behind bars. Students sketch various depositional features.

Chalkboard, chalk, exercise books, textbooks

KLB Secondary Geography Form 3, Pages 137-139

OCEANS, SEAS AND THEIR COASTS

Types of Coasts - Concordant and Discordant

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Distinguish between concordant and discordant coasts. Explain factors determining coast types: wave action, tidal currents, rock nature, alignment.

Discussion of coast types with Kenya examples (Malindi-Lamu vs Mombasa). Analysis of factors affecting coastal development. Students identify coast types on maps.

Atlas, chalkboard, chalk, exercise books

KLB Secondary Geography Form 3, Pages 139-140

OCEANS, SEAS AND THEIR COASTS

Submerged Coasts - Highland and Lowland

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain submerged coast formation through base level changes. Describe rias, fjords, and Dalmatian coasts in highland areas. Identify fjards in lowland submergence.

Drawing submerged coast formation diagrams on chalkboard. Discussion of East African rias (Kilindini, Lamu). Students analyze submergence causes.

Chalkboard, chalk, exercise books, maps of Kenya coast

KLB Secondary Geography Form 3, Pages 140-142

OCEANS, SEAS AND THEIR COASTS

Emerged Coasts

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe emerged coast formation through sea level fall. Identify upland features: raised beaches, notches, wave-cut platforms. Explain lowland features: fall-lines, gentle coastal plains.

Discussion of emergence processes and resultant features. Analysis of Kenya coast examples (Mama Ngina Drive, Oceanic Hotel). Students draw emerged coast profiles.

Chalkboard, chalk, exercise books, local examples

KLB Secondary Geography Form 3, Pages 142-143

OCEANS, SEAS AND THEIR COASTS

Coral Coasts and Reef Formation

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain coral polyp requirements for growth: temperature, clean water, shallow depth, salinity. Describe conditions favoring coral development.

Discussion of coral growth conditions and requirements. Analysis of tropical coral distribution patterns. Students list coral growth requirements.

Chalkboard, chalk, exercise books, world map

KLB Secondary Geography Form 3, Pages 143-144

OCEANS, SEAS AND THEIR COASTS

Types of Coral Reefs

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Distinguish between fringing reefs, barrier reefs, and atolls. Explain formation processes and characteristics of each reef type. Give examples from East Africa and globally.

Drawing coral reef formation diagrams on chalkboard. Discussion of Great Barrier Reef and local examples. Students sketch reef formation sequences.

Chalkboard, chalk, exercise books, atlas

KLB Secondary Geography Form 3, Pages 144-146

OCEANS, SEAS AND THEIR COASTS

Types of Coral Reefs

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Distinguish between fringing reefs, barrier reefs, and atolls. Explain formation processes and characteristics of each reef type. Give examples from East Africa and globally.

Drawing coral reef formation diagrams on chalkboard. Discussion of Great Barrier Reef and local examples. Students sketch reef formation sequences.

Chalkboard, chalk, exercise books, atlas

KLB Secondary Geography Form 3, Pages 144-146

OCEANS, SEAS AND THEIR COASTS

Coral Reef Formation Theories

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain Darwin's, Daly's, and Murray's theories of coral reef formation. Compare different explanations for barrier reef and atoll development.

Discussion of different coral formation theories with diagrams. Comparison of theory strengths and limitations. Students create theory comparison charts.

Chalkboard, chalk, exercise books, textbooks

KLB Secondary Geography Form 3, Pages 146-148

OCEANS, SEAS AND THEIR COASTS

Significance of Oceans - Economic Importance

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain ocean significance for climate modification, fishing, transport, and mineral extraction. Describe HEP generation from tides and tourism benefits.

Discussion of ocean economic activities and benefits. Analysis of global fishing grounds and shipping routes. Students list ocean economic uses.

Chalkboard, chalk, exercise books, world map

KLB Secondary Geography Form 3, Pages 148-149

OCEANS, SEAS AND THEIR COASTS

Significance of Coasts and Coastal Features

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe coastal benefits: ports, harbours, fishing grounds, tourism, building materials. Explain marine life habitats and transport challenges.

Discussion of coastal economic activities with Kenya examples. Analysis of port development and coastal tourism. Students evaluate coastal significance.

Chalkboard, chalk, exercise books, maps of Kenya

KLB Secondary Geography Form 3, Pages 149-150

OCEANS, SEAS AND THEIR COASTS

Unit Assessment

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Assess understanding of ocean characteristics, water movements, coastal processes, and significance. Evaluate achievement of all learning objectives.

Written assessment covering all unit topics. Practical identification of coastal features from descriptions. Map work exercises using atlas.

Assessment papers, atlas, exercise books, maps

KLB Secondary Geography Form 3, Pages 113-150

Soil

Definition and Composition of Soil

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define soil and its components. Distinguish between soil and land. Explain soil composition percentages and constituent importance.

Q/A to review weathering concepts. Exposition on soil definition and regolith formation. Discussion on soil composition including organic matter, inorganic matter, water, air percentages. Analysis of humus importance for plant nutrition.

Soil samples, Composition diagrams, Constituent charts, Microscopes

KLB Secondary Geography Form 3, Pages 198-200

Soil

Soil Forming Processes

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain soil formation through weathering and decomposition. Describe leaching processes including ferralisation, eluviation, podzolisation, calcification.

Discussion on weathering as primary formation process. Exposition on decomposition stages: mineralisation and humification. Explanation of leaching types with climatic examples. Reference to formation diagrams.

Rock samples, Decomposition diagrams, Leaching process charts, Formation illustrations

KLB Secondary Geography Form 3, Pages 200-203

Soil

Factors Influencing Soil Formation

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Identify five soil formation factors. Explain parent material influence on soil type. Analyze climate and organism effects. Describe topography and time factors.

Exposition on parent material as key factor determining soil type. Discussion on climate effects including rainfall and temperature variations. Analysis of vegetation and micro-organism roles. Explanation of slope and time influences on soil development.

Parent rock samples, Climate charts, Vegetation specimens, Maps, Time examples

KLB Secondary Geography Form 3, Pages 203-205

Soil

Factors Influencing Soil Formation

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Identify five soil formation factors. Explain parent material influence on soil type. Analyze climate and organism effects. Describe topography and time factors.

Exposition on parent material as key factor determining soil type. Discussion on climate effects including rainfall and temperature variations. Analysis of vegetation and micro-organism roles. Explanation of slope and time influences on soil development.

Parent rock samples, Climate charts, Vegetation specimens, Maps, Time examples

KLB Secondary Geography Form 3, Pages 203-205

Soil

Properties and Profile

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe soil properties and structure types. Define soil profile and horizons. Explain soil catena formation.

Discussion on soil structure, texture, acidity, colour, porosity. Explanation of profile as vertical layer arrangement with horizons A-D. Description of catena as slope arrangement and formation processes.

Soil structure samples, pH materials, Colour charts, Profile diagrams, Catena illustrations

KLB Secondary Geography Form 3, Pages 205-209

Soil

Soil Degeneration and Erosion

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define soil degeneration and classify types. Describe erosion types and processes. Identify conditions favouring soil erosion.

Exposition on degeneration types: physical, chemical, biological with causes. Discussion on erosion processes from splash to gully formation. Analysis of erosion factors with Kenyan examples.

Erosion photographs, Degeneration charts, Local examples, Process diagrams

KLB Secondary Geography Form 3, Pages 209-214

Soil

Classification and Management

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Classify soils by order: zonal, intrazonal, azonal. Describe major soil types and their characteristics. Explain soil management and conservation methods.

Exposition on soil classification based on formation conditions. Discussion on major Kenyan soil types and distribution. Analysis of management techniques and conservation methods. Examples of Kenyan conservation practices.

Classification charts, Distribution maps, Conservation photographs, Practice examples

KLB Secondary Geography Form 3, Pages 214-228

AGRICULTURE

Introduction and Definition of Agriculture
Physical Factors: Climate

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define agriculture as growing crops and rearing livestock for human needs; Identify factors influencing agriculture; Explain scope of agricultural activities

Q/A on local farming; Discussion on agriculture definition; List agricultural activities; Introduction to influencing factors

Charts showing agricultural activities, Pictures of crops and livestock, Map of Kenya
Maps showing climate zones, Rainfall charts, Pictures of crops, Thermometers

KLB Secondary Geography Form 3, Pages 232-233

AGRICULTURE

Physical Factors: Relief and Soil
Biotic and Human Factors

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe relief types; Explain lowland cultivation advantages; Analyze soil composition and weathering; Evaluate soil properties

Q/A on relief and mechanization; Study lowland advantages in Monsoon Asia; Examine soil formation from rocks; Discuss hygroscopic water and temperature

Soil samples, pH testing materials, Maps of Pampas and Prairies, Terraced farming pictures
Pictures of pests, Insect specimens, Wilson Airport maps, Price charts

KLB Secondary Geography Form 3, Pages 236-238

AGRICULTURE

Types of Agriculture: Simple Subsistence and Sedentary Agriculture
Intensive Subsistence Agriculture and Plantation Agriculture

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define simple subsistence farming; Identify local names (Milpa, Counco, Roca, Masole, Citemene, Ladang); Describe shifting cultivation characteristics

Study shifting cultivation practices; Discuss slash-and-burn agriculture; Analyze sedentary agriculture; Compare farming implements

Maps of tropical lands, Slash-and-burn pictures, Farming systems diagrams
Monsoon Asia maps, Rice terraces pictures, Plantation distribution charts

KLB Secondary Geography Form 3, Pages 242-244

AGRICULTURE

Mediterranean Agriculture, Mixed Farming, and Livestock Farming

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe Mediterranean agriculture regions; Explain farming aspects; Define mixed farming; Identify livestock farming types

Study Mediterranean regions; Analyze orchard farming, viticulture; Discuss mixed farming areas; Introduction to livestock types

Mediterranean maps, Olive grove pictures, Crop combination charts

KLB Secondary Geography Form 3, Pages 248-252

AGRICULTURE

Distribution of Major Cash Crops in Kenya
Tea Farming in Kenya

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Identify cash crop locations from Figure 13.7; Explain colonial agriculture legacy; Describe government support for small-scale farmers

Review Kenya's agricultural history; Study Figure 13.7 distribution; Discuss colonial vs post-independence farming; Analyze policy changes

Figure 13.7 map, Cash crop pictures, Colonial agriculture photos
Figure 13.8 map, Plantation pictures, Processing flow chart, Tea samples

KLB Secondary Geography Form 3, Pages 252-253

AGRICULTURE

Tea Marketing and Sugar-cane Farming

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain KTDA role (260,000 farmers); Describe export destinations; Identify sugar-cane belt; Explain growing conditions

Discuss KTDA achievements; Study Figure 13.10 sugar areas; Analyze out-grower schemes; Sugar processing and uses

KTDA charts, Figure 13.10 map, Factory pictures, Processing diagrams

KLB Secondary Geography Form 3, Pages 257-262

AGRICULTURE

Maize Growing and Cocoa in Ghana

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Identify maize areas and Katumani variety; Describe growing conditions; Identify Ghana cocoa triangle; Explain cocoa conditions

Study Figure 13.14 maize areas; Discuss Portuguese introduction; Analyze Ghana cocoa using Figure 13.15; Cocoa processing to export

Figure 13.14 map, Maize pictures, Figure 13.15 Ghana map, Processing charts

KLB Secondary Geography Form 3, Pages 262-270

AGRICULTURE

Oil Palm in Nigeria and Coffee Farming

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe oil palm areas and conditions; Identify coffee regions in Kenya; Explain growing conditions and processing

Study oil palm distribution; Analyze tenera variety yields; Coffee processing steps; Compare with Brazil's Fazendas

Oil palm pictures, Figure 13.18 coffee map, Processing charts, pH testing materials

KLB Secondary Geography Form 3, Pages 270-283

AGRICULTURE

Oil Palm in Nigeria and Coffee Farming

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe oil palm areas and conditions; Identify coffee regions in Kenya; Explain growing conditions and processing

Study oil palm distribution; Analyze tenera variety yields; Coffee processing steps; Compare with Brazil's Fazendas

Oil palm pictures, Figure 13.18 coffee map, Processing charts, pH testing materials

KLB Secondary Geography Form 3, Pages 270-283

AGRICULTURE

Wheat Growing and Horticulture

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Identify wheat areas and conditions; Compare with Canada's advantages; Define horticulture; Identify horticultural areas

Study Figure 13.20 wheat areas; Analyze Canadian Prairie advantages; Discuss horticultural companies; Export market analysis

Figure 13.20 map, Harvester pictures, Figure 13.25 horticulture map, Export charts

KLB Secondary Geography Form 3, Pages 283-299

AGRICULTURE

Pastoral Farming and Dairy Farming

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe nomadic pastoralism areas and groups; Explain characteristics; Identify dairy farming regions using Table 13.1

Study Figure 13.29 pastoral patterns; Discuss government improvements; Analyze Table 13.1 distribution; Study dairy breeds

Figure 13.29 map, Pastoral pictures, Table 13.1, Cattle breed photos

KLB Secondary Geography Form 3, Pages 299-313

AGRICULTURE

Beef Farming and Agricultural Fieldwork

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Compare traditional and commercial beef farming; Describe Argentina's Pampas system; Plan agricultural fieldwork

Analyze KMC operations; Study Argentine estancias; Discuss Kaputiei Scheme; Practice fieldwork planning

Cattle breed pictures, Figure 13.40 Pampas map, Sample questionnaires, Data sheets

KLB Secondary Geography Form 3, Pages 313-327