RECEPTION, RESPONSE AND CO-ORDINATION

Balance and Posture Control
Ear Defects and Hearing Problems
Integration and Coordination Systems Review
Practical Applications and Assessment

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain how ear maintains balance and posture. Describe role of semicircular canals and vestibule. Understand body balance mechanisms.
Compare plant and animal coordination systems. Integrate nervous, endocrine, and sensory systems. Apply knowledge to solve coordination problems.

Exposition on balance control mechanisms using diagrams. Discussion on semicircular canals and their orientation. Explanation of otoliths and gravity detection. Simple balance experiments and demonstrations.
Comprehensive review of all coordination systems. Comparison charts of different response types. Problem-solving exercises on coordination scenarios. Q&A sessions covering all topics. Preparation for assessments.

Textbook, chalkboard, chalk, simple materials for balance demonstration
Textbook, chalkboard, chalk, local examples of hearing problems
Textbook, chalkboard, chalk, exercise books, review materials
Textbook, assessment materials, local case studies, exercise books

KLB Secondary Biology Form 4, Pages 114-115
KLB Secondary Biology Form 4, Pages 78-116

SUPPORT AND MOVEMENT

Importance of Support and Movement; Plant Support Strategies
Tissue Arrangement in Monocot and Dicot Stems

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain the necessity for support in plants and animals. Describe importance of movement in organisms. Identify different support mechanisms in plants. Explain role of turgor pressure and alternative support methods.

Brainstorming on why organisms need support. Discussion on consequences of lack of support. Observation of local plants showing different support strategies. Practical experiment on wilting in herbaceous vs woody plants. Analysis of climbing plants and their support adaptations.

Textbook, chalkboard, chalk, local plant specimens, herbaceous and woody plants for wilting experiment
Textbook, chalkboard, chalk, fresh monocot stems (maize, sugarcane), fresh dicot stems (bean plants), razor blades, hand lenses

KLB Secondary Biology Form 4, Pages 120-121, 125-126

SUPPORT AND MOVEMENT

Supporting Tissues in Plants and Their Functions
Types of Animal Skeletons

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Identify types of supporting tissues: collenchyma, sclerenchyma, xylem vessels, tracheids. Explain functions of each supporting tissue. Describe how these tissues provide mechanical strength. Compare tissue properties and locations.

Detailed exposition on supporting tissue types using diagrams. Discussion on tissue characteristics and functions. Examination of tissue examples in stem sections. Comparison of tissue properties and mechanical strength. Drawing tissue structures and arrangements.

Textbook, chalkboard, chalk, microscope slides (if available), fresh stem sections, exercise books
Textbook, chalkboard, chalk, arthropod specimens (grasshoppers, crabs), bone specimens, comparison charts

KLB Secondary Biology Form 4, Pages 121-125

SUPPORT AND MOVEMENT

Fish Locomotion - Structure and Mechanism
Human Axial Skeleton - Skull and Rib Cage

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Examine external features of bony fish related to locomotion. Identify different types of fins and their functions. Explain swimming mechanism and calculate tail power. Describe streamlined body adaptations.

Practical examination of fresh tilapia or similar fish. Identification and drawing of fins and body features. Discussion on streamlining and scale arrangement. Detailed exposition on swimming mechanism using diagrams. Practical calculation of tail power using fish measurements.

Textbook, fresh fish specimen, chalkboard, chalk, forceps, measuring tools, calculator, exercise books
Textbook, chalkboard, chalk, skull and rib cage specimens, exercise books

KLB Secondary Biology Form 4, Pages 127-129

SUPPORT AND MOVEMENT

Vertebral Column - Cervical and Thoracic Vertebrae
Vertebral Column - Lumbar, Sacral and Caudal Vertebrae
Pectoral Girdle and Forelimb Bones
Pelvic Girdle and Hindlimb Bones

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe general structure of vertebrae. Identify features of cervical vertebrae including atlas and axis. Explain features and adaptations of thoracic vertebrae. Compare regional vertebrae differences.
Describe structure of pectoral girdle components: scapula and clavicle. Identify forelimb bones: humerus, radius, ulna, carpals, metacarpals, phalanges. Explain joint formations and articulations.

Examination of cervical and thoracic vertebrae specimens. Drawing and labeling atlas, axis, and typical cervical vertebrae. Study of thoracic vertebrae and rib articulation points. Discussion on regional adaptations for function. Comparison of vertebrae features.
Examination of pectoral girdle and forelimb bones. Drawing and labeling complete forelimb structure. Discussion on shoulder and elbow joint formation. Analysis of bone features and muscle attachment points. Study of pentadactyl limb pattern.

Textbook, chalkboard, chalk, cervical and thoracic vertebrae specimens, exercise books
Textbook, chalkboard, chalk, lumbar, sacral, and caudal vertebrae specimens, complete vertebral column
Textbook, chalkboard, chalk, pectoral girdle and forelimb bone specimens, exercise books
Textbook, chalkboard, chalk, pelvic girdle and hindlimb bone specimens, exercise books

KLB Secondary Biology Form 4, Pages 131-134
KLB Secondary Biology Form 4, Pages 136-138

SUPPORT AND MOVEMENT

Types of Joints and Their Structure
Ball and Socket vs Hinge Joints; Movement Mechanisms

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Identify types of joints: immovable, gliding, and movable (synovial). Describe structure of synovial joints including cartilage, synovial fluid, and ligaments. Explain joint components and their functions.

Examination of different joint types and synovial joint structure. Drawing synovial joint components. Discussion on cartilage function and synovial fluid properties. Analysis of joint mobility and stability. Practical observation of joint movements.

Textbook, chalkboard, chalk, joint specimens or models, exercise books
Textbook, chalkboard, chalk, joint specimens, practical movement demonstrations, exercise books

KLB Secondary Biology Form 4, Pages 140-141

SUPPORT AND MOVEMENT

Types of Muscle Tissue and Their Functions

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Identify three types of muscle tissue: skeletal (striated), smooth (visceral), and cardiac. Compare structure and functions of each muscle type. Explain voluntary vs involuntary muscle control. Describe muscle fiber characteristics.

Drawing structures of different muscle types on chalkboard. Detailed comparison of muscle fiber characteristics. Discussion on muscle control mechanisms and locations. Analysis of muscle contraction properties and endurance. Examples of each muscle type in body systems.

Textbook, chalkboard, chalk, exercise books, muscle tissue comparison charts

KLB Secondary Biology Form 4, Pages 142-144

SUPPORT AND MOVEMENT
ECOLOGY

Skeletal Muscle Structure and Contraction Mechanism
Smooth and Cardiac Muscle Specializations
Introduction to Ecology

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe detailed structure of skeletal muscle fibers including myofibrils, actin, and myosin. Explain muscle contraction mechanism and sliding filament theory. Understand energy requirements and muscle fatigue.

Detailed exposition on muscle fiber structure using diagrams. Discussion on sliding filament theory and molecular basis of contraction. Explanation of ATP requirements and calcium ion role. Analysis of muscle fatigue and recovery. Practical muscle function demonstrations.

Textbook, chalkboard, chalk, exercise books, detailed muscle structure diagrams
Textbook, chalkboard, chalk, exercise books, comprehensive muscle comparison tables
Charts - Definition of ecology, Examples of ecological studies

KLB Secondary Biology Form 4, Pages 142-143

ECOLOGY

Ecological Terms and Concepts
Ecosystems - Structure and Components
Abiotic Factors - Temperature and Water
Abiotic Factors - Light and Humidity
Abiotic Factors - Wind, Altitude, and Salinity
Biotic Factors - Producers
Biotic Factors - Consumers
Biotic Factors - Decomposers and Detrivores

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define key ecological terms. Explain concepts of biosphere, environment, habitat, ecosystem. Distinguish between autecology and synecology.
Explain effects of wind on plant growth. Describe altitude effects on organisms. Analyze salinity effects on plant distribution.

Teacher exposition of ecological terminology. Discussion of biosphere, environment, habitat, ecosystem definitions. Q/A: Differences between autecology and synecology studies.
Discussion of wind effects on transpiration and plant shape. Exposition of altitude effects on atmospheric pressure and temperature. Q/A: Halophyte adaptations to saline conditions.

Charts - Ecological terms definitions, Diagrams of biosphere layers
Charts - Ecosystem components, Examples of different ecosystems
Charts - Temperature effects on organisms, Water cycle diagram
Charts - Light intensity effects, Humidity and transpiration
Charts - Wind effects on plants, Altitude zonation, Halophyte examples
Charts - Examples of producers, Photosynthesis equation
Charts - Consumer classification, Examples of different consumer types
Charts - Examples of decomposers, Nutrient cycling diagrams

Certificate Biology Form 3, Pages 36-37
Certificate Biology Form 3, Pages 42-43

ECOLOGY

Nitrogen Cycle

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe the nitrogen cycle process. Explain the role of bacteria in nitrogen fixation. Identify stages of nitrification and denitrification.

Detailed study of nitrogen cycle using Fig 2.1. Discussion of nitrogen-fixing bacteria, nitrifying bacteria, and denitrifying bacteria. Q/A: Importance of nitrogen for protein synthesis.

Charts - Fig 2.1 nitrogen cycle, Table 2.1 bacterial roles

Certificate Biology Form 3, Pages 38-40

ECOLOGY

Trophic Levels and Energy Flow
Food Chains

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define trophic levels and identify different levels. Explain energy flow through ecosystems. Describe energy losses between trophic levels.

Teacher exposition of trophic levels - producers to tertiary consumers. Discussion of unidirectional energy flow and energy losses. Q/A: Reasons for energy loss at each level.

Charts - Trophic level diagrams, Energy flow patterns
Charts - Food chain examples, Arrows showing energy direction

Certificate Biology Form 3, Pages 43-45

ECOLOGY

Food Webs
Ecological Pyramids - Introduction

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain food webs as interconnected food chains. Construct food webs from given organisms. Analyze complex feeding relationships.

Study of Fig 2.4 simple food web. Construction of food webs showing multiple feeding relationships. Q/A: How food webs show ecosystem complexity.

Charts - Fig 2.4 food web, Complex food web examples
Charts - Fig 2.6 pyramid of numbers, Different pyramid types

Certificate Biology Form 3, Pages 46-47

ECOLOGY

Pyramid of Numbers and Biomass
Interspecific Relationships - Predation
Parasitism - Types and Adaptations
Saprophytism and Economic Importance

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Construct pyramids of numbers from data. Explain inverted pyramids. Define and construct pyramid of biomass.
Define parasitism and distinguish parasite types. Explain endoparasites and ectoparasites. Describe parasitic adaptations.

Practice constructing normal and inverted pyramids of numbers. Discussion of when inverted pyramids occur (parasites, large trees). Study of biomass calculation and pyramid construction.
Discussion of parasitism as harmful feeding relationship. Study of endoparasites (tapeworms, malaria parasites) vs ectoparasites (ticks, fleas). Detailed analysis of structural and physiological adaptations.

Data sets for pyramid construction, Calculators, Graph paper
Charts - Predator-prey examples, Adaptation illustrations
Charts - Parasite examples, Adaptation diagrams, Life cycle illustrations
Charts - Decomposition process, Examples of useful and harmful saprophytes

Certificate Biology Form 3, Pages 47-50
Certificate Biology Form 3, Pages 52-57

ECOLOGY

Mutualism and Symbiosis
Commensalism

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define mutualism and symbiosis. Give examples of mutually beneficial relationships. Explain lichens, mycorrhiza, and nitrogen-fixing bacteria.

Study of mutualistic relationships with examples: lichens (algae-fungi), mycorrhiza (fungi-tree roots), nitrogen-fixing bacteria (Rhizobium-legumes). Q/A: Benefits to both partners in each relationship.

Charts - Fig 2.8 lichens, Fig 2.9 root nodules, Symbiotic relationship examples
Charts - Commensalism examples, Epiphyte illustrations

Certificate Biology Form 3, Pages 60-63

ECOLOGY

Population Studies - Introduction
Population Estimation Methods - Direct Counting

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define population and population density. Explain factors affecting population size. Describe carrying capacity concept.

Teacher exposition of population definitions. Discussion of biological factors: birth rate, death rate, sex ratio. Q/A: Environmental factors affecting population growth.

Charts - Population definitions, Factors affecting population
Calculators, Sample area measurements, Population data sets

Certificate Biology Form 3, Pages 60-61

ECOLOGY

Capture-Mark-Release-Recapture Method
Quadrat and Transect Methods

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain the capture-recapture method. Apply the capture-recapture formula. Identify sources of error in the method.

Detailed study of capture-recapture method for mobile animals. Practice using the formula: P = (M × R)/m. Discussion of assumptions and sources of error.

Calculators, Sample data for calculations, Formula charts
Quadrats (if available), Measuring tapes, Sample area data, Calculators

Certificate Biology Form 3, Pages 61-62

ECOLOGY

Plant Adaptations - Xerophytes
Plant Adaptations - Hydrophytes
Plant Adaptations - Halophytes and Mesophytes

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define xerophytes and their habitat conditions. Describe structural adaptations for water conservation. Explain physiological adaptations of desert plants.
Define halophytes and saline habitat adaptations. Describe mesophyte characteristics. Compare different plant adaptation types.

Study of xerophyte adaptations using Fig 2.14. Discussion of modified leaves, water storage, extensive roots, waxy cuticles. Q/A: Stomatal adaptations and reduced transpiration.
Study of mangrove adaptations using Fig 2.16. Discussion of salt excretion, pneumatophores, viviparous seeds. Q/A: Mesophyte balance between water uptake and loss.

Charts - Fig 2.14 xerophyte examples, Cactus specimens (if available)
Charts - Fig 2.15 aquatic plants, Water plant specimens (if available)
Charts - Fig 2.16 mangroves, Comparison table of plant types

Certificate Biology Form 3, Pages 64-66
Certificate Biology Form 3, Pages 68-70

ECOLOGY

Environmental Pollution - Introduction
Air Pollution and Global Warming

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define pollution and identify major pollutants. Classify types of environmental pollution. Explain pollution effects on ecosystems.

Teacher exposition of pollution definition and sources. Discussion of air, water, and soil pollution types. Q/A: Human activities causing pollution and ecosystem disruption.

Charts - Pollution types and sources, Environmental damage photos
Charts - Fig 2.18 greenhouse effect, Air pollution sources diagram

Certificate Biology Form 3, Pages 70-71

ECOLOGY

Water Pollution
Soil Pollution and Land Degradation

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Identify sources of water pollution. Explain effects on aquatic ecosystems. Describe eutrophication process.

Study of water pollution sources using Fig 2.20. Discussion of domestic waste, industrial effluents, pesticides, oil spills. Q/A: Eutrophication, algal blooms, and oxygen depletion.

Charts - Fig 2.20 water pollution sources, Eutrophication process diagram
Charts - Fig 2.22 soil conservation methods, Soil erosion examples

Certificate Biology Form 3, Pages 75-78

ECOLOGY

Human Diseases and Ecology
Malaria and Parasitic Diseases

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Relate environmental conditions to disease occurrence. Describe waterborne diseases. Explain disease transmission and prevention.

Study of cholera, typhoid, amoebic dysentery transmission and prevention. Discussion of poor sanitation as disease cause. Q/A: Hygiene practices and disease control.

Charts - Disease transmission cycles, Prevention methods
Charts - Fig 2.24 malaria life cycle, Parasite life cycles, Prevention methods

Certificate Biology Form 3, Pages 82-84

ECOLOGY
REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS
REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS
REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Practical Activities and Field Studies
Introduction and Importance of Reproduction
Chromosomes and Genes
Mitosis - Introduction and Stages
Mitosis - Differences in Plants and Animals
Meiosis - Introduction and Meiosis I
Meiosis II and Comparison with Mitosis

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Apply ecological knowledge in practical investigations. Conduct population studies and food chain observations. Examine pollution in local environment.
Compare mitosis in plant and animal cells. Explain cytokinesis differences. Describe the significance of mitosis. Examine mitosis in onion root tips practically.

Practical session: observing feeding relationships, estimating populations using quadrats, identifying pollution sources. Students conduct mini-ecosystem studies. Safety: Proper handling of specimens.
Study of plant mitosis using Fig 3.2 - cell wall formation vs. invagination. Discussion of centriole presence in animals only. Practical examination of onion root tips to observe mitosis stages. Students draw and identify stages observed.

Quadrats, Sweep nets, Measuring tapes, Notebooks, Collection containers, Hand lenses
Charts - Types of reproduction, Examples of reproduction in different organisms
Charts - Chromosome structure, Examples of chromosome numbers in different species
Charts - Fig 3.1 mitosis stages, Models of cell division, Microscope slides of mitosis
Charts - Fig 3.2 plant mitosis, Microscopes, Onion root tips, Acetocarmine stain, Glass slides, Cover slips
Charts - Fig 3.3A Meiosis I stages, Diagrams of homologous chromosomes, Crossing over illustrations
Charts - Fig 3.3B Meiosis II stages, Table 3.1 comparison chart, Summary diagrams

Certificate Biology Form 3, Pages 88-96
Certificate Biology Form 3, Pages 102-103, 108-109

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Introduction to Reproduction
Cell Division - Mitosis
Mitosis in Young Root Tip
Meiosis Process

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To distinguish between sexual and asexual reproduction. To state the importance of reproduction. To define genes and chromosomes. To describe the role of chromosomes in cell division.

Q/A: Review classification concepts. Discussion: Definition of reproduction. Teacher exposition: Types of reproduction with examples. Tabulate differences between sexual and asexual reproduction. Q/A: Importance of reproduction in organisms.

Charts showing types of reproduction, Textbook, Wall charts
Charts showing mitosis stages, Microscope slides, Drawing materials
Onion root tips, Microscope, 1M HCl, Cover slides, Iodine solution, Glass slides
Charts showing meiosis stages, Drawing materials, Textbook

Certificate Biology Form 3, Pages 99-100

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Meiosis in Plant Cells
Asexual Reproduction - Binary Fission
Spore Formation and Budding
Sexual Reproduction in Plants - Flower Structure

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To identify various stages of meiosis in plant cells. To observe meiosis in flower buds. To explain significance of meiosis.

Practical work: Observing meiosis in young flower buds. Preparation of slides from flower buds. Microscopic examination of meiotic stages. Drawing cells showing meiosis stages. Discussion: Significance of meiosis in gamete formation.

Flower buds, 1M HCl, Heat source, Glass slides, Filter paper, Microscope
Charts showing binary fission, Prepared slides of amoeba, Microscope, Drawing materials
Bread/ugali mould, Microscope, Yeast culture, 10% sugar solution, Methylene blue, Hand lens
Bean flowers, Morning glory, Hibiscus, Hand lens, Scalpels, Drawing materials

Certificate Biology Form 3, Pages 105-108

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Pollination - Insect Pollinated Flowers
Wind-Pollinated Flowers and Adaptations

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To define pollination. To identify agents of pollination. To describe structure of insect-pollinated flowers. To examine insect-pollinated flowers.

Q/A: Definition and agents of pollination. Practical examination: Structure of insect-pollinated flowers. Identification of adaptive features. Comparison with wind-pollinated flowers. Discussion: Importance of bright colors and nectar.

Insect-pollinated flowers, Hand lens, Measuring rulers, Drawing materials
Wind-pollinated flowers (grass, maize), Hand lens, Charts, Drawing materials

Certificate Biology Form 3, Pages 120-121

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Self-Pollination Prevention and Fertilisation
Seed and Fruit Development
Placentation and Internal Fruit Structure
Fruit and Seed Dispersal

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To discuss mechanisms preventing self-pollination. To describe fertilisation process in flowering plants. To explain double fertilisation.
To define placentation. To identify types of placentation. To label internal structure of fruits. To examine ovaries of various fruits.

Discussion: Methods preventing self-pollination. Teacher exposition: Process of fertilisation. Drawing diagrams showing fertilisation stages. Q/A: Significance of double fertilisation. Discussion: Formation of zygote and endosperm.
Teacher exposition: Types of placentation. Practical examination: Ovaries of beans, sunflower, pawpaw, orange. Drawing diagrams showing placentation types. Vertical sections of fruits showing internal structure.

Charts showing fertilisation, Drawing materials, Textbook
Variety of fruits, Petri dishes, Scalpels, Drawing materials, Charts
Fruits (beans, sunflower, pawpaw, orange), Scalpels, Drawing materials
Variety of fruits and seeds, Hand lens, Drawing materials, Collection containers

Certificate Biology Form 3, Pages 121-123
Certificate Biology Form 3, Pages 124-130

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Review and Assessment
Introduction and Fertilisation Types
Reproduction in Amphibia and Mammalian Characteristics

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To consolidate understanding of reproduction in plants. To apply knowledge in problem-solving. To prepare for examinations.

Comprehensive review: Q/A session on all topics covered. Problem-solving exercises on reproduction processes. Drawing practice: Flower parts, fertilisation, fruit types. Written assessment covering unit objectives. Discussion of difficult concepts.

Past examination papers, Drawing materials, Assessment sheets, Charts for reference
Charts showing reproduction types and fertilisation, Textbook, Wall charts
Frog eggs specimens, Charts showing amphibian and mammalian reproduction, Hand lens

Certificate Biology Form 3, Pages 113-143

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Female Reproductive System Structure
Stages of Reproduction and Oogenesis
Menstrual Cycle - Follicle Development and Ovulation
Hormonal Control and Menstrual Phases

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To draw and label the human female reproductive system. To identify functions of ovaries, oviducts, uterus and vagina. To describe uterine structure and endometrium function. To explain placenta formation.

Drawing and labeling: Complete female reproductive system. Teacher demonstration using charts and models. Discussion: Functions of each organ and structure-function relationships. Detailed explanation: Endometrium role and placenta formation during pregnancy.

Charts of female reproductive system, Drawing materials, Models if available, Textbook
Flow charts, Oogenesis diagrams, Drawing materials, Textbook
Menstrual cycle charts, Drawing materials, Textbook
Hormone level graphs, Menstrual cycle phase charts, Textbook

Certificate Biology Form 3, Pages 149-151

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Ovum Structure and Fertilisation Process
Early Development and Twins Formation
Implantation and Pregnancy Indicators

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To draw and label structure of human ovum. To describe sperm movement in female tract. To explain acrosome function during fertilisation. To outline zygote formation and nuclear fusion.

Drawing and labeling: Mature human ovum structure. Discussion: Sperm journey from vagina to oviduct. Teacher exposition: Acrosome enzymes and zona pellucida penetration. Q/A: Nuclear fusion, chromosome combination and zygote formation.

Ovum structure charts, Fertilisation diagrams, Drawing materials, Textbook
Developmental stages charts, Twin formation diagrams, Drawing materials, Textbook
Implantation charts, Pregnancy test demonstration materials, Textbook

Certificate Biology Form 3, Pages 155-157

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Gestation and Embryonic Membranes
Placenta Structure and Functions
Pregnancy Hormones and Parturition
Male Reproductive System Structure and Functions

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To define gestation period in humans. To identify extra-embryonic membranes. To describe amnion, chorion and allantois functions. To explain amniotic fluid importance.
To identify hormones during pregnancy. To explain HCG, progesterone and oestrogen roles. To describe hormonal changes triggering birth. To explain the parturition process.

Teacher exposition: 40-week gestation period comparison with other mammals. Detailed discussion: Formation and functions of amnion, chorion, allantois. Q/A: Amniotic fluid functions - protection, support, lubrication. Drawing embryonic membrane arrangement.
Discussion: Hormone secretion patterns during pregnancy. Teacher exposition: HCG, progesterone, oestrogen functions and interactions. Detailed explanation: Hormonal triggers for birth and oxytocin role. Q/A: Uterine contractions, cervix dilation and delivery stages.

Gestation charts, Fetal development models, Drawing materials, Textbook
Placenta structure diagrams, Function charts, Drawing materials, Textbook
Pregnancy hormone charts, Birth process diagrams, Hormone level graphs, Textbook
Male reproductive system charts, Drawing materials, Models if available, Textbook

Certificate Biology Form 3, Pages 159-161
Certificate Biology Form 3, Pages 163-165

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Sperm Structure and Male Hormones
HIV/AIDS - Causes and Transmission

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To draw and label spermatozoon structure. To explain head, middle piece and tail functions. To describe testosterone and FSH roles. To identify secondary sexual characteristics.

Drawing and labeling: Detailed sperm structure showing all components. Discussion: Sperm adaptations for fertilization and motility. Teacher exposition: Hormone control of sperm production and male development. Q/A: Testosterone effects and secondary sexual characteristics.

Sperm structure diagrams, Male hormone charts, Drawing materials, Textbook
AIDS awareness charts, HIV transmission diagrams, Educational materials, Textbook

Certificate Biology Form 3, Pages 166-167

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

AIDS Symptoms and Prevention
Bacterial STIs - Gonorrhea and Syphilis

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To identify early and late AIDS symptoms. To describe opportunistic diseases. To explain AIDS prevention methods. To discuss social responsibility and behavior change.

Discussion: Early AIDS symptoms and progression to full syndrome. Teacher exposition: Opportunistic diseases and their effects. Detailed explanation: Prevention strategies and behavior modification. Group discussion: Social responsibility and community health.

AIDS symptom charts, Prevention posters, Case study materials, Textbook
STI information charts, Bacterial infection diagrams, Textbook

Certificate Biology Form 3, Pages 170-171

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Viral STIs and Other Infections

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To describe genital herpes causes and symptoms. To explain hepatitis B transmission and effects. To identify trichomoniasis and other STIs. To emphasize prevention strategies for all STIs.

Discussion: Viral STIs and their incurable nature. Teacher exposition: Herpes simplex virus effects and dormancy. Q/A: Hepatitis B liver effects and vaccination. Discussion: Comprehensive STI prevention and faithful relationships.

Viral STI charts, Prevention strategy posters, Textbook

Certificate Biology Form 3, Page 172