OCEANS, SEAS AND THEIR COASTS

Distinction Between Oceans and Seas
Nature of Ocean Water - Salinity and Temperature

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Distinguish between oceans and seas based on size, location, and connection. Identify the four major oceans and their characteristics. Compare similarities and differences between oceans and seas.

Q/A to review water bodies from previous chapters. Discussion of ocean vs sea characteristics using world map. Students list major oceans and seas in exercise books.

Chalkboard, world map, atlas, exercise books
Chalkboard, chalk, exercise books, thermometer for demonstration

KLB Secondary Geography Form 3, Pages 113-114

OCEANS, SEAS AND THEIR COASTS

Nature of Ocean Water - Ocean Life and Topography
Islands and Ocean Pollution
Water Movement - Vertical Movement
Water Movement - Ocean Currents

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe ocean life including plankton, nekton, and benthos. Explain ocean topography features: continental shelf, slope, abyssal plain, ridges, and trenches.

Discussion of marine organisms and their habitats. Drawing ocean floor profile on chalkboard showing topographical features. Students sketch ocean life zones.

Chalkboard, chalk, exercise books, textbooks
Chalkboard, chalk, exercise books, atlas
Containers, warm and cold water, chalkboard, atlas
Chalkboard, chalk, globe, world map, exercise books

KLB Secondary Geography Form 3, Pages 117-119

OCEANS, SEAS AND THEIR COASTS

Major Ocean Currents
Tides - Formation and Causes
Types of Tides

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Identify characteristics and distribution of major world ocean currents. Give examples: Gulf Stream, Labrador, Kuroshio, California currents. Analyze current patterns in different ocean basins.

Discussion of major ocean currents with world map reference. Students create table of warm and cold currents. Analysis of current circulation patterns.

World map, atlas, chalkboard, exercise books
Chalkboard, chalk, exercise books, stones for demonstration
Chalkboard, chalk, exercise books, textbooks

KLB Secondary Geography Form 3, Pages 124-125

OCEANS, SEAS AND THEIR COASTS

Wave Formation and Types
Wave Erosion Processes and Features

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain wave formation through wind friction on water surface. Describe wave components: crest, trough, wavelength, height. Distinguish between constructive and destructive waves.

Simple demonstration of wave formation using water basin and fan/breath. Drawing wave diagrams showing crest and trough. Discussion of wave breaking processes.

Water basin, chalkboard, chalk, exercise books
Chalkboard, chalk, exercise books, pictures from textbook

KLB Secondary Geography Form 3, Pages 128-130

OCEANS, SEAS AND THEIR COASTS

Wave Transportation and Deposition
Coastal Depositional Features - Beaches and Spits

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain longshore drift process and material transportation. Describe factors influencing coastal deposition. Identify transportation mechanisms along coasts.

Simple demonstration of longshore drift using sand and water. Discussion of sediment sorting and deposition patterns. Students draw longshore drift diagrams.

Sand, water container, chalkboard, chalk, exercise books
Chalkboard, chalk, exercise books, sand for demonstration

KLB Secondary Geography Form 3, Pages 134-135

OCEANS, SEAS AND THEIR COASTS

Coastal Depositional Features - Bars and Other Features
Types of Coasts - Concordant and Discordant

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain bar formation: bay bars and offshore bars. Describe tombolo, cuspate foreland, mudflats, salt marshes, and dune belts formation.

Drawing different bar formation types on chalkboard. Discussion of lagoon formation behind bars. Students sketch various depositional features.

Chalkboard, chalk, exercise books, textbooks
Atlas, chalkboard, chalk, exercise books

KLB Secondary Geography Form 3, Pages 137-139

OCEANS, SEAS AND THEIR COASTS

Submerged Coasts - Highland and Lowland
Emerged Coasts

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain submerged coast formation through base level changes. Describe rias, fjords, and Dalmatian coasts in highland areas. Identify fjards in lowland submergence.

Drawing submerged coast formation diagrams on chalkboard. Discussion of East African rias (Kilindini, Lamu). Students analyze submergence causes.

Chalkboard, chalk, exercise books, maps of Kenya coast
Chalkboard, chalk, exercise books, local examples

KLB Secondary Geography Form 3, Pages 140-142

OCEANS, SEAS AND THEIR COASTS

Coral Coasts and Reef Formation
Types of Coral Reefs

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain coral polyp requirements for growth: temperature, clean water, shallow depth, salinity. Describe conditions favoring coral development.

Discussion of coral growth conditions and requirements. Analysis of tropical coral distribution patterns. Students list coral growth requirements.

Chalkboard, chalk, exercise books, world map
Chalkboard, chalk, exercise books, atlas

KLB Secondary Geography Form 3, Pages 143-144

OCEANS, SEAS AND THEIR COASTS

Coral Reef Formation Theories
Significance of Oceans - Economic Importance
Significance of Coasts and Coastal Features

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain Darwin's, Daly's, and Murray's theories of coral reef formation. Compare different explanations for barrier reef and atoll development.

Discussion of different coral formation theories with diagrams. Comparison of theory strengths and limitations. Students create theory comparison charts.

Chalkboard, chalk, exercise books, textbooks
Chalkboard, chalk, exercise books, world map
Chalkboard, chalk, exercise books, maps of Kenya

KLB Secondary Geography Form 3, Pages 146-148

OCEANS, SEAS AND THEIR COASTS
ACTION OF WIND AND WATER IN ARID AREAS
ACTION OF WIND AND WATER IN ARID AREAS

Unit Assessment
Definition of Terms and Types of Deserts
Wind Erosion Processes

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Assess understanding of ocean characteristics, water movements, coastal processes, and significance. Evaluate achievement of all learning objectives.

Written assessment covering all unit topics. Practical identification of coastal features from descriptions. Map work exercises using atlas.

Assessment papers, atlas, exercise books, maps
Chalkboard, world map, atlas, exercise books
Sand, small container, chalkboard, chalk, exercise books

KLB Secondary Geography Form 3, Pages 113-150

ACTION OF WIND AND WATER IN ARID AREAS

Wind Erosion Features - Small Scale
Wind Erosion Features - Large Scale
Wind Transportation and Deposition
Sand Dunes - Barchans and Seif Dunes

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe formation of "millet seed" sand grains, rock pedestals (gours), and ventifacts. Explain undercutting and abrasion effects up to 2 meters above ground. Include dreinkanter formation.

Drawing formation diagrams of small-scale erosional features on chalkboard. Discussion of differential erosion on hard and soft rocks. Students sketch feature formation stages.

Chalkboard, chalk, exercise books, small stones for demonstration
Chalkboard, chalk, exercise books, atlas
Sand, fan or strong breath, chalkboard, chalk, exercise books
Sand, small obstacles, chalkboard, chalk, exercise books

KLB Secondary Geography Form 3, Pages 153-155

ACTION OF WIND AND WATER IN ARID AREAS

Other Dune Types, Draas, and Loess
Water Action in Arid Areas - Wadis and Inselbergs
Pediments, Pediplains, and Plateau Features

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain transverse and wake dune formation. Describe draas as large dune features up to 200m high. Define loess as fine-grained wind-deposited soil with examples from Europe, China, and Americas.

Discussion of various dune types and their wind conditions. Analysis of global loess distribution and agricultural importance. Students compare different depositional features.

Chalkboard, chalk, exercise books, world map
Chalkboard, chalk, exercise books, pictures from textbook
Chalkboard, chalk, exercise books, textbooks

KLB Secondary Geography Form 3, Pages 159-160

ACTION OF WIND AND WATER IN ARID AREAS

Water Deposition Features and Dry Valleys
Significance of Arid Features

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe alluvial fan and bajada formation at upland feet. Explain playa and salina development in basins. Identify dry river valleys (laghs/lagas) common in northern Kenya counties.

Discussion of seasonal water flow and deposition patterns. Analysis of Kenya's northern dry valleys with county examples. Students map regional examples of water features.

Maps of Kenya, chalkboard, chalk, exercise books
Chalkboard, chalk, exercise books, pictures of solar panels

KLB Secondary Geography Form 3, Pages 163-164

Action of Water in Limestone Areas

Surface and Underground Water
Features Resulting from Underground Water

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe processes leading to surface and underground water. Distinguish between surface and underground water types. Identify sources of underground water including rain, snow melt, lake/sea water, and magmatic water. Define water table, aquifer and aquifuge. Explain factors affecting occurrence of underground water.

Q/A to review hydrological cycle processes. Exposition on underground water as "body of water derived from percolation and contained in soil, sub-soil and underlying rocks above impermeable layer". Discussion on surface water types and saltiness from weathering. Detailed explanation of water infiltration through permeable rocks and joints/faults. Discussion on factors affecting occurrence including precipitation, evaporation, porosity, permeability, slope, vegetation, saturation levels, evapotranspiration.

Charts showing water sources, Rock samples, Diagrams of percolation and water table, Transparent containers
Topographical maps, Geological cross-sections, Textbook diagrams, 3D models, World maps

KLB Secondary Geography Form 3, Pages 166-170

Action of Water in Limestone Areas

Importance of Underground Water
Action of Water in Limestone Areas and Resultant Features

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain ways underground water is important to humankind and countries. Give specific examples of underground water significance including settlement, irrigation, domestic/industrial supply, geothermal energy, mineral deposits.

Brain storming on underground water uses. Detailed discussion on importance aspects including settlement sites like spring-line settlements, irrigation in dry areas like Sahara oases, domestic/industrial water like Mzima Springs supplying Mombasa, river sources in Kenyan Highlands, geothermal power like Olkaria near Naivasha, mineral deposits like salt at Homa Hills, underground streams keeping lakes fresh like Lake Naivasha.

Photographs of key sites, Maps of Kenya, Case study materials, Charts showing applications
Limestone samples, Weak acids, Sequential diagrams, Clay for modeling, Salt solution setup, Cave photographs, Safety equipment

KLB Secondary Geography Form 3, Pages 172-173

Action of Water in Limestone Areas
Glaciation

Significance of Resultant Features
Definition of Terms

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain significance of karst landscape features to humankind and countries. Analyze positive and negative impacts of karst features. Evaluate economic importance of limestone areas including tourism, water supply challenges, industrial uses, grazing potential.

Probing questions on karst landscape significance. Detailed discussion on significance aspects including tourism attractions like caves and gorges, solution lakes providing water sources, water scarcity due to intermittent streams, infrastructure development challenges, limestone use in iron/steel industry, grazing suitability for sheep, cement production like Bamburi and Athi River factories, environmental management challenges. Q/A on sustainable use of limestone resources. Topic assessment.

Economic charts, Photographs of industries, Tourism materials, Infrastructure maps, Assessment worksheets
Charts showing snowline variations, Diagrams of ice formation, Maps showing ice distribution, Safety materials

KLB Secondary Geography Form 3, Pages 178-179

Glaciation

Types of Glaciers and Ice Masses
Icebergs and Ice Movement

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Distinguish between valley and piedmont glaciers. Define ice sheets and ice caps. Identify African glacier examples. Describe nunataks.

Exposition on glacier types with African examples. Discussion on ice sheet characteristics and global distribution. Explanation of ice cap types and locations. Reference to textbook glacier table showing major examples worldwide. Group work identifying glacier locations on maps.

Glacier example tables, World maps, Photographs of mountain glaciers, Distribution charts
World maps showing icebergs, Ocean current charts, Movement mechanism diagrams, Speed comparison data

KLB Secondary Geography Form 3, Pages 182-183

Glaciation
Soil

Processes of Glaciation
Glacial Features and Significance
Definition and Composition of Soil

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain glacial erosion through plucking and abrasion. Identify factors influencing erosion. Describe glacial transportation and moraine types.

Discussion on glacial erosion processes of plucking and abrasion. Analysis of factors affecting erosion effectiveness. Explanation of glacial transportation and moraine classification. Reference to textbook diagrams showing moraine types. Q/A on glacial processes and debris movement.

Rock samples, Process diagrams, Moraine type charts, Glacial debris photographs
Formation diagrams, Feature photographs, Economic impact charts, Maps showing benefits, East African examples
Soil samples, Composition diagrams, Constituent charts, Microscopes

KLB Secondary Geography Form 3, Pages 184-186

Soil

Soil Forming Processes
Factors Influencing Soil Formation

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain soil formation through weathering and decomposition. Describe leaching processes including ferralisation, eluviation, podzolisation, calcification.

Discussion on weathering as primary formation process. Exposition on decomposition stages: mineralisation and humification. Explanation of leaching types with climatic examples. Reference to formation diagrams.

Rock samples, Decomposition diagrams, Leaching process charts, Formation illustrations
Parent rock samples, Climate charts, Vegetation specimens, Maps, Time examples

KLB Secondary Geography Form 3, Pages 200-203

Soil

Properties and Profile
Soil Degeneration and Erosion

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe soil properties and structure types. Define soil profile and horizons. Explain soil catena formation.

Discussion on soil structure, texture, acidity, colour, porosity. Explanation of profile as vertical layer arrangement with horizons A-D. Description of catena as slope arrangement and formation processes.

Soil structure samples, pH materials, Colour charts, Profile diagrams, Catena illustrations
Erosion photographs, Degeneration charts, Local examples, Process diagrams

KLB Secondary Geography Form 3, Pages 205-209

Soil
AGRICULTURE
AGRICULTURE

Classification and Management
Introduction and Definition of Agriculture
Physical Factors: Climate

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Classify soils by order: zonal, intrazonal, azonal. Describe major soil types and their characteristics. Explain soil management and conservation methods.

Exposition on soil classification based on formation conditions. Discussion on major Kenyan soil types and distribution. Analysis of management techniques and conservation methods. Examples of Kenyan conservation practices.

Classification charts, Distribution maps, Conservation photographs, Practice examples
Charts showing agricultural activities, Pictures of crops and livestock, Map of Kenya
Maps showing climate zones, Rainfall charts, Pictures of crops, Thermometers

KLB Secondary Geography Form 3, Pages 214-228

AGRICULTURE

Physical Factors: Relief and Soil
Biotic and Human Factors
Types of Agriculture: Simple Subsistence and Sedentary Agriculture
Intensive Subsistence Agriculture and Plantation Agriculture

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe relief types; Explain lowland cultivation advantages; Analyze soil composition and weathering; Evaluate soil properties

Q/A on relief and mechanization; Study lowland advantages in Monsoon Asia; Examine soil formation from rocks; Discuss hygroscopic water and temperature

Soil samples, pH testing materials, Maps of Pampas and Prairies, Terraced farming pictures
Pictures of pests, Insect specimens, Wilson Airport maps, Price charts
Maps of tropical lands, Slash-and-burn pictures, Farming systems diagrams
Monsoon Asia maps, Rice terraces pictures, Plantation distribution charts

KLB Secondary Geography Form 3, Pages 236-238

AGRICULTURE

Mediterranean Agriculture, Mixed Farming, and Livestock Farming
Distribution of Major Cash Crops in Kenya
Tea Farming in Kenya

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe Mediterranean agriculture regions; Explain farming aspects; Define mixed farming; Identify livestock farming types

Study Mediterranean regions; Analyze orchard farming, viticulture; Discuss mixed farming areas; Introduction to livestock types

Mediterranean maps, Olive grove pictures, Crop combination charts
Figure 13.7 map, Cash crop pictures, Colonial agriculture photos
Figure 13.8 map, Plantation pictures, Processing flow chart, Tea samples

KLB Secondary Geography Form 3, Pages 248-252

AGRICULTURE

Tea Marketing and Sugar-cane Farming
Maize Growing and Cocoa in Ghana

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain KTDA role (260,000 farmers); Describe export destinations; Identify sugar-cane belt; Explain growing conditions

Discuss KTDA achievements; Study Figure 13.10 sugar areas; Analyze out-grower schemes; Sugar processing and uses

KTDA charts, Figure 13.10 map, Factory pictures, Processing diagrams
Figure 13.14 map, Maize pictures, Figure 13.15 Ghana map, Processing charts

KLB Secondary Geography Form 3, Pages 257-262

AGRICULTURE

Oil Palm in Nigeria and Coffee Farming
Wheat Growing and Horticulture
Pastoral Farming and Dairy Farming
Beef Farming and Agricultural Fieldwork

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe oil palm areas and conditions; Identify coffee regions in Kenya; Explain growing conditions and processing

Study oil palm distribution; Analyze tenera variety yields; Coffee processing steps; Compare with Brazil's Fazendas

Oil palm pictures, Figure 13.18 coffee map, Processing charts, pH testing materials
Figure 13.20 map, Harvester pictures, Figure 13.25 horticulture map, Export charts
Figure 13.29 map, Pastoral pictures, Table 13.1, Cattle breed photos
Cattle breed pictures, Figure 13.40 Pampas map, Sample questionnaires, Data sheets

KLB Secondary Geography Form 3, Pages 270-283