CLASSIFICATION II

Principles of classification of living organisms...
Binomial Nomenclature.
Animal Kingdoms. Kingdom Monera.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

Explain the importance of classification of organisms.
Discuss the general principles of classification.
Identify major taxonomic units.

Q/A: To review Classification I.

Discussion of principles of classification of organisms.

Q/A: Major taxonomic units.

Chart- Taxonomic units.
Chart- Examples of generic and specific names of organisms.
Chart- Types of bacteria

KLB BK III.
PP 1-2. CERTIFICATE PG 1 

CLASSIFICATION II

Kingdom Protoctista.
Organisms with varied forms.
Organisms in pond water.
Kingdom Fungi. Characteristics of Kingdom Fungi.
Diagrams of Fungi.
Kingdom Plantae. General characteristics.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To give examples of members of kingdom Protoctista.
To state general characteristics of members of kingdom Protoctista.

Teacher leads in a discussion.

chart
Wall charts.
Microscope
Water dropper
Pond water
Glass slides.
Mushrooms,
Yeast,
Bread mould.
Wall charts,
Bread mould,
Edible mushroom.

KLB BK III.
PP 4-5. CERTIFICATE PG 8

CLASSIFICATION II

Division Bryophyta External structure of a Bryophyta.
Division Pteridophyta.
Division Spermatophyta.
Features of Spermatophytes.
Sub-division Gymnospermatophyta.
Subdivision Angiospermaphyta.
Class Monocotyledonae.
Class Dicotyledonae.
Kingdom Animalia.
Phyllum Arthropoda.
Class Crustacea.
Class Chilopoda.
Class Diplopoda.
Class Arachnida.
Class Insecta.
Phyllum Chordata.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
State general characteristics of Bryophyta.
To draw and label external features of an identified Bryophyta.
To identify features of Bryophyta.

To state characteristics of kingdom Animalia.

Teacher leads in a discussion. Students examine moss plant under a hand lens, then
Draw and label the moss plant.
Q/A: To review general characteristics of animals as compared to those of plants.

Moss plant,
Hand lens,
Slide.
A live or preserved fern.
text book
Complete specimens of bean plant with ponds/ maize plant/ a twig of cypress.
Maize plant/ wheat/ grass/ sugarcane.
Bean plant/ black jack/ tea.
text book
Specimens of a crab/ crayfish.
A centipede.
A milipede.
Specimens of freshly killed/ preserved arachnids.
Live/ freshly killed specimens of ground beetle, honey-bee, termite, e.t.c.

KLB BK III. P 7. CERTIFICATE PG 14
KLB BK III. P 12. CERTIFICATE PG 18

CLASSIFICATION II

Class Pisces.
Class Amphibia.
Class Reptilia.
Class Aves.
Class Mammalia.
Dichotomous key.
Features for identifying animals / plants.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To draw and label external features of a (tilapia) fish.

Exposition- Teacher exposes new concepts pertaining to characteristics of fish.

Chart tilapia fish.
Preserved specimens ? fish, amphibians.
Chart- Diagrams of birds.
Diagrams of various mammals.

KLB BK III. P 18. CERTIFICATE PG 22

CLASSIFICATION II
ECOLOGY
ECOLOGY
ECOLOGY
ECOLOGY

Examples of dichotomous keys.
Construction of dichotomous keys.
Concepts of ecology.
Abiotic factors in an ecosystem.
Measuring abiotic factors.
Biotic inter-relationships. - Competition.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To construct dichotomous keys using leaves, stems, e.t.c.

Teacher leads through constructed dichotomous keys.

Chart- Constructed dichotomous keys.
Plants from different families.
Different plant species.
text book
Thermometers
pH meter e.t.c.
Chart , graphs.

KLB BK III. P 24. CERTIFICATE PG28

ECOLOGY

- Predation.
- Parasitism.
- Symbiosis and Saprophytism.
The Nitrogen cycle.
Trophic levels.
Food chains.
Food webs.
Ecological pyramids of numbers.
Constructing Pyramid of numbers from given data.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To define a predator and a prey.
To describe adaptive characteristics of various predators.

Q/A: Pairs of predators and preys.
Discussion: Adaptive characteristics of leopards, hawks, praying mantis, lions, e.t.c

text book
Specimens of endoparasites and ectoparasites.
Chart-Nitrogen cycle.
Flow chart- Energy flow in an ecosystem.
chart
charts

KLB BK III. P 37. CERTIFICATE PG 51

ECOLOGY

Inverted pyramid of numbers.
Pyramid of Biomass.
Population.
Quadrat method of estimating population.
Quadrat method of estimating population.
Line - transect method of estimating population.
Belt transect method of estimating population.
Capture-recapture method.
Xerophytes.
Mesophytes.
Hydrophytes.
Halophytes.
Adaptive features of plants.
Pollution and its effects.
Air pollution.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Give examples where an inverted pyramid of numbers exists; giving reasons thereof.
To state characteristics of habitats of mesophytes.

To explain adaptations of mesophytes to their habitats.

Representing inverted pyramid of numbers diagrammatically.
Q/A: Characteristics of habitats where mesophytes thrive.

Discussion: Adaptations of mesophytes to their habitats.

Chart- Inverted pyramid of numbers.
chart
text book
Standard quadrats.
Tape measure, quadrats, pegs, thermometer, pH indicator, e.t.c
specimen
Specimens of xerophytes.
Specimens of mesophytes.
Specimens of hydrophytes.
Specimens of halophytes.
Xerophytes Mesophytes
Hydrophytes
Hand lenses.
text book
topic related video

KLB BK III. PP 43-44 CERTIFICATE PG 50
KLB BK III. P 51. CERTIFICATE PG 69

ECOLOGY

Water pollution.
Soil pollution.
Radioactive emissions.
Human diseases. Typhoid & cholera.
Protozoan diseases.
Prevention and control of protozoan diseases.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To identify causes and effects of water pollution.
To suggest control measures of water pollution.

Detailed discussion & Q/A.

video of water pollution
text book
magazine

KLB BK III. P 60. CERTIFICATE PG 77

ECOLOGY
REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS
REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS
REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS
REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS
REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Ascaris lumbricoides.
Bilharzia.
Introduction
Cell division.
Mitosis.
Mitosis in a young root tip.
Significance of mitosis.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To identify adaptive features of Ascaris lumbricoides.
To state and explain effects of a parasite on the host.
To suggest preventive and control measures.

Group activities: Students examine preserved specimens of Ascaris lumbricoides and identify some adaptive features.

Detailed discussion.

Preserved specimens of Ascaris lumbricoides.
chart
text book
charts
Onion root tip.
Microscope
IM HCl
Cover slides.

KLB BK III. P 67. CERTIFICATE PG 87

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Meiosis.
First and second meiotic divisions.
Meiosis in plant cells.
Significance of meiosis.
Asexual reproduction. Binary fission.
Spore formation.
Budding.
Budding in yeast.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To distinguish meiosis from mitosis.
To explain the principle underlying meiosis.

Explanations

text book
Chart- stages of second meiotic division.
Flower buds
IM HCl
Source of heat
Glass slide
Filter paper
Microscope
Chart- Binary fission in amoeba
Microscope bread/ ugali mould
Hand lens.
Previously prepared 10% sugar solution
Methylene blue
Microscope

KLB BK III.
P 82. CERTIFICATE PG 103

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Sexual reproduction in plants. Structure of a flower.
Flower terminologies.
Pollination. Insect-pollinated flowers.
Wind-pollinated flowers.
Adaptive features of wind-pollinated flowers.
Features hindering self-pollination.
Fertilisation process in flowering plants.
Seed formation.
Fruit development.
Classification of fruits.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To draw and label a flower.
To discuss features and mechanisms that hinder self-pollination in plants.

Group experiments- Examine flowers and identify parts.
Counting number of sepals, petals, stamen, carpels.
Exposition and detailed discussion.

Bean flower
Morning glory
Bauhinia Longitudinal section of a general flower.
Flowers.
Insect-pollinated flowers.
Wind-pollinated flowers.
wind & inect pollinated flower
chart
text book
A variety of fruits, petri dishes
Blades
Containers.

KLB BK III.
P 90.CERTIFICATE PG 117
KLB BK III. PP 93-94.

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Placentation.
Fruit and seed dispersal.
Internal structure of fruits.
Sexual reproduction in animals. External fertilisation.
Internal fertilisation.
Reproduction in mammals. Reproduction in human beings.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

To define placentation.
To describe the process of placentation.
To identify types of placentation.

Teacher exposes the meaning of placentation.
Students examine ovaries of various fruits as the teacher exposes the types of placentation exhibited.
Students draw diagrams showing types of placentation.

Fruits
Beans
Sunflower
Pawpaw
Orange
Primrose, e.t.c
text book
charts
Strands of eggs of frogs.
Wall charts-Reproduction system.

KLB BK III.
P 100.CERTIFICATE PG 130

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Functions of parts of male reproduction system.
Male reproduction system of a male animal.
Female reproduction system.
Functions of parts of female reproduction system.
Female reproduction system of a female animal.
Formation of ova.
Fertilisation process.
Implantation.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To explain the male reproduction system.

Detailed discussion.

text book
Reproduction system of a rabbit/ rat.
chart
Dissected female rat/ mouse/rabbit.

KLB BK III. PP. 106-108 CERTIFICATE PG 150

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

The placenta.
Role of the placenta. Placental exchanges.
Pregnancy and hormones.
Abortion, miscarriage, birth.
Lactation and parental care.
Secondary sexual characteristics.
The menstrual cycle.
28-day menstrual cycle.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To describe the formation of the placenta and the structure of the placenta.

Exposition and discussion.

Chart- The placenta.
text book
Wall- charts mammary glands.
Chart- Phases of human menstrual cycle.
chart

KLB BK III. P. 115 CERTIFICATE PG 159

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS
GROWTH & DEVELOPMENT.
GROWTH & DEVELOPMENT.
GROWTH & DEVELOPMENT.
GROWTH & DEVELOPMENT.

Menopause, infertility and emerging issues.
Sexually Transmitted Infections & HIV/AIDS.
The concepts of growth and development.
Measurement of growth.
Growth phases.
Intermittent growth curve.
Structure of the seed.
Longitudinal sections of monocots and dicots.
Dormancy in seeds.
Seed germination.
Epigeal germination.
Hypogeal germination.
Primary growth of a seedling.
Region of growth in a root.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To describe hormonal changes at menopause.
To discuss emerging issues related to infertility and menopause.

To draw and label a typical seed.
To state the functions of the parts of a seed.

Open discussion.
Students examine external structure of bean seeds and maize seeds.
Teacher assists them to identify the parts of the seeds.
Drawing and labeling the seeds.

text book
Chart- STIs causal agents, symptoms, prevention and control measures.
Shoots of known ages.
chart
Specimens of maize and bean seeds.
Hand lens
Maize and bean seeds.
Iodine
Scalpels.
video
Seeds
Cotton wool
Flat bottomed flasks
Corks
T-tubes
Thermometers
pyrogallic acid
NaOH solution.
Specimens of germinating bean/castor seed at different phases of germination.
Specimens of germinating maize seed at different phases of germination.
Germinating bean seeds
Cork pin
Beaker
Indian ink
Blotting paper
Ruler.

KLB BK III. P. 123 
KLB BK III. P. 136 CERTIFICATE PG 182

GROWTH & DEVELOPMENT.
GENETICS
GENETICS
GENETICS

Apical meristems.
Secondary growth.
Growth hormones.
Apical dominance.
Growth and development in insects.
Role of hormones in insect growth.
Introduction to Genetics and Variation
Observable Variations in Human Beings
Discontinuous and Continuous Variation

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To draw and label longitudinal and transverse sections of apical meristems.

Drawing and labelling transverse sections of apical meristems.

Charts- Apical meristems.
text book
Shoot with lateral growth.
chart
Textbook, chalkboard, chalk
Ink pad, plain paper, metre rule, exercise books
Graph paper, rulers, height data from previous lesson, textbook

KLB BK III. P. 144 CERTIFICATE PG 186

GENETICS

Causes of Variation
Chromosome Structure
Chromosome Behaviour During Mitosis
Chromosome Behaviour During Meiosis
DNA Structure and Replication
DNA and Protein Synthesis
Mendel's Experiments and First Law

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain genetic and environmental causes of variation. Describe role of meiosis, fertilization and mutations in creating variation.

Exposition on sources of variation. Discussion on independent assortment during meiosis. Examples of environmental effects on phenotypes.

Textbook, chalkboard, chalk
Textbook, chalkboard, chalk, exercise books, pencils
Colored threads (6cm and 3cm), scissors, manila paper, string for tying knots
Colored threads, manila paper, textbook
Textbook, chalkboard, chalk, exercise books

KLB Secondary Biology Form 4, Pages 4-5

GENETICS

Monohybrid Inheritance Concepts
Genetic Crosses and Punnet Squares
Probability in Inheritance
Modeling Random Gamete Fusion
Complete Dominance Problems

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define monohybrid inheritance, genotype, phenotype. Distinguish between dominant and recessive genes. Explain homozygous and heterozygous conditions.

Exposition on genetic terminology. Practice using genetic symbols on chalkboard. Discussion on gene expression patterns.

Textbook, chalkboard, chalk, exercise books
Textbook, chalkboard, chalk, exercise books, pencils
Coins, exercise books for recording, calculators (if available), textbook
Different colored beans (or maize grains), small containers, exercise books

KLB Secondary Biology Form 4, Pages 15-17

GENETICS

Incomplete Dominance
ABO Blood Group System
Rhesus Factor and Unknown Genotypes
Sex Determination
Gene Linkage
Sex-linked Inheritance - Color Blindness
Sex-linked Inheritance - Haemophilia
Crossing Over and Recombination
Chromosomal Mutations - Non-disjunction

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define incomplete dominance. Analyze inheritance in four o'clock plants. Compare with complete dominance patterns. Draw genetic crosses showing blending.
Define gene linkage and linkage groups. Explain inheritance of linked genes. Understand why some genes are inherited together.

Exposition on incomplete dominance using chalkboard diagrams. Genetic crosses showing blending inheritance. Practice problems with flower colors.
Exposition on linked genes using simple diagrams. Examples from fruit fly genetics drawn on chalkboard. Discussion on chromosome maps.

Textbook, chalkboard, chalk, colored chalk (if available)
Textbook, chalkboard, chalk, exercise books
Textbook, chalkboard, chalk
Textbook, chalkboard, chalk
Textbook, chalkboard, chalk, exercise books, rulers
Textbook, chalkboard, chalk, exercise books
Textbook, chalkboard, chalk, colored chalk

KLB Secondary Biology Form 4, Pages 22-24
KLB Secondary Biology Form 4, Pages 27-28

GENETICS

Chromosomal Mutations - Polyploidy
Gene Mutations
Genetic Disorders - Albinism
Genetic Disorders - Sickle Cell Anaemia

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe structural chromosome changes. Explain polyploidy in plants. Understand chromosome number variations.

Exposition on chromosome number changes. Examples of polyploidy in agriculture using chalkboard. Discussion on plant breeding applications.

Textbook, chalkboard, chalk
Textbook, chalkboard, chalk, simple text examples
Textbook, chalkboard, chalk, exercise books

KLB Secondary Biology Form 4, Pages 35-36

GENETICS
EVOLUTION
EVOLUTION

Environmental Effects on Gene Expression
Applications of Genetics
Meaning of Evolution and Origin of Life Theories
Chemical Evolution and Miller's Experiment

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain gene-environment interactions. Describe phenotypic plasticity. Understand limitations of genetic determinism.

Discussion on environmental influences using local examples. Plant growth under different conditions. Twin studies and environmental factors.

Textbook, local plant examples, chalkboard
Textbook, local breeding examples, chalkboard
Textbook, chalkboard, chalk
Textbook, chalkboard, chalk, simple laboratory glassware for demonstration

KLB Secondary Biology Form 4, Pages 42-43

EVOLUTION

Evidence for Evolution - Fossil Records
Geographical Distribution and Comparative Embryology
Comparative Anatomy - Homologous Structures
Comparative Anatomy - Analogous and Vestigial Structures
Cell Biology and Comparative Serology Evidence

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define fossils and explain fossil formation. Describe types of fossils. Analyze fossil evidence for evolution. Understand geological time scale.

Exposition on fossil formation processes. Examination of any available fossil specimens or pictures. Discussion on fossil records of humans and other organisms. Timeline construction on chalkboard.

Textbook, any available fossil specimens, pictures from textbook, chalkboard, chalk
Textbook, world map, chalkboard, chalk
Textbook, bone specimens (if available), pictures of animal limbs, chalkboard, chalk, exercise books
Textbook, wing specimens (bird feathers, insect specimens), chalkboard, chalk
Textbook, chalkboard, chalk, simple solutions for demonstration (if available)

KLB Secondary Biology Form 4, Pages 55-62

EVOLUTION
RECEPTION, RESPONSE AND CO-ORDINATION

Lamarck's Theory vs Darwin's Theory
Natural Selection in Action
Modern Examples of Evolution and Resistance
Meaning of Stimulus, Response and Irritability; Types of Responses
Tropisms in Plants - Types and Survival Value
Nastic Responses and Role of Auxins
Introduction to Nervous System and Neurone Structure
Brain Structure and Functions
Spinal Cord and Reflex Actions

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain Lamarck's theory of acquired characteristics. Describe Darwin's theory of natural selection. Compare and contrast both theories. Understand scientific acceptance criteria.
Define tropisms. Distinguish between phototropism, geotropism, and thigmotropism. Explain positive and negative tropic responses. Describe adaptive significance of tropisms.

Exposition on Lamarck's giraffe example using chalkboard drawings. Detailed explanation of Darwin's natural selection theory. Comparison table construction. Discussion on scientific evidence.
Exposition on tropic responses using chalkboard diagrams. Examination of seedlings showing different tropisms. Practical observation of plant responses. Discussion on survival advantages. Setup of simple tropism experiments.

Textbook, chalkboard, chalk
White and black paper, scissors, textbook, chalkboard
Textbook, local examples of pesticide resistance, chalkboard
Textbook, chalkboard, chalk, bread crumbs, termites or other insects, dry sand
Textbook, chalkboard, chalk, seedlings, cardboard boxes for light experiments, local plant examples
Textbook, chalkboard, chalk, Mimosa plant (if available), simple seedlings for auxin demonstration
Textbook, chalkboard, chalk, exercise books, pencils, rulers
Textbook, chalkboard, chalk, exercise books, colored chalk (if available)
Textbook, chalkboard, chalk, exercise books, simple tools for reflex testing

KLB Secondary Biology Form 4, Pages 71-73
KLB Secondary Biology Form 4, Pages 81-85

RECEPTION, RESPONSE AND CO-ORDINATION

Nerve Impulse Transmission and Synapses
Endocrine System and Hormone Functions
Thyroxine and Adrenaline Functions
Drug Abuse Effects on Coordination

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain resting potential and action potential. Describe nerve impulse transmission. Describe structure and function of synapses. Explain role of neurotransmitters.

Detailed exposition on nerve impulse transmission using diagrams. Discussion on ionic movements and electrical changes. Drawing synapse structure. Exposition on chemical transmission at synapses.

Textbook, chalkboard, chalk, exercise books, simple analogies using local examples
Textbook, chalkboard, chalk, exercise books
Textbook, chalkboard, chalk, local health examples
Textbook, chalkboard, chalk, local health examples, community case studies

KLB Secondary Biology Form 4, Pages 98-100

RECEPTION, RESPONSE AND CO-ORDINATION

Structure of the Human Eye
Vision, Rods, Cones and Image Formation
Accommodation and Pupil Control
Eye Defects and Their Correction
Structure of the Human Ear

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe external and internal structure of the eye. Identify major parts and their functions. Explain protective features of the eye. Understand image formation basics.

Drawing detailed eye structure on chalkboard. Exposition on eye anatomy and part functions. Discussion on eye protection mechanisms. Introduction to light path through eye. Student labeling exercises.

Textbook, chalkboard, chalk, exercise books, rulers
Textbook, chalkboard, chalk, white paper, pencils for blind spot experiment
Textbook, chalkboard, chalk, simple lenses (if available), torch or bright light
Textbook, chalkboard, chalk, examples of different spectacles, exercise books

KLB Secondary Biology Form 4, Pages 104-109

RECEPTION, RESPONSE AND CO-ORDINATION

Hearing Mechanism
Balance and Posture Control
Ear Defects and Hearing Problems
Integration and Coordination Systems Review

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain mechanism of hearing from sound waves to brain interpretation. Describe role of ear ossicles, cochlea, and auditory nerve. Understand sound discrimination.

Step-by-step exposition on hearing process using detailed diagrams. Discussion on sound wave transmission through ear parts. Explanation of sound interpretation in brain. Simple sound experiments if possible.

Textbook, chalkboard, chalk, simple sound sources for demonstration
Textbook, chalkboard, chalk, simple materials for balance demonstration
Textbook, chalkboard, chalk, local examples of hearing problems
Textbook, chalkboard, chalk, exercise books, review materials

KLB Secondary Biology Form 4, Pages 113-114

RECEPTION, RESPONSE AND CO-ORDINATION
SUPPORT AND MOVEMENT
SUPPORT AND MOVEMENT
SUPPORT AND MOVEMENT

Practical Applications and Assessment
Importance of Support and Movement; Plant Support Strategies
Tissue Arrangement in Monocot and Dicot Stems
Supporting Tissues in Plants and Their Functions
Types of Animal Skeletons
Fish Locomotion - Structure and Mechanism
Human Axial Skeleton - Skull and Rib Cage
Vertebral Column - Cervical and Thoracic Vertebrae
Vertebral Column - Lumbar, Sacral and Caudal Vertebrae

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Apply coordination concepts to real-life situations. Solve problems related to responses and coordination. Demonstrate understanding through practical exercises.
Identify three types of animal skeletons: hydrostatic, exoskeleton, endoskeleton. Compare structure, composition, and functions of each skeleton type. Explain advantages and disadvantages of different skeleton types.

Practical problem-solving sessions. Case study analysis of coordination disorders. Application of concepts to agricultural and medical scenarios. Assessment activities and evaluation.
Exposition on skeleton types using examples. Examination of arthropod specimens showing exoskeleton. Discussion on bone and cartilage as endoskeleton materials. Comparison table of skeleton characteristics. Analysis of evolutionary adaptations and growth limitations.

Textbook, assessment materials, local case studies, exercise books
Textbook, chalkboard, chalk, local plant specimens, herbaceous and woody plants for wilting experiment
Textbook, chalkboard, chalk, fresh monocot stems (maize, sugarcane), fresh dicot stems (bean plants), razor blades, hand lenses
Textbook, chalkboard, chalk, microscope slides (if available), fresh stem sections, exercise books
Textbook, chalkboard, chalk, arthropod specimens (grasshoppers, crabs), bone specimens, comparison charts
Textbook, fresh fish specimen, chalkboard, chalk, forceps, measuring tools, calculator, exercise books
Textbook, chalkboard, chalk, skull and rib cage specimens, exercise books
Textbook, chalkboard, chalk, cervical and thoracic vertebrae specimens, exercise books
Textbook, chalkboard, chalk, lumbar, sacral, and caudal vertebrae specimens, complete vertebral column

KLB Secondary Biology Form 4, Pages 78-116
KLB Secondary Biology Form 4, Pages 126-127

SUPPORT AND MOVEMENT

Pectoral Girdle and Forelimb Bones
Pelvic Girdle and Hindlimb Bones
Types of Joints and Their Structure
Ball and Socket vs Hinge Joints; Movement Mechanisms

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe structure of pectoral girdle components: scapula and clavicle. Identify forelimb bones: humerus, radius, ulna, carpals, metacarpals, phalanges. Explain joint formations and articulations.

Examination of pectoral girdle and forelimb bones. Drawing and labeling complete forelimb structure. Discussion on shoulder and elbow joint formation. Analysis of bone features and muscle attachment points. Study of pentadactyl limb pattern.

Textbook, chalkboard, chalk, pectoral girdle and forelimb bone specimens, exercise books
Textbook, chalkboard, chalk, pelvic girdle and hindlimb bone specimens, exercise books
Textbook, chalkboard, chalk, joint specimens or models, exercise books
Textbook, chalkboard, chalk, joint specimens, practical movement demonstrations, exercise books

KLB Secondary Biology Form 4, Pages 136-138

SUPPORT AND MOVEMENT

Types of Muscle Tissue and Their Functions
Skeletal Muscle Structure and Contraction Mechanism
Smooth and Cardiac Muscle Specializations

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Identify three types of muscle tissue: skeletal (striated), smooth (visceral), and cardiac. Compare structure and functions of each muscle type. Explain voluntary vs involuntary muscle control. Describe muscle fiber characteristics.

Drawing structures of different muscle types on chalkboard. Detailed comparison of muscle fiber characteristics. Discussion on muscle control mechanisms and locations. Analysis of muscle contraction properties and endurance. Examples of each muscle type in body systems.

Textbook, chalkboard, chalk, exercise books, muscle tissue comparison charts
Textbook, chalkboard, chalk, exercise books, detailed muscle structure diagrams
Textbook, chalkboard, chalk, exercise books, comprehensive muscle comparison tables

KLB Secondary Biology Form 4, Pages 142-144