GENETICS

Introduction to Genetics and Variation
Observable Variations in Human Beings
Discontinuous and Continuous Variation

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define genetics, heredity and variation. Explain the importance of studying genetics. Identify examples of variation in organisms.
Observe and record variations in tongue rolling, fingerprints and height. Distinguish between different types of variations. Create data tables.

Q/A on prior knowledge of inheritance. Brainstorming on observable differences in humans. Discussion on the meaning of genetics and heredity.
Practical activity on tongue rolling. Fingerprint examination using ink pads. Height measurement and data recording.

Textbook, chalkboard, chalk
Ink pad, plain paper, metre rule, exercise books
Graph paper, rulers, height data from previous lesson, textbook

KLB Secondary Biology Form 4, Pages 1-2
KLB Secondary Biology Form 4, Pages 2-3

GENETICS

Causes of Variation
Chromosome Structure
Chromosome Behaviour During Mitosis

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain genetic and environmental causes of variation. Describe role of meiosis, fertilization and mutations in creating variation.

Exposition on sources of variation. Discussion on independent assortment during meiosis. Examples of environmental effects on phenotypes.

Textbook, chalkboard, chalk
Textbook, chalkboard, chalk, exercise books, pencils
Colored threads (6cm and 3cm), scissors, manila paper, string for tying knots

KLB Secondary Biology Form 4, Pages 4-5

GENETICS

Chromosome Behaviour During Meiosis
DNA Structure and Replication
DNA and Protein Synthesis

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe chromosome behaviour during meiosis. Explain crossing over and reduction division. Compare mitosis and meiosis.

Continuation of chromosome modeling using threads. Demonstration of reduction division. Discussion on gamete formation.

Colored threads, manila paper, textbook
Textbook, chalkboard, chalk, exercise books
Textbook, chalkboard, chalk

KLB Secondary Biology Form 4, Pages 8-9

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Menstrual Cycle - Follicle Development and Ovulation
Hormonal Control and Menstrual Phases

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To describe the 28-day menstrual cycle. To explain FSH action on follicle development. To describe Graafian follicle formation and ovulation. To outline corpus luteum formation and function.

Teacher exposition: Complete menstrual cycle overview. Discussion: FSH stimulation and Graafian follicle development. Detailed explanation: LH surge, ovulation process on day 14. Q/A: Corpus luteum development and progesterone secretion.

Menstrual cycle charts, Drawing materials, Textbook
Hormone level graphs, Menstrual cycle phase charts, Textbook

Certificate Biology Form 3, Pages 152-154

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Ovum Structure and Fertilisation Process
Early Development and Twins Formation
Implantation and Pregnancy Indicators

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To draw and label structure of human ovum. To describe sperm movement in female tract. To explain acrosome function during fertilisation. To outline zygote formation and nuclear fusion.

Drawing and labeling: Mature human ovum structure. Discussion: Sperm journey from vagina to oviduct. Teacher exposition: Acrosome enzymes and zona pellucida penetration. Q/A: Nuclear fusion, chromosome combination and zygote formation.

Ovum structure charts, Fertilisation diagrams, Drawing materials, Textbook
Developmental stages charts, Twin formation diagrams, Drawing materials, Textbook
Implantation charts, Pregnancy test demonstration materials, Textbook

Certificate Biology Form 3, Pages 155-157

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Gestation and Embryonic Membranes

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To define gestation period in humans. To identify extra-embryonic membranes. To describe amnion, chorion and allantois functions. To explain amniotic fluid importance.

Teacher exposition: 40-week gestation period comparison with other mammals. Detailed discussion: Formation and functions of amnion, chorion, allantois. Q/A: Amniotic fluid functions - protection, support, lubrication. Drawing embryonic membrane arrangement.

Gestation charts, Fetal development models, Drawing materials, Textbook

Certificate Biology Form 3, Pages 159-161

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Placenta Structure and Functions
Pregnancy Hormones and Parturition
Male Reproductive System Structure and Functions

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To describe placenta structure and formation. To explain maternal and fetal blood separation. To identify nutrient transfer and gas exchange functions. To discuss placental barrier limitations.
To identify hormones during pregnancy. To explain HCG, progesterone and oestrogen roles. To describe hormonal changes triggering birth. To explain the parturition process.

Detailed discussion: Placenta as temporary organ with dual tissue origin. Teacher exposition: Blood vessel arrangement and separation mechanisms. Discussion: Nutrient, oxygen transfer and harmful substance passage. Q/A: Placental protection and its limitations.
Discussion: Hormone secretion patterns during pregnancy. Teacher exposition: HCG, progesterone, oestrogen functions and interactions. Detailed explanation: Hormonal triggers for birth and oxytocin role. Q/A: Uterine contractions, cervix dilation and delivery stages.

Placenta structure diagrams, Function charts, Drawing materials, Textbook
Pregnancy hormone charts, Birth process diagrams, Hormone level graphs, Textbook
Male reproductive system charts, Drawing materials, Models if available, Textbook

Certificate Biology Form 3, Pages 161-163
Certificate Biology Form 3, Pages 163-165

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Sperm Structure and Male Hormones

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To draw and label spermatozoon structure. To explain head, middle piece and tail functions. To describe testosterone and FSH roles. To identify secondary sexual characteristics.

Drawing and labeling: Detailed sperm structure showing all components. Discussion: Sperm adaptations for fertilization and motility. Teacher exposition: Hormone control of sperm production and male development. Q/A: Testosterone effects and secondary sexual characteristics.

Sperm structure diagrams, Male hormone charts, Drawing materials, Textbook

Certificate Biology Form 3, Pages 166-167

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

HIV/AIDS - Causes and Transmission

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To describe HIV virus and immune system effects. To explain AIDS development and symptoms. To identify HIV transmission modes. To discuss high-risk behaviors.

Detailed discussion: HIV virus structure and immune system destruction. Teacher exposition: AIDS development and opportunistic diseases. Discussion: Transmission modes - sexual, blood, mother-to-child. Q/A: High-risk behaviors and transmission prevention.

AIDS awareness charts, HIV transmission diagrams, Educational materials, Textbook

Certificate Biology Form 3, Pages 167-170

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

AIDS Symptoms and Prevention

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To identify early and late AIDS symptoms. To describe opportunistic diseases. To explain AIDS prevention methods. To discuss social responsibility and behavior change.

Discussion: Early AIDS symptoms and progression to full syndrome. Teacher exposition: Opportunistic diseases and their effects. Detailed explanation: Prevention strategies and behavior modification. Group discussion: Social responsibility and community health.

AIDS symptom charts, Prevention posters, Case study materials, Textbook

Certificate Biology Form 3, Pages 170-171

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS
GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT

Bacterial STIs - Gonorrhea and Syphilis
Viral STIs and Other Infections
Introduction and Definitions
Measurement of Growth
Patterns and Rate of Growth

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To describe gonorrhea causes, symptoms and treatment. To explain syphilis stages and progression. To identify transmission modes for bacterial STIs. To discuss antibiotic treatment and prevention.
To distinguish between growth and development. To define growth as permanent increase in size and weight. To explain development as structural changes and differentiation. To relate growth to cell division and tissue formation.

Detailed discussion: Gonorrhea bacterium and reproductive tract effects. Teacher exposition: Syphilis stages - primary, secondary, tertiary. Q/A: Transmission modes and treatment with antibiotics. Discussion: Prevention methods and partner responsibility.
Q/A: Review reproduction concepts. Discussion: Definition of growth vs development. Teacher exposition: Cell division, differentiation and tissue formation. Q/A: Examples of growth and development in organisms. Discussion: Growth as characteristic of living organisms.

STI information charts, Bacterial infection diagrams, Textbook
Viral STI charts, Prevention strategy posters, Textbook
Charts showing growth and development, Textbook, Wall charts
Measuring instruments, Scales, Rulers, Calculators, Sample plants
Growth curve charts, Graph paper, Calculators, Sample data sets

Certificate Biology Form 3, Pages 171-172
Certificate Biology Form 3, Pages 178-179

GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT

Factors Controlling Plant Growth
Stages of Growth and Life Cycle

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To identify external factors affecting plant growth. To explain how oxygen, temperature, water, light and space influence growth. To describe internal factors including hormones. To relate factors to plant survival and adaptation.

Detailed discussion: External factors - oxygen, temperature, water, light, space. Teacher exposition: How each factor affects biochemical processes. Q/A: Competition effects and resource limitation. Introduction to internal factors and plant hormones.

Environmental factor charts, Temperature scales, Light meters if available, Textbook
Plant life cycle charts, Examples of annual and perennial plants, Textbook

Certificate Biology Form 3, Pages 180-181

GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT

Seed Structure - Monocots and Dicots
Conditions for Germination
Types of Germination

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To examine and draw structure of monocot and dicot seeds. To identify parts of bean and maize seeds. To compare structural differences between seed types. To explain functions of seed parts.

Practical examination: Soaked bean and maize seeds. Dissection and identification of seed parts. Drawing and labeling: Bean seed cotyledons, embryo, testa. Drawing maize grain: endosperm, scutellum, plumule, radicle. Comparison table of monocot vs dicot seeds.

Soaked bean and maize seeds, Hand lens, Scalpels, Drawing materials, Iodine solution
Germination apparatus, Seeds at different stages, Temperature monitoring equipment, Textbook
Germinating seeds at various stages, Drawing materials, Observation trays, Hand lens

Certificate Biology Form 3, Pages 182-183

GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT

Germination Practical Investigation

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To set up germination experiments for different seed types. To observe daily changes in germinating seeds. To record measurements and growth data. To compare germination patterns.

Practical work: Setting up germination experiments with bean and maize seeds. Daily observations and measurements of seedling growth. Recording data: root length, shoot height, leaf development. Drawing stages of germination over time. Data collection for growth rate calculations.

Seeds, Petri dishes, Cotton wool, Measuring rulers, Data recording sheets, Clay pots

Certificate Biology Form 3, Pages 200-201

GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT

Primary Growth and Meristems
Secondary Growth and Cambium Activity
Annual Rings and Plant Dormancy

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To describe primary growth in plants. To identify apical meristems and their functions. To explain tissue development from meristems. To relate meristem activity to plant growth.
To explain annual ring formation in temperate trees. To describe factors causing plant dormancy. To identify dormancy in buds, seeds and organs. To explain dormancy advantages for plant survival.

Discussion: Primary growth in seedlings and herbaceous plants. Teacher exposition: Apical meristem structure and cell characteristics. Q/A: Meristem cell division and differentiation processes. Drawing diagrams showing meristem distribution in plants.
Discussion: Annual growth seasons and ring formation. Teacher exposition: Environmental factors triggering dormancy. Q/A: Metabolic changes during dormancy periods. Discussion: Dormancy in bulbs, corms, rhizomes. Examples of seasonal dormancy in tropical plants.

Meristem distribution charts, Drawing materials, Microscope slides of meristems, Textbook
Secondary growth diagrams, Tree trunk sections, Drawing materials, Hand lens
Tree trunk cross-sections, Dormant plant organs, Charts, Textbook

Certificate Biology Form 3, Pages 186-187
Certificate Biology Form 3, Page 188

GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT

Seed Dormancy and Breaking Mechanisms

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To describe seed dormancy characteristics. To explain factors that break seed dormancy. To identify vernalization, moisture, light and chemical effects. To discuss advantages of seed dormancy.

Detailed discussion: Dormant seed characteristics and low metabolic activity. Teacher exposition: Vernalization, moisture, light requirements. Q/A: Chemical inhibitors and gibberellic acid effects. Discussion: Dormancy advantages - dispersal time, favorable conditions.

Dormant seeds, Germination comparison setups, Chemical solutions, Textbook

Certificate Biology Form 3, Pages 188-189

GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT

Plant Growth Substances - Auxins
Gibberellins, Cytokinins and Other Hormones

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To describe discovery of plant hormones by Fritz Went. To explain auxin functions in stems, leaves, roots and fruits. To identify IAA structure and translocation. To discuss practical applications of auxins.

Teacher exposition: Went's experiments with oat coleoptiles and auxin discovery. Discussion: Auxin effects in different plant organs. Q/A: Apical dominance and parthenocarpy. Practical applications: rooting powders, herbicides, fruit development.

Auxin experiment diagrams, Plant cuttings, Rooting powder demonstration, Textbook
Plant hormone effect charts, Ripening fruits, Textbook

Certificate Biology Form 3, Pages 189-192

GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT

Practical Applications of Plant Hormones

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To explain commercial uses of plant hormones. To describe hormone applications in agriculture and horticulture. To identify hormone uses in crop production. To discuss economic benefits of hormone applications.

Discussion: Commercial applications of auxins in propagation. Teacher exposition: Gibberellins in brewing and dwarf plant treatment. Q/A: Hormone use in fruit production and weed control. Case studies: Economic benefits in agriculture and horticulture.

Hormone application examples, Agricultural product samples, Case study materials

Certificate Biology Form 3, Pages 191-194

GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT

Animal Growth Patterns and Life Cycles
Complete Metamorphosis
Incomplete Metamorphosis

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To distinguish continuous from discontinuous growth in animals. To describe sigmoid growth curve phases. To explain lag, exponential, decelerating and plateau phases. To compare growth patterns in different animal groups.
To describe complete metamorphosis stages. To explain life cycle of housefly and butterfly. To identify egg, larva, pupa and adult stages. To discuss economic importance of insects with complete metamorphosis.

Analysis of sigmoid growth curves showing four phases. Teacher exposition: Continuous growth in mammals, birds, fish. Discussion: Discontinuous growth in insects and amphibians. Q/A: Factors affecting each growth phase.
Detailed study: Housefly life cycle - egg, maggot, pupa, imago. Teacher exposition: Butterfly development - caterpillar, chrysalis, adult. Q/A: Structural and behavioral differences between stages. Discussion: Economic importance - pests, silk production.

Growth curve charts, Animal development examples, Graph paper, Textbook
Insect life cycle charts, Preserved specimens if available, Drawings, Textbook
Incomplete metamorphosis charts, Grasshopper specimens, Comparison tables, Textbook

Certificate Biology Form 3, Pages 193-194
Certificate Biology Form 3, Pages 195-198

GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT

Hormonal Control of Growth in Animals
Growth Measurement Practical

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To identify growth hormones in different animals. To explain human growth hormone from pituitary gland. To describe insect molting hormones - ecdysone and juvenile hormone. To explain thyroxine role in frog metamorphosis.

Discussion: Growth hormone control in mammals. Teacher exposition: Pituitary gland and human growth regulation. Q/A: Insect hormone balance - ecdysone and neotonin effects. Discussion: Thyroxine control of amphibian metamorphosis.

Hormone control charts, Animal development diagrams, Textbook
Growing plants, Measuring rulers, Data recording sheets, Graph paper, Calculators

Certificate Biology Form 3, Page 199