GENETICS

Introduction to Genetics and Variation
Observable Variations in Human Beings
Discontinuous and Continuous Variation
Causes of Variation

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define genetics, heredity and variation. Explain the importance of studying genetics. Identify examples of variation in organisms.
Observe and record variations in tongue rolling, fingerprints and height. Distinguish between different types of variations. Create data tables.

Q/A on prior knowledge of inheritance. Brainstorming on observable differences in humans. Discussion on the meaning of genetics and heredity.
Practical activity on tongue rolling. Fingerprint examination using ink pads. Height measurement and data recording.

Textbook, chalkboard, chalk
Ink pad, plain paper, metre rule, exercise books
Graph paper, rulers, height data from previous lesson, textbook
Textbook, chalkboard, chalk

KLB Secondary Biology Form 4, Pages 1-2
KLB Secondary Biology Form 4, Pages 2-3

GENETICS

Chromosome Structure
Chromosome Behaviour During Mitosis
Chromosome Behaviour During Meiosis
DNA Structure and Replication

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe the structure of chromosomes. Define chromatids, centromere and genes. Explain homologous chromosomes and chromosome numbers.

Drawing labeled chromosome diagrams on chalkboard. Discussion on chromosome pairs in different species. Student drawing exercises.

Textbook, chalkboard, chalk, exercise books, pencils
Colored threads (6cm and 3cm), scissors, manila paper, string for tying knots
Colored threads, manila paper, textbook
Textbook, chalkboard, chalk, exercise books

KLB Secondary Biology Form 4, Pages 5-6

GENETICS
REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS
REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

DNA and Protein Synthesis
Menstrual Cycle - Follicle Development and Ovulation
Hormonal Control and Menstrual Phases

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain role of DNA in protein synthesis. Describe mRNA formation and function. Understand genetic code concept.

Exposition on transcription and translation. Discussion on messenger RNA. Examples of genetic codes using chalkboard diagrams.

Textbook, chalkboard, chalk
Menstrual cycle charts, Drawing materials, Textbook
Hormone level graphs, Menstrual cycle phase charts, Textbook

KLB Secondary Biology Form 4, Pages 12-13

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Ovum Structure and Fertilisation Process
Early Development and Twins Formation
Implantation and Pregnancy Indicators

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To draw and label structure of human ovum. To describe sperm movement in female tract. To explain acrosome function during fertilisation. To outline zygote formation and nuclear fusion.

Drawing and labeling: Mature human ovum structure. Discussion: Sperm journey from vagina to oviduct. Teacher exposition: Acrosome enzymes and zona pellucida penetration. Q/A: Nuclear fusion, chromosome combination and zygote formation.

Ovum structure charts, Fertilisation diagrams, Drawing materials, Textbook
Developmental stages charts, Twin formation diagrams, Drawing materials, Textbook
Implantation charts, Pregnancy test demonstration materials, Textbook

Certificate Biology Form 3, Pages 155-157

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Gestation and Embryonic Membranes

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To define gestation period in humans. To identify extra-embryonic membranes. To describe amnion, chorion and allantois functions. To explain amniotic fluid importance.

Teacher exposition: 40-week gestation period comparison with other mammals. Detailed discussion: Formation and functions of amnion, chorion, allantois. Q/A: Amniotic fluid functions - protection, support, lubrication. Drawing embryonic membrane arrangement.

Gestation charts, Fetal development models, Drawing materials, Textbook

Certificate Biology Form 3, Pages 159-161

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Placenta Structure and Functions
Pregnancy Hormones and Parturition

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To describe placenta structure and formation. To explain maternal and fetal blood separation. To identify nutrient transfer and gas exchange functions. To discuss placental barrier limitations.

Detailed discussion: Placenta as temporary organ with dual tissue origin. Teacher exposition: Blood vessel arrangement and separation mechanisms. Discussion: Nutrient, oxygen transfer and harmful substance passage. Q/A: Placental protection and its limitations.

Placenta structure diagrams, Function charts, Drawing materials, Textbook
Pregnancy hormone charts, Birth process diagrams, Hormone level graphs, Textbook

Certificate Biology Form 3, Pages 161-163

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Male Reproductive System Structure and Functions
Sperm Structure and Male Hormones
HIV/AIDS - Causes and Transmission

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To draw and label male reproductive system. To identify testes, epididymis, vas deferens and accessory glands. To describe functions of each component. To explain scrotum function and temperature regulation.
To describe HIV virus and immune system effects. To explain AIDS development and symptoms. To identify HIV transmission modes. To discuss high-risk behaviors.

Drawing and labeling: Complete male reproductive system. Teacher demonstration using charts and models. Discussion: Functions of testes, epididymis, vas deferens, accessory glands. Q/A: Scrotum location and temperature regulation for sperm production.
Detailed discussion: HIV virus structure and immune system destruction. Teacher exposition: AIDS development and opportunistic diseases. Discussion: Transmission modes - sexual, blood, mother-to-child. Q/A: High-risk behaviors and transmission prevention.

Male reproductive system charts, Drawing materials, Models if available, Textbook
Sperm structure diagrams, Male hormone charts, Drawing materials, Textbook
AIDS awareness charts, HIV transmission diagrams, Educational materials, Textbook

Certificate Biology Form 3, Pages 164-166
Certificate Biology Form 3, Pages 167-170

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

AIDS Symptoms and Prevention
Bacterial STIs - Gonorrhea and Syphilis

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To identify early and late AIDS symptoms. To describe opportunistic diseases. To explain AIDS prevention methods. To discuss social responsibility and behavior change.

Discussion: Early AIDS symptoms and progression to full syndrome. Teacher exposition: Opportunistic diseases and their effects. Detailed explanation: Prevention strategies and behavior modification. Group discussion: Social responsibility and community health.

AIDS symptom charts, Prevention posters, Case study materials, Textbook
STI information charts, Bacterial infection diagrams, Textbook

Certificate Biology Form 3, Pages 170-171

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS
GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT
GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT

Viral STIs and Other Infections
Introduction and Definitions
Measurement of Growth

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To describe genital herpes causes and symptoms. To explain hepatitis B transmission and effects. To identify trichomoniasis and other STIs. To emphasize prevention strategies for all STIs.

Discussion: Viral STIs and their incurable nature. Teacher exposition: Herpes simplex virus effects and dormancy. Q/A: Hepatitis B liver effects and vaccination. Discussion: Comprehensive STI prevention and faithful relationships.

Viral STI charts, Prevention strategy posters, Textbook
Charts showing growth and development, Textbook, Wall charts
Measuring instruments, Scales, Rulers, Calculators, Sample plants

Certificate Biology Form 3, Page 172

GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT

Patterns and Rate of Growth
Factors Controlling Plant Growth
Stages of Growth and Life Cycle

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To describe continuous and discontinuous growth patterns. To interpret growth curves for plants. To explain factors affecting growth rate. To calculate growth rates from given data.

Analysis of growth curves showing continuous vs discontinuous patterns. Teacher exposition: Growth phases A-B, B-C, C-D, D-E, E-F. Discussion: Environmental effects on growth patterns. Mathematical exercises: Calculating growth rates from data.

Growth curve charts, Graph paper, Calculators, Sample data sets
Environmental factor charts, Temperature scales, Light meters if available, Textbook
Plant life cycle charts, Examples of annual and perennial plants, Textbook

Certificate Biology Form 3, Pages 179-180

GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT

Seed Structure - Monocots and Dicots
Conditions for Germination
Types of Germination
Germination Practical Investigation
Primary Growth and Meristems

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To examine and draw structure of monocot and dicot seeds. To identify parts of bean and maize seeds. To compare structural differences between seed types. To explain functions of seed parts.
To set up germination experiments for different seed types. To observe daily changes in germinating seeds. To record measurements and growth data. To compare germination patterns.

Practical examination: Soaked bean and maize seeds. Dissection and identification of seed parts. Drawing and labeling: Bean seed cotyledons, embryo, testa. Drawing maize grain: endosperm, scutellum, plumule, radicle. Comparison table of monocot vs dicot seeds.
Practical work: Setting up germination experiments with bean and maize seeds. Daily observations and measurements of seedling growth. Recording data: root length, shoot height, leaf development. Drawing stages of germination over time. Data collection for growth rate calculations.

Soaked bean and maize seeds, Hand lens, Scalpels, Drawing materials, Iodine solution
Germination apparatus, Seeds at different stages, Temperature monitoring equipment, Textbook
Germinating seeds at various stages, Drawing materials, Observation trays, Hand lens
Seeds, Petri dishes, Cotton wool, Measuring rulers, Data recording sheets, Clay pots
Meristem distribution charts, Drawing materials, Microscope slides of meristems, Textbook

Certificate Biology Form 3, Pages 182-183
Certificate Biology Form 3, Pages 200-201

GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT

Secondary Growth and Cambium Activity
Annual Rings and Plant Dormancy

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To describe secondary growth in dicots. To explain vascular cambium and cork cambium functions. To identify secondary xylem and phloem formation. To relate secondary growth to plant strength and support.

Detailed discussion: Secondary thickening in woody plants. Teacher exposition: Vascular cambium tangential divisions. Q/A: Secondary xylem and phloem development. Discussion: Cork cambium, lenticels and bark formation. Drawing cross-sections showing secondary tissues.

Secondary growth diagrams, Tree trunk sections, Drawing materials, Hand lens
Tree trunk cross-sections, Dormant plant organs, Charts, Textbook

Certificate Biology Form 3, Pages 186-188

GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT

Seed Dormancy and Breaking Mechanisms

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To describe seed dormancy characteristics. To explain factors that break seed dormancy. To identify vernalization, moisture, light and chemical effects. To discuss advantages of seed dormancy.

Detailed discussion: Dormant seed characteristics and low metabolic activity. Teacher exposition: Vernalization, moisture, light requirements. Q/A: Chemical inhibitors and gibberellic acid effects. Discussion: Dormancy advantages - dispersal time, favorable conditions.

Dormant seeds, Germination comparison setups, Chemical solutions, Textbook

Certificate Biology Form 3, Pages 188-189

GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT

Plant Growth Substances - Auxins
Gibberellins, Cytokinins and Other Hormones

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To describe discovery of plant hormones by Fritz Went. To explain auxin functions in stems, leaves, roots and fruits. To identify IAA structure and translocation. To discuss practical applications of auxins.

Teacher exposition: Went's experiments with oat coleoptiles and auxin discovery. Discussion: Auxin effects in different plant organs. Q/A: Apical dominance and parthenocarpy. Practical applications: rooting powders, herbicides, fruit development.

Auxin experiment diagrams, Plant cuttings, Rooting powder demonstration, Textbook
Plant hormone effect charts, Ripening fruits, Textbook

Certificate Biology Form 3, Pages 189-192

GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT

Practical Applications of Plant Hormones
Animal Growth Patterns and Life Cycles
Complete Metamorphosis

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To explain commercial uses of plant hormones. To describe hormone applications in agriculture and horticulture. To identify hormone uses in crop production. To discuss economic benefits of hormone applications.
To distinguish continuous from discontinuous growth in animals. To describe sigmoid growth curve phases. To explain lag, exponential, decelerating and plateau phases. To compare growth patterns in different animal groups.

Discussion: Commercial applications of auxins in propagation. Teacher exposition: Gibberellins in brewing and dwarf plant treatment. Q/A: Hormone use in fruit production and weed control. Case studies: Economic benefits in agriculture and horticulture.
Analysis of sigmoid growth curves showing four phases. Teacher exposition: Continuous growth in mammals, birds, fish. Discussion: Discontinuous growth in insects and amphibians. Q/A: Factors affecting each growth phase.

Hormone application examples, Agricultural product samples, Case study materials
Growth curve charts, Animal development examples, Graph paper, Textbook
Insect life cycle charts, Preserved specimens if available, Drawings, Textbook

Certificate Biology Form 3, Pages 191-194
Certificate Biology Form 3, Pages 193-194

GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT

Incomplete Metamorphosis
Hormonal Control of Growth in Animals

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To describe incomplete metamorphosis characteristics. To explain life cycles of cockroach and locust. To identify nymphal stages and molting process. To compare complete and incomplete metamorphosis.

Discussion: Egg to adult development through nymphal stages. Teacher exposition: Cockroach and locust life cycles. Q/A: Molting/ecdysis process and wing development. Comparison table: Complete vs incomplete metamorphosis.

Incomplete metamorphosis charts, Grasshopper specimens, Comparison tables, Textbook
Hormone control charts, Animal development diagrams, Textbook

Certificate Biology Form 3, Pages 198-199

GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT

Growth Measurement Practical

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To measure plant growth over time. To record linear measurements and calculate growth rates. To plot growth curves from collected data. To analyze factors affecting growth differences.

Practical work: Long-term measurement of plant growth (height, leaf length). Data recording: Daily/weekly measurements over extended period. Mathematical analysis: Growth rate calculations. Graph plotting: Growth curves and growth rate curves.

Growing plants, Measuring rulers, Data recording sheets, Graph paper, Calculators

Certificate Biology Form 3, Pages 201-202