Action of Water in Limestone Areas

Surface and Underground Water

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe processes leading to surface and underground water. Distinguish between surface and underground water types. Identify sources of underground water including rain, snow melt, lake/sea water, and magmatic water. Define water table, aquifer and aquifuge. Explain factors affecting occurrence of underground water.

Q/A to review hydrological cycle processes. Exposition on underground water as "body of water derived from percolation and contained in soil, sub-soil and underlying rocks above impermeable layer". Discussion on surface water types and saltiness from weathering. Detailed explanation of water infiltration through permeable rocks and joints/faults. Discussion on factors affecting occurrence including precipitation, evaporation, porosity, permeability, slope, vegetation, saturation levels, evapotranspiration.

Charts showing water sources, Rock samples, Diagrams of percolation and water table, Transparent containers

KLB Secondary Geography Form 3, Pages 166-170

Action of Water in Limestone Areas

Features Resulting from Underground Water
Importance of Underground Water

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Identify features resulting from underground water: springs, wells, artesian basins and wells. Describe spring formation in well-jointed limestone, at scarp slopes, and spring-lines. Explain well construction and distinguish permanent, intermittent and dry wells. Define artesian basin structure and conditions for artesian well location.

Exposition on springs as "natural outflow of water from rocks" with formation methods in limestone areas. Discussion on bournes as intermittent streams in chalk areas. Explanation of wells as "holes sunk into permeable rock to reach water table" using textbook diagrams. Detailed discussion on artesian basin structure and examples including London Basin, Great Australian Basin, Sahara, Kalahari.

Topographical maps, Geological cross-sections, Textbook diagrams, 3D models, World maps
Photographs of key sites, Maps of Kenya, Case study materials, Charts showing applications

KLB Secondary Geography Form 3, Pages 170-172

Action of Water in Limestone Areas

Action of Water in Limestone Areas and Resultant Features

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define karst as area with limestone, chalk or dolomite. Explain chemical processes forming carbonic acid and calcium bicarbonate. Identify conditions for karst development. Describe surface features: grikes/clints, swallow holes, dolines, uvalas, poljes, gorges. Describe underground features: caves, underground rivers, stalactites, stalagmites, limestone pillars.

Q/A to review limestone characteristics from Form 1. Exposition on karst origin and chemical equations. Discussion on development conditions including jointed rocks, humid climate, deep water table. Progressive explanation of surface features using textbook diagrams and formation table. Exposition on underground features with stalactite/stalagmite formation processes. Examples from various countries including Kenya's Marafa Cave.

Limestone samples, Weak acids, Sequential diagrams, Clay for modeling, Salt solution setup, Cave photographs, Safety equipment

KLB Secondary Geography Form 3, Pages 172-178

Action of Water in Limestone Areas
ACTION OF WIND AND WATER IN ARID AREAS

Significance of Resultant Features
Definition of Terms and Types of Deserts

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain significance of karst landscape features to humankind and countries. Analyze positive and negative impacts of karst features. Evaluate economic importance of limestone areas including tourism, water supply challenges, industrial uses, grazing potential.

Probing questions on karst landscape significance. Detailed discussion on significance aspects including tourism attractions like caves and gorges, solution lakes providing water sources, water scarcity due to intermittent streams, infrastructure development challenges, limestone use in iron/steel industry, grazing suitability for sheep, cement production like Bamburi and Athi River factories, environmental management challenges. Q/A on sustainable use of limestone resources. Topic assessment.

Economic charts, Photographs of industries, Tourism materials, Infrastructure maps, Assessment worksheets
Chalkboard, world map, atlas, exercise books

KLB Secondary Geography Form 3, Pages 178-179

ACTION OF WIND AND WATER IN ARID AREAS

Wind Erosion Processes
Wind Erosion Features - Small Scale
Wind Erosion Features - Large Scale

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain wind erosion processes: abrasion, attrition, and deflation. Describe factors favoring wind action in hot deserts: unconsolidated particles, scanty vegetation, tropical storms.

Discussion of wind erosion mechanisms with practical examples. Simple demonstration using sand and breath/fan to show wind effect. Students draw erosion process diagrams.

Sand, small container, chalkboard, chalk, exercise books
Chalkboard, chalk, exercise books, small stones for demonstration
Chalkboard, chalk, exercise books, atlas

KLB Secondary Geography Form 3, Pages 152-153

ACTION OF WIND AND WATER IN ARID AREAS

Wind Transportation and Deposition
Sand Dunes - Barchans and Seif Dunes
Other Dune Types, Draas, and Loess

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain wind transportation methods: suspension, saltation, surface creep. Describe factors influencing transportation: wind speed, load nature, obstacles, particle state. Explain deposition conditions.

Demonstration of particle movement using sand and fan/breath. Discussion of transportation distances for different particle sizes. Students create transportation process diagrams.

Sand, fan or strong breath, chalkboard, chalk, exercise books
Sand, small obstacles, chalkboard, chalk, exercise books
Chalkboard, chalk, exercise books, world map

KLB Secondary Geography Form 3, Pages 156-157

ACTION OF WIND AND WATER IN ARID AREAS

Water Action in Arid Areas - Wadis and Inselbergs
Pediments, Pediplains, and Plateau Features

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain wadi formation through flash floods creating steep dry valleys. Describe inselberg development as residual rock masses through slope retreat. Give examples from Algeria, Egypt, Saudi Arabia, and Kenya (Nzambani Rock).

Discussion of flash flood processes and erosional effects. Drawing wadi and inselberg formation diagrams on chalkboard. Analysis of water action despite aridity.

Chalkboard, chalk, exercise books, pictures from textbook
Chalkboard, chalk, exercise books, textbooks

KLB Secondary Geography Form 3, Pages 160-161

ACTION OF WIND AND WATER IN ARID AREAS

Water Deposition Features and Dry Valleys

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe alluvial fan and bajada formation at upland feet. Explain playa and salina development in basins. Identify dry river valleys (laghs/lagas) common in northern Kenya counties.

Discussion of seasonal water flow and deposition patterns. Analysis of Kenya's northern dry valleys with county examples. Students map regional examples of water features.

Maps of Kenya, chalkboard, chalk, exercise books

KLB Secondary Geography Form 3, Pages 163-164

ACTION OF WIND AND WATER IN ARID AREAS
Glaciation

Significance of Arid Features
Definition of Terms

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain positive significance: solar energy potential, mineral resources, tourism attractions, unique ecosystems. Describe negative impacts: sand dune migration, agricultural threats, water scarcity challenges, settlement difficulties.

Discussion of arid area opportunities and challenges with global and local examples. Analysis of Kenya's ASAL development potential and problems. Students evaluate significance balance.

Chalkboard, chalk, exercise books, pictures of solar panels
Charts showing snowline variations, Diagrams of ice formation, Maps showing ice distribution, Safety materials

KLB Secondary Geography Form 3, Pages 164-165

Glaciation

Types of Glaciers and Ice Masses

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Distinguish between valley and piedmont glaciers. Define ice sheets and ice caps. Identify African glacier examples. Describe nunataks.

Exposition on glacier types with African examples. Discussion on ice sheet characteristics and global distribution. Explanation of ice cap types and locations. Reference to textbook glacier table showing major examples worldwide. Group work identifying glacier locations on maps.

Glacier example tables, World maps, Photographs of mountain glaciers, Distribution charts

KLB Secondary Geography Form 3, Pages 182-183

Glaciation

Icebergs and Ice Movement

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define icebergs and explain their formation. Describe iceberg distribution. Explain three ways ice moves. Analyze factors affecting ice movement speed.

Exposition on iceberg formation and distribution. Discussion on iceberg movement by ocean currents. Explanation of ice movement mechanisms including freeze-thaw action, basal slip, and extrusion flow. Analysis of movement speed factors and rates. Comparison of different glacier movement speeds.

World maps showing icebergs, Ocean current charts, Movement mechanism diagrams, Speed comparison data

KLB Secondary Geography Form 3, Pages 183-184

Glaciation

Processes of Glaciation

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain glacial erosion through plucking and abrasion. Identify factors influencing erosion. Describe glacial transportation and moraine types.

Discussion on glacial erosion processes of plucking and abrasion. Analysis of factors affecting erosion effectiveness. Explanation of glacial transportation and moraine classification. Reference to textbook diagrams showing moraine types. Q/A on glacial processes and debris movement.

Rock samples, Process diagrams, Moraine type charts, Glacial debris photographs

KLB Secondary Geography Form 3, Pages 184-186

Glaciation
Soil

Glacial Features and Significance
Definition and Composition of Soil

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe highland and lowland glacial features. Analyze positive and negative significance of glaciation.

Discussion on highland feature formation processes and characteristics. Description of lowland glacial features and formation. Analysis of glaciation significance including economic benefits and challenges. Examples from East African mountains and world locations. Group work on significance evaluation and local applications.

Formation diagrams, Feature photographs, Economic impact charts, Maps showing benefits, East African examples
Soil samples, Composition diagrams, Constituent charts, Microscopes

KLB Secondary Geography Form 3, Pages 186-194

Soil

Soil Forming Processes

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain soil formation through weathering and decomposition. Describe leaching processes including ferralisation, eluviation, podzolisation, calcification.

Discussion on weathering as primary formation process. Exposition on decomposition stages: mineralisation and humification. Explanation of leaching types with climatic examples. Reference to formation diagrams.

Rock samples, Decomposition diagrams, Leaching process charts, Formation illustrations

KLB Secondary Geography Form 3, Pages 200-203

Soil

Factors Influencing Soil Formation

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Identify five soil formation factors. Explain parent material influence on soil type. Analyze climate and organism effects. Describe topography and time factors.

Exposition on parent material as key factor determining soil type. Discussion on climate effects including rainfall and temperature variations. Analysis of vegetation and micro-organism roles. Explanation of slope and time influences on soil development.

Parent rock samples, Climate charts, Vegetation specimens, Maps, Time examples

KLB Secondary Geography Form 3, Pages 203-205

Soil

Properties and Profile
Soil Degeneration and Erosion

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe soil properties and structure types. Define soil profile and horizons. Explain soil catena formation.

Discussion on soil structure, texture, acidity, colour, porosity. Explanation of profile as vertical layer arrangement with horizons A-D. Description of catena as slope arrangement and formation processes.

Soil structure samples, pH materials, Colour charts, Profile diagrams, Catena illustrations
Erosion photographs, Degeneration charts, Local examples, Process diagrams

KLB Secondary Geography Form 3, Pages 205-209

Soil
AGRICULTURE

Classification and Management
Introduction and Definition of Agriculture

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Classify soils by order: zonal, intrazonal, azonal. Describe major soil types and their characteristics. Explain soil management and conservation methods.

Exposition on soil classification based on formation conditions. Discussion on major Kenyan soil types and distribution. Analysis of management techniques and conservation methods. Examples of Kenyan conservation practices.

Classification charts, Distribution maps, Conservation photographs, Practice examples
Charts showing agricultural activities, Pictures of crops and livestock, Map of Kenya

KLB Secondary Geography Form 3, Pages 214-228

AGRICULTURE

Physical Factors: Climate
Physical Factors: Relief and Soil

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain climate as highest influence factor; Describe temperature effects on crop maturity; Analyze moisture distribution for cotton and tea; Explain wind effects on crops

Review climatic elements; Discussion on pyrethrum quality and sunshine; Analysis of moisture requirements (750mm cotton); Study of Mediterranean citrus adaptation

Maps showing climate zones, Rainfall charts, Pictures of crops, Thermometers
Soil samples, pH testing materials, Maps of Pampas and Prairies, Terraced farming pictures

KLB Secondary Geography Form 3, Pages 233-236

AGRICULTURE

Biotic and Human Factors
Types of Agriculture: Simple Subsistence and Sedentary Agriculture
Intensive Subsistence Agriculture and Plantation Agriculture

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Identify biotic factors; Distinguish useful and destructive insects; Explain social factors; Analyze economic factors

Brainstorm local crop organisms; Discuss Desert Locust Control Organisation; Study on religious farming restrictions; Analyze coffee price effects

Pictures of pests, Insect specimens, Wilson Airport maps, Price charts
Maps of tropical lands, Slash-and-burn pictures, Farming systems diagrams
Monsoon Asia maps, Rice terraces pictures, Plantation distribution charts

KLB Secondary Geography Form 3, Pages 238-242

AGRICULTURE

Mediterranean Agriculture, Mixed Farming, and Livestock Farming
Distribution of Major Cash Crops in Kenya
Tea Farming in Kenya

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe Mediterranean agriculture regions; Explain farming aspects; Define mixed farming; Identify livestock farming types

Study Mediterranean regions; Analyze orchard farming, viticulture; Discuss mixed farming areas; Introduction to livestock types

Mediterranean maps, Olive grove pictures, Crop combination charts
Figure 13.7 map, Cash crop pictures, Colonial agriculture photos
Figure 13.8 map, Plantation pictures, Processing flow chart, Tea samples

KLB Secondary Geography Form 3, Pages 248-252

AGRICULTURE

Tea Marketing and Sugar-cane Farming

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain KTDA role (260,000 farmers); Describe export destinations; Identify sugar-cane belt; Explain growing conditions

Discuss KTDA achievements; Study Figure 13.10 sugar areas; Analyze out-grower schemes; Sugar processing and uses

KTDA charts, Figure 13.10 map, Factory pictures, Processing diagrams

KLB Secondary Geography Form 3, Pages 257-262

AGRICULTURE

Maize Growing and Cocoa in Ghana

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Identify maize areas and Katumani variety; Describe growing conditions; Identify Ghana cocoa triangle; Explain cocoa conditions

Study Figure 13.14 maize areas; Discuss Portuguese introduction; Analyze Ghana cocoa using Figure 13.15; Cocoa processing to export

Figure 13.14 map, Maize pictures, Figure 13.15 Ghana map, Processing charts

KLB Secondary Geography Form 3, Pages 262-270

AGRICULTURE

Oil Palm in Nigeria and Coffee Farming
Wheat Growing and Horticulture

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe oil palm areas and conditions; Identify coffee regions in Kenya; Explain growing conditions and processing

Study oil palm distribution; Analyze tenera variety yields; Coffee processing steps; Compare with Brazil's Fazendas

Oil palm pictures, Figure 13.18 coffee map, Processing charts, pH testing materials
Figure 13.20 map, Harvester pictures, Figure 13.25 horticulture map, Export charts

KLB Secondary Geography Form 3, Pages 270-283

AGRICULTURE

Pastoral Farming and Dairy Farming

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe nomadic pastoralism areas and groups; Explain characteristics; Identify dairy farming regions using Table 13.1

Study Figure 13.29 pastoral patterns; Discuss government improvements; Analyze Table 13.1 distribution; Study dairy breeds

Figure 13.29 map, Pastoral pictures, Table 13.1, Cattle breed photos

KLB Secondary Geography Form 3, Pages 299-313

AGRICULTURE

Beef Farming and Agricultural Fieldwork

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Compare traditional and commercial beef farming; Describe Argentina's Pampas system; Plan agricultural fieldwork

Analyze KMC operations; Study Argentine estancias; Discuss Kaputiei Scheme; Practice fieldwork planning

Cattle breed pictures, Figure 13.40 Pampas map, Sample questionnaires, Data sheets

KLB Secondary Geography Form 3, Pages 313-327