LAKES

Other Lake Types - Wind Erosion, Solution, and Human-made

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe wind erosion lakes through deflation to water table. Explain solution lakes in limestone areas (sink holes). Identify human-made lakes behind dams (Masinga, Volta, Kariba, Nasser).

Discussion of oasis formation through wind erosion. Explanation of solution processes in limestone using chalk demonstration. Review of major African dams and their lakes.

Pieces of chalk, water container, chalkboard, atlas

KLB Secondary Geography Form 3, Pages 108-109

LAKES

Landslide and Meteorite Lakes
Lake Classification Summary and Regional Examples

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe temporary lakes from landslide debris blocking rivers. Explain meteorite crater lakes from space impacts. Give examples including Lake Bosumtwi in Ghana.

Discussion of landslide lake formation and temporary nature. Simple demonstration of crater formation using sand and dropping stones. Brief IT integration: internet search for Lake Bosumtwi images if available.

Sand tray, small stones, chalkboard, internet access (if available)
Chalkboard, chalk, exercise books, atlas

KLB Secondary Geography Form 3, Page 109

LAKES

Significance of Lakes - Economic Importance

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain lakes as sources of fish, water supply, and irrigation. Describe hydroelectric power generation from lakes. Analyze transport and navigation benefits. Discuss mineral extraction (soda ash, salt) from lakes.

Discussion of Lake Victoria fisheries and water supply to cities. Analysis of Owen Falls and Seven Forks power generation. Case study of Lake Magadi salt and soda ash mining using textbook examples.

Chalkboard, chalk, textbooks, exercise books

KLB Secondary Geography Form 3, Pages 109-111

LAKES

Significance of Lakes - Social and Environmental Benefits
Negative Effects of Lakes

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe lakes as tourist attractions and recreational facilities. Explain climate modification effects of large water bodies. Analyze lakes as sources of rivers and building materials.

Discussion of Lake Nakuru National Park and flamingo tourism. Analysis of Lake Victoria's influence on regional climate. Review of recreational activities (boating, sport fishing).

Chalkboard, chalk, textbooks, exercise books

KLB Secondary Geography Form 3, Page 111

OCEANS, SEAS AND THEIR COASTS

Distinction Between Oceans and Seas
Nature of Ocean Water - Salinity and Temperature
Nature of Ocean Water - Ocean Life and Topography

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Distinguish between oceans and seas based on size, location, and connection. Identify the four major oceans and their characteristics. Compare similarities and differences between oceans and seas.

Q/A to review water bodies from previous chapters. Discussion of ocean vs sea characteristics using world map. Students list major oceans and seas in exercise books.

Chalkboard, world map, atlas, exercise books
Chalkboard, chalk, exercise books, thermometer for demonstration
Chalkboard, chalk, exercise books, textbooks

KLB Secondary Geography Form 3, Pages 113-114

OCEANS, SEAS AND THEIR COASTS

Islands and Ocean Pollution
Water Movement - Vertical Movement

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Classify islands as continental, oceanic, and coral islands. Give examples from East Africa and globally. Explain ocean pollution sources and effects.

Discussion of island formation types with examples. Analysis of pollution sources from industries and human activities. Students list local pollution examples.

Chalkboard, chalk, exercise books, atlas
Containers, warm and cold water, chalkboard, atlas

KLB Secondary Geography Form 3, Pages 119-120

OCEANS, SEAS AND THEIR COASTS

Water Movement - Ocean Currents
Major Ocean Currents
Tides - Formation and Causes

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain ocean current formation by winds, earth's rotation, land masses, and temperature. Describe Coriolis effect and its impact on current direction. Distinguish between warm and cold currents.

Drawing ocean current formation diagrams on chalkboard. Discussion of Coriolis effect using globe demonstration. Students identify current types on world map.

Chalkboard, chalk, globe, world map, exercise books
World map, atlas, chalkboard, exercise books
Chalkboard, chalk, exercise books, stones for demonstration

KLB Secondary Geography Form 3, Pages 122-124

OCEANS, SEAS AND THEIR COASTS

Types of Tides
Wave Formation and Types

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Distinguish between perigean, apogean, spring, and neap tides. Explain semi-diurnal, mixed, and diurnal tide patterns. Describe tidal significance for coastal activities.

Drawing different tide type diagrams on chalkboard. Discussion of tidal patterns with examples. Students create tidal cycle charts in notebooks.

Chalkboard, chalk, exercise books, textbooks
Water basin, chalkboard, chalk, exercise books

KLB Secondary Geography Form 3, Pages 127-128

OCEANS, SEAS AND THEIR COASTS

Wave Erosion Processes and Features

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe wave erosion processes: corrasion, hydraulic action, attrition, solution. Identify erosional features: cliffs, wave-cut platforms, caves, arches, stacks, stumps.

Discussion of erosion processes with practical examples. Drawing formation sequence of coastal erosional features on chalkboard. Students sketch feature formation stages.

Chalkboard, chalk, exercise books, pictures from textbook

KLB Secondary Geography Form 3, Pages 130-134

OCEANS, SEAS AND THEIR COASTS

Wave Transportation and Deposition

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain longshore drift process and material transportation. Describe factors influencing coastal deposition. Identify transportation mechanisms along coasts.

Simple demonstration of longshore drift using sand and water. Discussion of sediment sorting and deposition patterns. Students draw longshore drift diagrams.

Sand, water container, chalkboard, chalk, exercise books

KLB Secondary Geography Form 3, Pages 134-135

OCEANS, SEAS AND THEIR COASTS

Coastal Depositional Features - Beaches and Spits
Coastal Depositional Features - Bars and Other Features

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe beach formation and characteristics. Explain spit formation at coastline direction changes. Identify beach features: ridges, cusps, berms, beach rock.

Discussion of beach formation conditions and processes. Drawing spit formation diagrams showing longshore drift effects. Students identify local beach examples.

Chalkboard, chalk, exercise books, sand for demonstration
Chalkboard, chalk, exercise books, textbooks

KLB Secondary Geography Form 3, Pages 135-137

OCEANS, SEAS AND THEIR COASTS

Types of Coasts - Concordant and Discordant

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Distinguish between concordant and discordant coasts. Explain factors determining coast types: wave action, tidal currents, rock nature, alignment.

Discussion of coast types with Kenya examples (Malindi-Lamu vs Mombasa). Analysis of factors affecting coastal development. Students identify coast types on maps.

Atlas, chalkboard, chalk, exercise books

KLB Secondary Geography Form 3, Pages 139-140

OCEANS, SEAS AND THEIR COASTS

Submerged Coasts - Highland and Lowland

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain submerged coast formation through base level changes. Describe rias, fjords, and Dalmatian coasts in highland areas. Identify fjards in lowland submergence.

Drawing submerged coast formation diagrams on chalkboard. Discussion of East African rias (Kilindini, Lamu). Students analyze submergence causes.

Chalkboard, chalk, exercise books, maps of Kenya coast

KLB Secondary Geography Form 3, Pages 140-142

OCEANS, SEAS AND THEIR COASTS

Emerged Coasts
Coral Coasts and Reef Formation

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe emerged coast formation through sea level fall. Identify upland features: raised beaches, notches, wave-cut platforms. Explain lowland features: fall-lines, gentle coastal plains.

Discussion of emergence processes and resultant features. Analysis of Kenya coast examples (Mama Ngina Drive, Oceanic Hotel). Students draw emerged coast profiles.

Chalkboard, chalk, exercise books, local examples
Chalkboard, chalk, exercise books, world map

KLB Secondary Geography Form 3, Pages 142-143

OCEANS, SEAS AND THEIR COASTS

Types of Coral Reefs

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Distinguish between fringing reefs, barrier reefs, and atolls. Explain formation processes and characteristics of each reef type. Give examples from East Africa and globally.

Drawing coral reef formation diagrams on chalkboard. Discussion of Great Barrier Reef and local examples. Students sketch reef formation sequences.

Chalkboard, chalk, exercise books, atlas

KLB Secondary Geography Form 3, Pages 144-146

OCEANS, SEAS AND THEIR COASTS

Coral Reef Formation Theories

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain Darwin's, Daly's, and Murray's theories of coral reef formation. Compare different explanations for barrier reef and atoll development.

Discussion of different coral formation theories with diagrams. Comparison of theory strengths and limitations. Students create theory comparison charts.

Chalkboard, chalk, exercise books, textbooks

KLB Secondary Geography Form 3, Pages 146-148

OCEANS, SEAS AND THEIR COASTS

Significance of Oceans - Economic Importance
Significance of Coasts and Coastal Features

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain ocean significance for climate modification, fishing, transport, and mineral extraction. Describe HEP generation from tides and tourism benefits.

Discussion of ocean economic activities and benefits. Analysis of global fishing grounds and shipping routes. Students list ocean economic uses.

Chalkboard, chalk, exercise books, world map
Chalkboard, chalk, exercise books, maps of Kenya

KLB Secondary Geography Form 3, Pages 148-149

OCEANS, SEAS AND THEIR COASTS

Unit Assessment

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Assess understanding of ocean characteristics, water movements, coastal processes, and significance. Evaluate achievement of all learning objectives.

Written assessment covering all unit topics. Practical identification of coastal features from descriptions. Map work exercises using atlas.

Assessment papers, atlas, exercise books, maps

KLB Secondary Geography Form 3, Pages 113-150

AGRICULTURE

Introduction and Definition of Agriculture
Physical Factors: Climate
Physical Factors: Relief and Soil

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define agriculture as growing crops and rearing livestock for human needs; Identify factors influencing agriculture; Explain scope of agricultural activities

Q/A on local farming; Discussion on agriculture definition; List agricultural activities; Introduction to influencing factors

Charts showing agricultural activities, Pictures of crops and livestock, Map of Kenya
Maps showing climate zones, Rainfall charts, Pictures of crops, Thermometers
Soil samples, pH testing materials, Maps of Pampas and Prairies, Terraced farming pictures

KLB Secondary Geography Form 3, Pages 232-233

AGRICULTURE

Biotic and Human Factors
Types of Agriculture: Simple Subsistence and Sedentary Agriculture
Intensive Subsistence Agriculture and Plantation Agriculture

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Identify biotic factors; Distinguish useful and destructive insects; Explain social factors; Analyze economic factors

Brainstorm local crop organisms; Discuss Desert Locust Control Organisation; Study on religious farming restrictions; Analyze coffee price effects

Pictures of pests, Insect specimens, Wilson Airport maps, Price charts
Maps of tropical lands, Slash-and-burn pictures, Farming systems diagrams
Monsoon Asia maps, Rice terraces pictures, Plantation distribution charts

KLB Secondary Geography Form 3, Pages 238-242

AGRICULTURE

Mediterranean Agriculture, Mixed Farming, and Livestock Farming
Distribution of Major Cash Crops in Kenya

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe Mediterranean agriculture regions; Explain farming aspects; Define mixed farming; Identify livestock farming types

Study Mediterranean regions; Analyze orchard farming, viticulture; Discuss mixed farming areas; Introduction to livestock types

Mediterranean maps, Olive grove pictures, Crop combination charts
Figure 13.7 map, Cash crop pictures, Colonial agriculture photos

KLB Secondary Geography Form 3, Pages 248-252

AGRICULTURE

Tea Farming in Kenya
Tea Marketing and Sugar-cane Farming

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Identify tea growing highlands; Explain growing conditions (21°C, 1000-2000mm, 1000-1700m); Describe cultivation and processing

Study Figure 13.8 tea areas; Discuss tea varieties; Analyze cultivation process; Step-by-step processing at 100°C

Figure 13.8 map, Plantation pictures, Processing flow chart, Tea samples
KTDA charts, Figure 13.10 map, Factory pictures, Processing diagrams

KLB Secondary Geography Form 3, Pages 253-257

AGRICULTURE

Maize Growing and Cocoa in Ghana

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Identify maize areas and Katumani variety; Describe growing conditions; Identify Ghana cocoa triangle; Explain cocoa conditions

Study Figure 13.14 maize areas; Discuss Portuguese introduction; Analyze Ghana cocoa using Figure 13.15; Cocoa processing to export

Figure 13.14 map, Maize pictures, Figure 13.15 Ghana map, Processing charts

KLB Secondary Geography Form 3, Pages 262-270

AGRICULTURE

Oil Palm in Nigeria and Coffee Farming

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe oil palm areas and conditions; Identify coffee regions in Kenya; Explain growing conditions and processing

Study oil palm distribution; Analyze tenera variety yields; Coffee processing steps; Compare with Brazil's Fazendas

Oil palm pictures, Figure 13.18 coffee map, Processing charts, pH testing materials

KLB Secondary Geography Form 3, Pages 270-283

AGRICULTURE

Wheat Growing and Horticulture
Pastoral Farming and Dairy Farming
Beef Farming and Agricultural Fieldwork

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Identify wheat areas and conditions; Compare with Canada's advantages; Define horticulture; Identify horticultural areas

Study Figure 13.20 wheat areas; Analyze Canadian Prairie advantages; Discuss horticultural companies; Export market analysis

Figure 13.20 map, Harvester pictures, Figure 13.25 horticulture map, Export charts
Figure 13.29 map, Pastoral pictures, Table 13.1, Cattle breed photos
Cattle breed pictures, Figure 13.40 Pampas map, Sample questionnaires, Data sheets

KLB Secondary Geography Form 3, Pages 283-299