REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Sexual Reproduction in Plants - Flower Structure

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To draw and label a flower. To identify parts of a flower. To explain flower terminologies. To count sepals, petals, stamens and carpels.

Practical work: Examining bean flowers, morning glory, and hibiscus. Dissection of flowers to identify parts. Counting floral parts and recording. Drawing longitudinal section of flower. Discussion: Functions of flower parts.

Bean flowers, Morning glory, Hibiscus, Hand lens, Scalpels, Drawing materials

Certificate Biology Form 3, Pages 115-117

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Pollination - Insect Pollinated Flowers
Wind-Pollinated Flowers and Adaptations
Self-Pollination Prevention and Fertilisation

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To define pollination. To identify agents of pollination. To describe structure of insect-pollinated flowers. To examine insect-pollinated flowers.
To discuss mechanisms preventing self-pollination. To describe fertilisation process in flowering plants. To explain double fertilisation.

Q/A: Definition and agents of pollination. Practical examination: Structure of insect-pollinated flowers. Identification of adaptive features. Comparison with wind-pollinated flowers. Discussion: Importance of bright colors and nectar.
Discussion: Methods preventing self-pollination. Teacher exposition: Process of fertilisation. Drawing diagrams showing fertilisation stages. Q/A: Significance of double fertilisation. Discussion: Formation of zygote and endosperm.

Insect-pollinated flowers, Hand lens, Measuring rulers, Drawing materials
Wind-pollinated flowers (grass, maize), Hand lens, Charts, Drawing materials
Charts showing fertilisation, Drawing materials, Textbook

Certificate Biology Form 3, Pages 120-121
Certificate Biology Form 3, Pages 121-123

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Seed and Fruit Development

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To explain seed formation. To describe fruit development. To classify fruits using specific criteria.

Discussion: Process of seed formation from ovule. Explanation of fruit development from ovary. Practical work: Examining variety of fruits. Classification of fruits into types. Recording observations and drawing fruits.

Variety of fruits, Petri dishes, Scalpels, Drawing materials, Charts

Certificate Biology Form 3, Pages 123-126

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Placentation and Internal Fruit Structure
Fruit and Seed Dispersal

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To define placentation. To identify types of placentation. To label internal structure of fruits. To examine ovaries of various fruits.

Teacher exposition: Types of placentation. Practical examination: Ovaries of beans, sunflower, pawpaw, orange. Drawing diagrams showing placentation types. Vertical sections of fruits showing internal structure.

Fruits (beans, sunflower, pawpaw, orange), Scalpels, Drawing materials
Variety of fruits and seeds, Hand lens, Drawing materials, Collection containers

Certificate Biology Form 3, Pages 124-130

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Review and Assessment
Introduction and Fertilisation Types

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To consolidate understanding of reproduction in plants. To apply knowledge in problem-solving. To prepare for examinations.

Comprehensive review: Q/A session on all topics covered. Problem-solving exercises on reproduction processes. Drawing practice: Flower parts, fertilisation, fruit types. Written assessment covering unit objectives. Discussion of difficult concepts.

Past examination papers, Drawing materials, Assessment sheets, Charts for reference
Charts showing reproduction types and fertilisation, Textbook, Wall charts

Certificate Biology Form 3, Pages 113-143

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Reproduction in Amphibia and Mammalian Characteristics
Female Reproductive System Structure
Stages of Reproduction and Oogenesis
Menstrual Cycle - Follicle Development and Ovulation
Hormonal Control and Menstrual Phases

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To describe reproduction in frogs and toads. To explain seasonal breeding and egg protection. To state characteristics of mammalian reproduction. To define viviparous, placental mammals and mammary glands.
To list the stages of reproduction in mammals. To describe oogenesis from fetal development to puberty. To explain primordial follicle formation. To relate oogenesis to reproductive maturity.

Examination of frog egg masses and jelly coating functions. Discussion: Seasonal breeding patterns and tadpole development. Teacher exposition: Mammalian reproduction characteristics. Q/A: Viviparous vs oviparous reproduction and mammary gland functions.
Teacher exposition: Four main reproductive stages overview. Detailed discussion: Oogenesis process from fetal development. Q/A: Primordial follicle formation and puberty changes. Drawing diagrams showing follicle development stages.

Frog eggs specimens, Charts showing amphibian and mammalian reproduction, Hand lens
Charts of female reproductive system, Drawing materials, Models if available, Textbook
Flow charts, Oogenesis diagrams, Drawing materials, Textbook
Menstrual cycle charts, Drawing materials, Textbook
Hormone level graphs, Menstrual cycle phase charts, Textbook

Certificate Biology Form 3, Pages 148-149
Certificate Biology Form 3, Pages 151-152

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Ovum Structure and Fertilisation Process
Early Development and Twins Formation
Implantation and Pregnancy Indicators

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To draw and label structure of human ovum. To describe sperm movement in female tract. To explain acrosome function during fertilisation. To outline zygote formation and nuclear fusion.

Drawing and labeling: Mature human ovum structure. Discussion: Sperm journey from vagina to oviduct. Teacher exposition: Acrosome enzymes and zona pellucida penetration. Q/A: Nuclear fusion, chromosome combination and zygote formation.

Ovum structure charts, Fertilisation diagrams, Drawing materials, Textbook
Developmental stages charts, Twin formation diagrams, Drawing materials, Textbook
Implantation charts, Pregnancy test demonstration materials, Textbook

Certificate Biology Form 3, Pages 155-157

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Gestation and Embryonic Membranes

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To define gestation period in humans. To identify extra-embryonic membranes. To describe amnion, chorion and allantois functions. To explain amniotic fluid importance.

Teacher exposition: 40-week gestation period comparison with other mammals. Detailed discussion: Formation and functions of amnion, chorion, allantois. Q/A: Amniotic fluid functions - protection, support, lubrication. Drawing embryonic membrane arrangement.

Gestation charts, Fetal development models, Drawing materials, Textbook

Certificate Biology Form 3, Pages 159-161

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Placenta Structure and Functions

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To describe placenta structure and formation. To explain maternal and fetal blood separation. To identify nutrient transfer and gas exchange functions. To discuss placental barrier limitations.

Detailed discussion: Placenta as temporary organ with dual tissue origin. Teacher exposition: Blood vessel arrangement and separation mechanisms. Discussion: Nutrient, oxygen transfer and harmful substance passage. Q/A: Placental protection and its limitations.

Placenta structure diagrams, Function charts, Drawing materials, Textbook

Certificate Biology Form 3, Pages 161-163

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Pregnancy Hormones and Parturition
Male Reproductive System Structure and Functions

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To identify hormones during pregnancy. To explain HCG, progesterone and oestrogen roles. To describe hormonal changes triggering birth. To explain the parturition process.

Discussion: Hormone secretion patterns during pregnancy. Teacher exposition: HCG, progesterone, oestrogen functions and interactions. Detailed explanation: Hormonal triggers for birth and oxytocin role. Q/A: Uterine contractions, cervix dilation and delivery stages.

Pregnancy hormone charts, Birth process diagrams, Hormone level graphs, Textbook
Male reproductive system charts, Drawing materials, Models if available, Textbook

Certificate Biology Form 3, Pages 163-165

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Sperm Structure and Male Hormones
HIV/AIDS - Causes and Transmission

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To draw and label spermatozoon structure. To explain head, middle piece and tail functions. To describe testosterone and FSH roles. To identify secondary sexual characteristics.
To describe HIV virus and immune system effects. To explain AIDS development and symptoms. To identify HIV transmission modes. To discuss high-risk behaviors.

Drawing and labeling: Detailed sperm structure showing all components. Discussion: Sperm adaptations for fertilization and motility. Teacher exposition: Hormone control of sperm production and male development. Q/A: Testosterone effects and secondary sexual characteristics.
Detailed discussion: HIV virus structure and immune system destruction. Teacher exposition: AIDS development and opportunistic diseases. Discussion: Transmission modes - sexual, blood, mother-to-child. Q/A: High-risk behaviors and transmission prevention.

Sperm structure diagrams, Male hormone charts, Drawing materials, Textbook
AIDS awareness charts, HIV transmission diagrams, Educational materials, Textbook

Certificate Biology Form 3, Pages 166-167
Certificate Biology Form 3, Pages 167-170

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

AIDS Symptoms and Prevention
Bacterial STIs - Gonorrhea and Syphilis

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To identify early and late AIDS symptoms. To describe opportunistic diseases. To explain AIDS prevention methods. To discuss social responsibility and behavior change.

Discussion: Early AIDS symptoms and progression to full syndrome. Teacher exposition: Opportunistic diseases and their effects. Detailed explanation: Prevention strategies and behavior modification. Group discussion: Social responsibility and community health.

AIDS symptom charts, Prevention posters, Case study materials, Textbook
STI information charts, Bacterial infection diagrams, Textbook

Certificate Biology Form 3, Pages 170-171

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS
GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT

Viral STIs and Other Infections
Introduction and Definitions

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To describe genital herpes causes and symptoms. To explain hepatitis B transmission and effects. To identify trichomoniasis and other STIs. To emphasize prevention strategies for all STIs.

Discussion: Viral STIs and their incurable nature. Teacher exposition: Herpes simplex virus effects and dormancy. Q/A: Hepatitis B liver effects and vaccination. Discussion: Comprehensive STI prevention and faithful relationships.

Viral STI charts, Prevention strategy posters, Textbook
Charts showing growth and development, Textbook, Wall charts

Certificate Biology Form 3, Page 172

GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT

Measurement of Growth
Patterns and Rate of Growth
Factors Controlling Plant Growth

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To identify different methods of measuring growth. To explain linear dimensions, mass and dry weight measurements. To describe advantages and limitations of each method. To calculate growth rates.

Discussion: Methods of measuring growth in plants and animals. Teacher exposition: Linear measurements, mass, dry weight procedures. Practical demonstration: Measuring techniques. Q/A: Why dry weight is more accurate for plants. Calculate growth rate examples.

Measuring instruments, Scales, Rulers, Calculators, Sample plants
Growth curve charts, Graph paper, Calculators, Sample data sets
Environmental factor charts, Temperature scales, Light meters if available, Textbook

Certificate Biology Form 3, Pages 178-179

GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT

Stages of Growth and Life Cycle
Seed Structure - Monocots and Dicots
Conditions for Germination
Types of Germination
Germination Practical Investigation

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To describe stages from seed to maturity. To distinguish between annuals and perennials. To identify vegetative and reproductive phases. To explain germination, primary and secondary growth.
To identify conditions necessary for seed germination. To explain roles of water, oxygen and temperature in germination. To describe enzyme activation and food mobilization. To investigate scarification effects.

Discussion: Plant life cycle from seed to maturity. Teacher exposition: Vegetative vs reproductive growth phases. Q/A: Differences between annuals and perennials with examples. Overview of germination, primary and secondary growth stages.
Detailed discussion: Water absorption, enzyme activation, hydrolysis reactions. Teacher exposition: Oxygen requirements for respiration and ATP production. Q/A: Temperature effects on enzyme activity. Discussion: Scarification and testa permeability. Demonstration of vernalization concept.

Plant life cycle charts, Examples of annual and perennial plants, Textbook
Soaked bean and maize seeds, Hand lens, Scalpels, Drawing materials, Iodine solution
Germination apparatus, Seeds at different stages, Temperature monitoring equipment, Textbook
Germinating seeds at various stages, Drawing materials, Observation trays, Hand lens
Seeds, Petri dishes, Cotton wool, Measuring rulers, Data recording sheets, Clay pots

Certificate Biology Form 3, Pages 181-182
Certificate Biology Form 3, Pages 183-184

GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT

Primary Growth and Meristems

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To describe primary growth in plants. To identify apical meristems and their functions. To explain tissue development from meristems. To relate meristem activity to plant growth.

Discussion: Primary growth in seedlings and herbaceous plants. Teacher exposition: Apical meristem structure and cell characteristics. Q/A: Meristem cell division and differentiation processes. Drawing diagrams showing meristem distribution in plants.

Meristem distribution charts, Drawing materials, Microscope slides of meristems, Textbook

Certificate Biology Form 3, Pages 186-187

GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT

Secondary Growth and Cambium Activity
Annual Rings and Plant Dormancy

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To describe secondary growth in dicots. To explain vascular cambium and cork cambium functions. To identify secondary xylem and phloem formation. To relate secondary growth to plant strength and support.

Detailed discussion: Secondary thickening in woody plants. Teacher exposition: Vascular cambium tangential divisions. Q/A: Secondary xylem and phloem development. Discussion: Cork cambium, lenticels and bark formation. Drawing cross-sections showing secondary tissues.

Secondary growth diagrams, Tree trunk sections, Drawing materials, Hand lens
Tree trunk cross-sections, Dormant plant organs, Charts, Textbook

Certificate Biology Form 3, Pages 186-188

GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT

Seed Dormancy and Breaking Mechanisms

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To describe seed dormancy characteristics. To explain factors that break seed dormancy. To identify vernalization, moisture, light and chemical effects. To discuss advantages of seed dormancy.

Detailed discussion: Dormant seed characteristics and low metabolic activity. Teacher exposition: Vernalization, moisture, light requirements. Q/A: Chemical inhibitors and gibberellic acid effects. Discussion: Dormancy advantages - dispersal time, favorable conditions.

Dormant seeds, Germination comparison setups, Chemical solutions, Textbook

Certificate Biology Form 3, Pages 188-189

GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT

Plant Growth Substances - Auxins
Gibberellins, Cytokinins and Other Hormones
Practical Applications of Plant Hormones

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To describe discovery of plant hormones by Fritz Went. To explain auxin functions in stems, leaves, roots and fruits. To identify IAA structure and translocation. To discuss practical applications of auxins.
To describe gibberellin functions and effects. To explain cytokinin roles in cell division and growth. To identify abscissic acid as growth inhibitor. To describe ethene and florigen effects.

Teacher exposition: Went's experiments with oat coleoptiles and auxin discovery. Discussion: Auxin effects in different plant organs. Q/A: Apical dominance and parthenocarpy. Practical applications: rooting powders, herbicides, fruit development.
Discussion: Gibberellin effects on stem elongation and seed germination. Teacher exposition: Cytokinin functions in meristematic tissues. Q/A: Abscissic acid antagonistic effects. Discussion: Ethene in fruit ripening and florigen in flowering.

Auxin experiment diagrams, Plant cuttings, Rooting powder demonstration, Textbook
Plant hormone effect charts, Ripening fruits, Textbook
Hormone application examples, Agricultural product samples, Case study materials

Certificate Biology Form 3, Pages 189-192
Certificate Biology Form 3, Pages 192-194

GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT

Animal Growth Patterns and Life Cycles

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To distinguish continuous from discontinuous growth in animals. To describe sigmoid growth curve phases. To explain lag, exponential, decelerating and plateau phases. To compare growth patterns in different animal groups.

Analysis of sigmoid growth curves showing four phases. Teacher exposition: Continuous growth in mammals, birds, fish. Discussion: Discontinuous growth in insects and amphibians. Q/A: Factors affecting each growth phase.

Growth curve charts, Animal development examples, Graph paper, Textbook

Certificate Biology Form 3, Pages 193-194

GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT

Complete Metamorphosis

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To describe complete metamorphosis stages. To explain life cycle of housefly and butterfly. To identify egg, larva, pupa and adult stages. To discuss economic importance of insects with complete metamorphosis.

Detailed study: Housefly life cycle - egg, maggot, pupa, imago. Teacher exposition: Butterfly development - caterpillar, chrysalis, adult. Q/A: Structural and behavioral differences between stages. Discussion: Economic importance - pests, silk production.

Insect life cycle charts, Preserved specimens if available, Drawings, Textbook

Certificate Biology Form 3, Pages 195-198

GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT

Incomplete Metamorphosis
Hormonal Control of Growth in Animals
Growth Measurement Practical

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To describe incomplete metamorphosis characteristics. To explain life cycles of cockroach and locust. To identify nymphal stages and molting process. To compare complete and incomplete metamorphosis.

Discussion: Egg to adult development through nymphal stages. Teacher exposition: Cockroach and locust life cycles. Q/A: Molting/ecdysis process and wing development. Comparison table: Complete vs incomplete metamorphosis.

Incomplete metamorphosis charts, Grasshopper specimens, Comparison tables, Textbook
Hormone control charts, Animal development diagrams, Textbook
Growing plants, Measuring rulers, Data recording sheets, Graph paper, Calculators

Certificate Biology Form 3, Pages 198-199