REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Introduction and Fertilisation Types
Reproduction in Amphibia and Mammalian Characteristics
Female Reproductive System Structure
Stages of Reproduction and Oogenesis

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To distinguish between sexual and asexual reproduction in animals. To compare external and internal fertilisation. To give examples of animals using each method. To explain advantages of each fertilisation type.
To describe reproduction in frogs and toads. To explain seasonal breeding and egg protection. To state characteristics of mammalian reproduction. To define viviparous, placental mammals and mammary glands.

Q/A: Review plant reproduction concepts. Discussion: Types of reproduction in animals and hermaphrodites. Detailed comparison: External vs internal fertilisation with examples. Tabulate differences and advantages of each method.
Examination of frog egg masses and jelly coating functions. Discussion: Seasonal breeding patterns and tadpole development. Teacher exposition: Mammalian reproduction characteristics. Q/A: Viviparous vs oviparous reproduction and mammary gland functions.

Charts showing reproduction types and fertilisation, Textbook, Wall charts
Frog eggs specimens, Charts showing amphibian and mammalian reproduction, Hand lens
Charts of female reproductive system, Drawing materials, Models if available, Textbook
Flow charts, Oogenesis diagrams, Drawing materials, Textbook

Certificate Biology Form 3, Pages 147-148
Certificate Biology Form 3, Pages 148-149

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Menstrual Cycle - Follicle Development and Ovulation
Hormonal Control and Menstrual Phases
Ovum Structure and Fertilisation Process
Early Development and Twins Formation

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To describe the 28-day menstrual cycle. To explain FSH action on follicle development. To describe Graafian follicle formation and ovulation. To outline corpus luteum formation and function.

Teacher exposition: Complete menstrual cycle overview. Discussion: FSH stimulation and Graafian follicle development. Detailed explanation: LH surge, ovulation process on day 14. Q/A: Corpus luteum development and progesterone secretion.

Menstrual cycle charts, Drawing materials, Textbook
Hormone level graphs, Menstrual cycle phase charts, Textbook
Ovum structure charts, Fertilisation diagrams, Drawing materials, Textbook
Developmental stages charts, Twin formation diagrams, Drawing materials, Textbook

Certificate Biology Form 3, Pages 152-154

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Implantation and Pregnancy Indicators
Gestation and Embryonic Membranes

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To define implantation and describe the process. To explain chorionic villi formation and anchoring. To identify early signs of pregnancy. To explain HCG hormone function and detection.

Detailed discussion: Implantation timing and chorionic villi development. Teacher exposition: Blastocyst embedding in endometrium. Discussion: Early pregnancy symptoms and HCG hormone. Q/A: Laboratory confirmation methods and pregnancy tests.

Implantation charts, Pregnancy test demonstration materials, Textbook
Gestation charts, Fetal development models, Drawing materials, Textbook

Certificate Biology Form 3, Pages 158-159

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Placenta Structure and Functions

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To describe placenta structure and formation. To explain maternal and fetal blood separation. To identify nutrient transfer and gas exchange functions. To discuss placental barrier limitations.

Detailed discussion: Placenta as temporary organ with dual tissue origin. Teacher exposition: Blood vessel arrangement and separation mechanisms. Discussion: Nutrient, oxygen transfer and harmful substance passage. Q/A: Placental protection and its limitations.

Placenta structure diagrams, Function charts, Drawing materials, Textbook

Certificate Biology Form 3, Pages 161-163

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Pregnancy Hormones and Parturition
Male Reproductive System Structure and Functions
Sperm Structure and Male Hormones
HIV/AIDS - Causes and Transmission

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To identify hormones during pregnancy. To explain HCG, progesterone and oestrogen roles. To describe hormonal changes triggering birth. To explain the parturition process.
To draw and label spermatozoon structure. To explain head, middle piece and tail functions. To describe testosterone and FSH roles. To identify secondary sexual characteristics.

Discussion: Hormone secretion patterns during pregnancy. Teacher exposition: HCG, progesterone, oestrogen functions and interactions. Detailed explanation: Hormonal triggers for birth and oxytocin role. Q/A: Uterine contractions, cervix dilation and delivery stages.
Drawing and labeling: Detailed sperm structure showing all components. Discussion: Sperm adaptations for fertilization and motility. Teacher exposition: Hormone control of sperm production and male development. Q/A: Testosterone effects and secondary sexual characteristics.

Pregnancy hormone charts, Birth process diagrams, Hormone level graphs, Textbook
Male reproductive system charts, Drawing materials, Models if available, Textbook
Sperm structure diagrams, Male hormone charts, Drawing materials, Textbook
AIDS awareness charts, HIV transmission diagrams, Educational materials, Textbook

Certificate Biology Form 3, Pages 163-165
Certificate Biology Form 3, Pages 166-167

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

AIDS Symptoms and Prevention

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To identify early and late AIDS symptoms. To describe opportunistic diseases. To explain AIDS prevention methods. To discuss social responsibility and behavior change.

Discussion: Early AIDS symptoms and progression to full syndrome. Teacher exposition: Opportunistic diseases and their effects. Detailed explanation: Prevention strategies and behavior modification. Group discussion: Social responsibility and community health.

AIDS symptom charts, Prevention posters, Case study materials, Textbook

Certificate Biology Form 3, Pages 170-171

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Bacterial STIs - Gonorrhea and Syphilis
Viral STIs and Other Infections

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To describe gonorrhea causes, symptoms and treatment. To explain syphilis stages and progression. To identify transmission modes for bacterial STIs. To discuss antibiotic treatment and prevention.

Detailed discussion: Gonorrhea bacterium and reproductive tract effects. Teacher exposition: Syphilis stages - primary, secondary, tertiary. Q/A: Transmission modes and treatment with antibiotics. Discussion: Prevention methods and partner responsibility.

STI information charts, Bacterial infection diagrams, Textbook
Viral STI charts, Prevention strategy posters, Textbook

Certificate Biology Form 3, Pages 171-172

GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT

Introduction and Definitions
Measurement of Growth
Patterns and Rate of Growth
Factors Controlling Plant Growth

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To distinguish between growth and development. To define growth as permanent increase in size and weight. To explain development as structural changes and differentiation. To relate growth to cell division and tissue formation.

Q/A: Review reproduction concepts. Discussion: Definition of growth vs development. Teacher exposition: Cell division, differentiation and tissue formation. Q/A: Examples of growth and development in organisms. Discussion: Growth as characteristic of living organisms.

Charts showing growth and development, Textbook, Wall charts
Measuring instruments, Scales, Rulers, Calculators, Sample plants
Growth curve charts, Graph paper, Calculators, Sample data sets
Environmental factor charts, Temperature scales, Light meters if available, Textbook

Certificate Biology Form 3, Pages 178-179

GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT

Stages of Growth and Life Cycle
Seed Structure - Monocots and Dicots
Conditions for Germination
Types of Germination
Germination Practical Investigation

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To describe stages from seed to maturity. To distinguish between annuals and perennials. To identify vegetative and reproductive phases. To explain germination, primary and secondary growth.
To distinguish between epigeal and hypogeal germination. To describe hypocotyl and epicotyl elongation. To explain cotyledon behavior in each type. To give examples of plants showing each germination type.

Discussion: Plant life cycle from seed to maturity. Teacher exposition: Vegetative vs reproductive growth phases. Q/A: Differences between annuals and perennials with examples. Overview of germination, primary and secondary growth stages.
Practical observation: Germinating bean and maize seeds at different stages. Teacher exposition: Epigeal germination - hypocotyl elongation, cotyledon emergence. Discussion: Hypogeal germination - epicotyl elongation, cotyledons remain underground. Drawing comparative diagrams of both types.

Plant life cycle charts, Examples of annual and perennial plants, Textbook
Soaked bean and maize seeds, Hand lens, Scalpels, Drawing materials, Iodine solution
Germination apparatus, Seeds at different stages, Temperature monitoring equipment, Textbook
Germinating seeds at various stages, Drawing materials, Observation trays, Hand lens
Seeds, Petri dishes, Cotton wool, Measuring rulers, Data recording sheets, Clay pots

Certificate Biology Form 3, Pages 181-182
Certificate Biology Form 3, Pages 184-186

GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT

Primary Growth and Meristems
Secondary Growth and Cambium Activity

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To describe primary growth in plants. To identify apical meristems and their functions. To explain tissue development from meristems. To relate meristem activity to plant growth.

Discussion: Primary growth in seedlings and herbaceous plants. Teacher exposition: Apical meristem structure and cell characteristics. Q/A: Meristem cell division and differentiation processes. Drawing diagrams showing meristem distribution in plants.

Meristem distribution charts, Drawing materials, Microscope slides of meristems, Textbook
Secondary growth diagrams, Tree trunk sections, Drawing materials, Hand lens

Certificate Biology Form 3, Pages 186-187

GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT

Annual Rings and Plant Dormancy
Seed Dormancy and Breaking Mechanisms

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To explain annual ring formation in temperate trees. To describe factors causing plant dormancy. To identify dormancy in buds, seeds and organs. To explain dormancy advantages for plant survival.

Discussion: Annual growth seasons and ring formation. Teacher exposition: Environmental factors triggering dormancy. Q/A: Metabolic changes during dormancy periods. Discussion: Dormancy in bulbs, corms, rhizomes. Examples of seasonal dormancy in tropical plants.

Tree trunk cross-sections, Dormant plant organs, Charts, Textbook
Dormant seeds, Germination comparison setups, Chemical solutions, Textbook

Certificate Biology Form 3, Page 188

GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT

Plant Growth Substances - Auxins

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To describe discovery of plant hormones by Fritz Went. To explain auxin functions in stems, leaves, roots and fruits. To identify IAA structure and translocation. To discuss practical applications of auxins.

Teacher exposition: Went's experiments with oat coleoptiles and auxin discovery. Discussion: Auxin effects in different plant organs. Q/A: Apical dominance and parthenocarpy. Practical applications: rooting powders, herbicides, fruit development.

Auxin experiment diagrams, Plant cuttings, Rooting powder demonstration, Textbook

Certificate Biology Form 3, Pages 189-192

GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT

Gibberellins, Cytokinins and Other Hormones
Practical Applications of Plant Hormones

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To describe gibberellin functions and effects. To explain cytokinin roles in cell division and growth. To identify abscissic acid as growth inhibitor. To describe ethene and florigen effects.

Discussion: Gibberellin effects on stem elongation and seed germination. Teacher exposition: Cytokinin functions in meristematic tissues. Q/A: Abscissic acid antagonistic effects. Discussion: Ethene in fruit ripening and florigen in flowering.

Plant hormone effect charts, Ripening fruits, Textbook
Hormone application examples, Agricultural product samples, Case study materials

Certificate Biology Form 3, Pages 192-194

GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT

Animal Growth Patterns and Life Cycles

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To distinguish continuous from discontinuous growth in animals. To describe sigmoid growth curve phases. To explain lag, exponential, decelerating and plateau phases. To compare growth patterns in different animal groups.

Analysis of sigmoid growth curves showing four phases. Teacher exposition: Continuous growth in mammals, birds, fish. Discussion: Discontinuous growth in insects and amphibians. Q/A: Factors affecting each growth phase.

Growth curve charts, Animal development examples, Graph paper, Textbook

Certificate Biology Form 3, Pages 193-194

GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT

Complete Metamorphosis
Incomplete Metamorphosis
Hormonal Control of Growth in Animals
Growth Measurement Practical

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To describe complete metamorphosis stages. To explain life cycle of housefly and butterfly. To identify egg, larva, pupa and adult stages. To discuss economic importance of insects with complete metamorphosis.
To identify growth hormones in different animals. To explain human growth hormone from pituitary gland. To describe insect molting hormones - ecdysone and juvenile hormone. To explain thyroxine role in frog metamorphosis.

Detailed study: Housefly life cycle - egg, maggot, pupa, imago. Teacher exposition: Butterfly development - caterpillar, chrysalis, adult. Q/A: Structural and behavioral differences between stages. Discussion: Economic importance - pests, silk production.
Discussion: Growth hormone control in mammals. Teacher exposition: Pituitary gland and human growth regulation. Q/A: Insect hormone balance - ecdysone and neotonin effects. Discussion: Thyroxine control of amphibian metamorphosis.

Insect life cycle charts, Preserved specimens if available, Drawings, Textbook
Incomplete metamorphosis charts, Grasshopper specimens, Comparison tables, Textbook
Hormone control charts, Animal development diagrams, Textbook
Growing plants, Measuring rulers, Data recording sheets, Graph paper, Calculators

Certificate Biology Form 3, Pages 195-198
Certificate Biology Form 3, Page 199

GENETICS

Introduction to Genetics and Variation
Observable Variations in Human Beings
Discontinuous and Continuous Variation

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define genetics, heredity and variation. Explain the importance of studying genetics. Identify examples of variation in organisms.

Q/A on prior knowledge of inheritance. Brainstorming on observable differences in humans. Discussion on the meaning of genetics and heredity.

Textbook, chalkboard, chalk
Ink pad, plain paper, metre rule, exercise books
Graph paper, rulers, height data from previous lesson, textbook

KLB Secondary Biology Form 4, Pages 1-2

GENETICS

Causes of Variation
Chromosome Structure
Chromosome Behaviour During Mitosis

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain genetic and environmental causes of variation. Describe role of meiosis, fertilization and mutations in creating variation.

Exposition on sources of variation. Discussion on independent assortment during meiosis. Examples of environmental effects on phenotypes.

Textbook, chalkboard, chalk
Textbook, chalkboard, chalk, exercise books, pencils
Colored threads (6cm and 3cm), scissors, manila paper, string for tying knots

KLB Secondary Biology Form 4, Pages 4-5

GENETICS

Chromosome Behaviour During Meiosis
DNA Structure and Replication
DNA and Protein Synthesis

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe chromosome behaviour during meiosis. Explain crossing over and reduction division. Compare mitosis and meiosis.

Continuation of chromosome modeling using threads. Demonstration of reduction division. Discussion on gamete formation.

Colored threads, manila paper, textbook
Textbook, chalkboard, chalk, exercise books
Textbook, chalkboard, chalk

KLB Secondary Biology Form 4, Pages 8-9

GENETICS

Mendel's Experiments and First Law
Monohybrid Inheritance Concepts
Genetic Crosses and Punnet Squares

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe Mendel's experiments with garden peas. State Mendel's first law of inheritance. Explain reasons for Mendel's success.
Draw genetic cross diagrams. Use punnet squares to show genetic crosses. Predict offspring genotypes and phenotypes.

Q/A on Mendel's work. Detailed discussion of pea plant experiments using chalkboard diagrams. Analysis of F1 and F2 results.
Step-by-step construction of genetic crosses on chalkboard. Practice with punnet squares. Student exercises on genetic problems.

Textbook, chalkboard, chalk
Textbook, chalkboard, chalk, exercise books
Textbook, chalkboard, chalk, exercise books, pencils

KLB Secondary Biology Form 4, Pages 13-15
KLB Secondary Biology Form 4, Pages 17-18

GENETICS

Probability in Inheritance
Modeling Random Gamete Fusion

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain probability in genetic inheritance. Calculate phenotypic and genotypic ratios. Demonstrate random events using coin tossing.

Mathematical analysis of genetic ratios. Coin tossing experiment to demonstrate probability. Statistical interpretation of results.

Coins, exercise books for recording, calculators (if available), textbook
Different colored beans (or maize grains), small containers, exercise books

KLB Secondary Biology Form 4, Pages 18-19

GENETICS

Complete Dominance Problems
Incomplete Dominance

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Solve genetic problems involving complete dominance. Analyze inheritance patterns in garden peas. Practice genetic calculations.

Worked examples of genetic problems on chalkboard. Practice sessions with various characteristics. Group problem-solving.

Textbook, chalkboard, chalk, exercise books
Textbook, chalkboard, chalk, colored chalk (if available)

KLB Secondary Biology Form 4, Pages 20-21

GENETICS

ABO Blood Group System

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain multiple alleles concept. Describe ABO blood group inheritance. Understand co-dominance in blood groups. Solve blood group problems.

Detailed explanation of blood group genetics on chalkboard. Genetic crosses involving blood group inheritance. Practice problems and paternity cases.

Textbook, chalkboard, chalk, exercise books

KLB Secondary Biology Form 4, Pages 24-25

GENETICS

Rhesus Factor and Unknown Genotypes
Sex Determination
Gene Linkage
Sex-linked Inheritance - Color Blindness

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe Rhesus factor genetics. Explain test cross and back cross methods. Use selfing to determine genotypes.
Define gene linkage and linkage groups. Explain inheritance of linked genes. Understand why some genes are inherited together.

Exposition on Rh factor inheritance using chalkboard. Demonstration of test cross technique. Practice problems on genotype determination.
Exposition on linked genes using simple diagrams. Examples from fruit fly genetics drawn on chalkboard. Discussion on chromosome maps.

Textbook, chalkboard, chalk, exercise books
Textbook, chalkboard, chalk
Textbook, chalkboard, chalk
Textbook, chalkboard, chalk, exercise books, rulers

KLB Secondary Biology Form 4, Pages 25-26
KLB Secondary Biology Form 4, Pages 27-28

GENETICS

Sex-linked Inheritance - Haemophilia

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain haemophilia inheritance. Understand carrier females and affected males. Analyze inheritance through generations.

Exposition on haemophilia genetics. Drawing inheritance patterns on chalkboard. Practice with pedigree construction and analysis.

Textbook, chalkboard, chalk, exercise books

KLB Secondary Biology Form 4, Pages 30-31

GENETICS

Crossing Over and Recombination
Chromosomal Mutations - Non-disjunction

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain crossing over during meiosis. Understand how crossing over affects linkage. Describe formation of new gene combinations.

Detailed explanation of crossing over using simple diagrams. Examples of recombinant offspring drawn on chalkboard. Discussion on genetic variation.

Textbook, chalkboard, chalk, colored chalk
Textbook, chalkboard, chalk, exercise books

KLB Secondary Biology Form 4, Page 31

GENETICS

Chromosomal Mutations - Polyploidy

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe structural chromosome changes. Explain polyploidy in plants. Understand chromosome number variations.

Exposition on chromosome number changes. Examples of polyploidy in agriculture using chalkboard. Discussion on plant breeding applications.

Textbook, chalkboard, chalk

KLB Secondary Biology Form 4, Pages 35-36

GENETICS

Gene Mutations
Genetic Disorders - Albinism
Genetic Disorders - Sickle Cell Anaemia
Environmental Effects on Gene Expression
Applications of Genetics

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define gene mutations. Describe insertion, deletion, substitution and inversion. Explain effects on protein synthesis using analogies.
Describe sickle cell anaemia inheritance. Explain hemoglobin differences. Understand sickle cell trait vs disease.

Detailed exposition on point mutations using simple examples. Use SMS text analogies for mutations. Discussion on protein changes.
Exposition on sickle cell genetics using diagrams. Comparison of normal and sickle cell hemoglobin. Genetic crosses and probabilities.

Textbook, chalkboard, chalk, simple text examples
Textbook, chalkboard, chalk, exercise books
Textbook, chalkboard, chalk
Textbook, local plant examples, chalkboard
Textbook, local breeding examples, chalkboard

KLB Secondary Biology Form 4, Pages 36-38
KLB Secondary Biology Form 4, Pages 40-42