EFFECTS OF AN ELECTRIC CURRENT ON SUBSTANCES.

Electrical conductivity.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To test for electrical conductivities of substances.

Group experiments- to identify conductors and non-conductors.
Explain the difference in (non) conductivities.

Various solids, bulb, battery, & wires.

K.L.B. BOOK II PP. 118-119

EFFECTS OF AN ELECTRIC CURRENT ON SUBSTANCES.

Molten electrolytes.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To test for electrical conductivities molten electrolytes.

Group experiments- to identify electrolytes in molten form.
Explain the difference in molten electrolytes.

Molten candle wax
Sugar
Sulphur
Lead oxide.

K.L.B. BOOK IIPP. 120-121

EFFECTS OF AN ELECTRIC CURRENT ON SUBSTANCES.

Electrolysis.
Aqueous electrolytes. Electrodes.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To define electrolysis
To describe the process of electrolysis in terms of charge movement.
To define an electrolyte
To test for electrical conductivities of electrodes.

Descriptive approach punctuated with Q/A.
To investigate chemical effect of an electric current.
Classify the solutions as electrolyte or non -electrolytes.
Discuss the electrical properties of the solutions.

Graphite electrodes
Battery
Various aqueous solutions switch bulb.

K.L.B. BOOK II
K.L.B. BOOK II PP.122-123

EFFECTS OF AN ELECTRIC CURRENT ON SUBSTANCES.

Reaction on electrodes.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To describe half- equation reactions at the cathode and anode

To demonstrate ?Electrolysis of molten lead (II) bromide
Observe colour changes
Explanation of half-equations and reactions at the electrodes.

Graphite electrodes
Battery
Various aqueous solutions switch.

K.L.B. BOOK II PP.126-127

EFFECTS OF AN ELECTRIC CURRENT ON SUBSTANCES.

Binary electrolyte.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To define a binary electrolyte.
To state the products of a binary electrolyte.

Completing a table of electrolysis of binary electrolytes.

text book

K.L.B. BOOK II P.127

EFFECTS OF AN ELECTRIC CURRENT ON SUBSTANCES.

Application of electrolysis.
Electroplating.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To state application of electrolysis.
To describe electroplating process.

Discussion and explanations.
Experiment- Left overnight.
Electroplating an iron nail with silver nitrate/ copper sulphate.
Brief discussion.

text book
Silver nitrate
Iron nail
Complete circuit battery.

K.L.B. BOOK II P. 128
K.L.B. BOOK II PP. 129-30

STRUCTURE & BONDING

Chemical bonds. Ionic bond.
Ionic bond representation.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe role of valence electrons in determining chemical bonding.


Explain formation of ionic bonding.

Q/A: Review valence electrons of atoms of elements in groups I, II, III, VII and VIII.
Q/A: Review group I and group VII elements.
Discuss formation of ionic bond.

text book
Chart- dot and cross diagrams.
Models for bonding.

K.L.B. BOOK IIP54




PP 57-58

STRUCTURE & BONDING

Grant ionic structures.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe the crystalline ionic compound.
Give examples of ionic substances.

Discuss the group ionic structures of NaCl.
Teacher gives examples of other ionic substances: KNO3, potassium bromide, Ca (NO3)2, sodium iodide.

Giant sodium chloride model.

K.L.B. BOOK II PP 56-58

STRUCTURE & BONDING

Physical properties of ionic compounds.
Covalent bond.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe physical properties of ionic compounds.
Explain the differences in the physical properties of ionic compounds.
Explain the formation of covalent bond
Use dot and cross diagrams to represent covalent bond.

Analyse tabulated comparative physical properties of ionic compounds.

Teacher asks probing questions.
Exposition: Shared pair of electrons in a hydrogen molecule, H2O, NH3, Cl2, and CO2.
Drawing of dot-and-cross diagrams of covalent bonds.

text book

K.L.B. BOOK IIPP 58-59
K.L.B. BOOK II PP 60-63

STRUCTURE & BONDING

Co-ordinate bond.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To describe the co-ordinate bond
To represent co-ordinate bond diagrammatically.

Exposition- teacher explains the nature of co-ordinate bond.
Students represent co-ordinate bond diagrammatically.

text book

K.L.B. BOOK II P 65

STRUCTURE & BONDING

Molecular structure.
Trend in physical properties of molecular structures.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To describe the molecular structure.
To give examples of substance exhibiting molecular structure

Discussion ? To explain formation of the giant structure and give examples of substance exhibiting molecular structure.

text book
Sugar, naphthalene, iodine rhombic sulphur.

K.L.B. BOOK IIP 65

STRUCTURE & BONDING

Giant atomic structure in diamond.
Giant atomic structure in graphite.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To describe giant atomic structure in diamond.
To state uses of diamond.
To describe giant atomic structure in graphite.
To state uses of graphite.

Diagrammatic representation of diamond.
Discuss uses of diamond.
Diagrammatic representation of graphite.

Discuss uses of graphite.

Diagrams in textbooks.

K.L.B. BOOK II P 69
K.L.B. BOOK II pp 69

STRUCTURE & BONDING

Metallic bond. Uses of some metals.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To describe mutual electronic forces between electrons and nuclei.
To describe metallic bond.
To compare physical properties of metals.
To state uses of some metals.

Discussion:
Detailed analysis of comparative physical properties of metals and their uses.



Probing questions & brief explanations.

text book

K.L.B. BOOK IIP 70

SALTS

Types of salts.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define a salt.
Describe various types of salts and give several examples in each case.

Descriptive approach. Teacher exposes new concepts.

text book

K.L.B. BOOK II P. 91

SALTS

Solubility of salts in water.
Solubility of bases in water.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To test solubility of various salts in cold water/warm water.
To test solubility of various bases in water.
To carry out litmus test on the resulting solutions.

Class experiments- Dissolve salts in 5 cc of water.
Record the solubility in a table,
Analyse the results.
Class experiments- Dissolve salts in 5cc of water.
Record the solubility in a table,
Carry out litmus tests.
Discuss the results.

Sulphates, chlorides, nitrates, carbonates of various metals.




Oxides, hydroxides, of various metals, litmus papers.

K.L.B. BOOK II PP. 92-93
K.L.B. BOOK IIPP. 94-95

SALTS

Methods of preparing various salts.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To describe various methods of preparing some salts.

Experimental and descriptive treatments of preparation of salts e.g. ZnSO4, CuSO4, NaCl and Pb(NO3)2.

CuO, H2SO4, HCl, NaOH, PbCO3, dil HNO3.

K.L.B. BOOK II pp96

SALTS

Methods of preparing various salts.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To describe various methods of preparing some salts.

Experimental and descriptive treatments of preparation of salts e.g. ZnSO4, CuSO4, NaCl and Pb(NO3)2.

CuO, H2SO4, HCl, NaOH, PbCO3, dil HNO3.

K.L.B. BOOK II pp96

SALTS

Methods of preparing various salts.
Direct synthesis of a salts.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To describe various methods of preparing some salts.
To describe direct synthesis of a salt.
To write balanced equations for the reactions.

Experimental and descriptive treatments of preparation of salts e.g. ZnSO4, CuSO4, NaCl and Pb(NO3)2.


Group experiments- preparation of iron (II) sulphide by direct synthesis.
Give other examples of salts prepared by direct synthesis.
Students write down corresponding balanced equations.

CuO, H2SO4, HCl, NaOH, PbCO3, dil HNO3.
Iron,
Sulphur

K.L.B. BOOK II pp96
K.L.B. BOOK II P. 104

SALTS

Ionic equations.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To identify spectator ions in double decomposition reactions.
To write ionic equations correctly.

Q/A: Ions present in given reactants.
Deduce the products of double decomposition reactions.
Give examples of equations.
Supervised practice.

PbNO3, MgSO4 solutions.

K.L.B. BOOK II

SALTS

Effects of heat on carbonates.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To state effects of heat on carbonates.
To predict products resulting from heating metal carbonates.

Group experiments- To investigate effects of heat on Na2CO3, K2CO3, CaCO3, ZnCO3, PbCO3, e.t.c.
Observe various colour changes before, during and after heating.
Write equations for the reactions.

Various carbonates.

K.L.B. BOOK II PP. 108-109

SALTS

Effects of heat on nitrates.
Effects of heat on sulphates.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To state effects of heat on nitrates.
To predict products resulting from heating metal nitrates.
To state effects of heat on sulphates.
To predict products results from heating metal sulphates.

Group experiments- To investigate effects of heat on various metal nitrates.
Observe various colour changes before, during and after heating.
Write equations for the reactions.

Group experiments- To investigate effects of heat on various sulphates.
Observe various colour changes before, during and after heating.
Write equations for the reactions.

Common metal nitrates.
Common sulphates.

K.L.B. BOOK II PP. 110-111
K.L.B. BOOK II P. 113

SALTS

Hygroscopy, Deliquescence and Efflorescence.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To define hygroscopic deliquescent and efflorescent salts.
To give examples of hygroscopic deliquescent and efflorescent salts.

Prepare a sample of various salts.
Expose them to the atmosphere overnight.
Students classify the salts as hygroscopic, deliquescent and / or efflorescent.

K.L.B. BOOK II P. 114

SALTS

Uses of salts.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To state uses of salts

Teacher elucidates uses of salts.

K.L.B. BOOK II P. 114

CARBON AND SOME OF ITS COMPOUNDS.

Allotropy.
Physical and chemical properties of diamond, graphite and amorphous carbon
Burning carbon and oxygen.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define allotropes and allotropy.
Identify allotropes of carbon.
Represent diamond and graphite diagrammatically.

Describe reaction of carbon with oxygen.

Teacher exposes new terms.
Review covalent bond.
Discuss boding in diamond and graphite.

Teacher demonstration- Prepare oxygen and pass dry oxygen into a tube containing carbon. Heat the carbon. Observe effects on limewater.

text book
Charcoal, graphite.
Carbon, limewater, tube, limewater stand& Bunsen burner.

K.L.B. BOOK II PP. 131-133
K.L.B. BOOK II PP. 134-135

CARBON AND SOME OF ITS COMPOUNDS.

Reduction properties of carbon.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe reduction properties of carbon.
Show reduction properties of carbon.

Teacher demonstration ? Burn strongly a mixture of carbon and CuO on a bottle top.
Observe colour changes and give underlying explanation

CuO, pounded charcoal, Bunsen burner& bottle top

K.L.B. BOOK II P.126

CARBON AND SOME OF ITS COMPOUNDS.

Reaction of carbon with acids. Preparation of CO2.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe reaction of carbon with acids.




Prepare CO2 in the lab.

Teacher demonstration- reaction of carbon with hot conc HNO3.
Write balanced equations for the reaction.

Review effects of heat on carbonates.
Group experiments/teacher demonstration- preparation of CO2.

Conc. HNO3, limewater.

K.L.B. BOOK II P.126

CARBON AND SOME OF ITS COMPOUNDS.

Properties of CO2.
Chemical equations for reactions involving CO2.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe properties of CO2
Write balanced CO2.

Simple experiments to determine properties of CO2.

Discuss the observations.

Give examples of reactions. Write corresponding balanced chemical equations.

Lime water,
Magnesium ribbon,
Universal indicator,
lit candle.
text book

K.L.B. BOOK II PP.138-139
K.L.B. BOOK II PP.139-140

CARBON AND SOME OF ITS COMPOUNDS.

Uses of CO2.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
State uses of CO2

Discuss briefly the uses of CO2.

text book

K.L.B. BOOK II PP.140-1

CARBON AND SOME OF ITS COMPOUNDS.

Carbon monoxide lab preparation.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To describe preparation of carbon monoxide in the lab

Teacher demonstration: preparation of carbon monoxide in the lab.
Make observations.

text book

K.L.B. BOOK II PP. 142-143

CARBON AND SOME OF ITS COMPOUNDS.

Chemical properties of carbon monoxide.
Carbonates and hydrogen carbonates.
Heating carbonates and hydrogen carbonates.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To describe chemical properties of carbon monoxide.
To write chemical equations for reactions of carbonates and hydrogen carbonates with acids.

Description of properties of carbon monoxide.
Discussion and writing of chemical equations.
Discuss the observations above.
Write chemical equations for the reactions.

text book

K.L.B. BOOK II PP. 144-145

CARBON AND SOME OF ITS COMPOUNDS.

Extraction of sodium carbonate from trona.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To draw schematic diagram for extraction of sodium carbonates.

Discuss each step of the process.
Write relevant equations.

text book

K.L.B. BOOK II PP. 153-157

CARBON AND SOME OF ITS COMPOUNDS.

Solvay process of preparing sodium carbonate.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To draw schematic diagram for extraction of sodium carbonates.

Discuss each step of the process.

Write relevant equations.

text book, chart

K.L.B. BOOK II

CARBON AND SOME OF ITS COMPOUNDS.

Solvay process of preparing sodium carbonate.
Importance of carbon in nature. & its effects on the environment.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To draw schematic diagram for extraction of sodium carbonates.
To discuss: - Importance of carbon in nature.
&
Effects of carbon on the environment.

Discuss each step of the process.

Write relevant equations.
Discuss the carbon cycle and processes that increase/ reduce amount of CO2 in the air.
Uses of CO2 in soft drinks and fire extinguishers.

text book, chart

K.L.B. BOOK II
K.L.B. BOOK II PP.157-158