Thin Lenses

Types of Lenses and Effects on Light
Definition of Terms and Ray Diagrams
Image Formation by Converging Lenses
Image Formation by Diverging Lenses and Linear Magnification
The Lens Formula
Determination of Focal Length I
Determination of Focal Length II

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define a lens and distinguish between convex and concave lenses; Describe the effect of lenses on parallel rays of light; Explain convergence and divergence of light rays; Identify practical examples of different lens types

Q/A on refraction concepts; Experiment 1.1 - investigating effects of lenses on parallel rays using sunlight and ray box; Demonstration of convergence and divergence; Group identification of lens types in everyday objects; Drawing and analysis of ray diagrams

Ray box; Various convex and concave lenses; White screen; Plane mirror; Card with parallel slits; Sunlight or strong lamp
Various lenses; Rulers; Graph paper; Ray boxes; Charts showing lens terminology; Drawing materials; Laser pointers (if available)
Converging lenses; Objects; White screen; Metre rule; Candle; Graph paper; Charts showing applications; Camera (if available)
Diverging lenses; Graph paper; Rulers; Calculators; Examples from textbook; Objects of known heights; Measuring equipment
Mathematical instruments; Charts showing derivation; Calculators; Worked examples; Sign convention chart; Practice worksheets
Converging lenses; Lens holders; Metre rule; White screen; Distant objects; Plane mirror; Pins; Cork; Glass rod; Light source; Cardboard with cross-wires
Experimental setup materials; Graph paper; Calculators; Data tables; Examples 8-10 from textbook; Materials for displacement method

KLB Secondary Physics Form 4, Pages 1-6

Thin Lenses
Uniform Circular Motion
Uniform Circular Motion
Uniform Circular Motion

Power of Lens and Simple Microscope
Compound Microscope
The Human Eye
Defects of Vision
The Camera and Applications Review
Introduction and Angular Displacement
Angular Velocity and Linear Velocity
Centripetal Acceleration

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define power of a lens and calculate using P = 1/f; Use dioptre as unit and distinguish positive/negative power; Explain working of simple microscope (magnifying glass); Understand why short focal length lenses are preferred; Calculate magnification of simple microscope

Q/A on focal length concepts; Introduction to lens power with practical examples; Power calculations and comparisons; Demonstration of simple microscope setup; Analysis of magnification factors; Discussion of applications and limitations of magnifying glass

Various lenses of different focal lengths; Magnifying glasses; Small objects; Calculators; Power calculation charts; Small print materials; Biological specimens
Compound microscope; Charts showing microscope structure; Lenses representing objective and eyepiece; Calculators; Example 11 from textbook; Ray tracing materials
Charts/models of human eye; Torch for demonstrations; Eye model with flexible lens; Objects at various distances; Measuring equipment; Camera comparison charts
Charts showing vision defects; Converging and diverging lenses; Eye models; Spectacles with different lenses; Vision test materials; Ray diagram materials
Camera (if available); Charts showing camera structure; Comparison tables; Review charts of all applications; Summary materials; Demonstration equipment
Merry-go-round model or pictures; String and objects for circular motion; Protractors; Calculators; Charts showing degree-radian conversion; Measuring wheels
Stopwatch; Rotating objects (turntables, wheels); String and masses; Calculators; Formula charts; Examples from textbook; Measuring equipment
Vector diagrams; Rotating objects; Calculators; Charts showing acceleration derivation; Example 3 materials; Demonstration of circular motion with varying speeds

KLB Secondary Physics Form 4, Pages 26-28

Uniform Circular Motion
Floating and Sinking
Floating and Sinking
Floating and Sinking
Electromagnetic Spectrum
Electromagnetic Spectrum
Electromagnetic Spectrum

Centripetal Force and Factors Affecting It
Experimental Investigation of Centripetal Force
Case Examples - Cars and Banking
Case Examples - Cyclists and Conical Pendulum
Motion in Vertical Circle
Applications - Centrifuges and Satellites
Introduction and Cause of Upthrust
Upthrust in Gases and Archimedes' Principle
Law of Flotation and Applications
Relative Density Determination
Archimedes' Principle and Moments
Applications - Hydrometer and Practical Instruments
Applications - Ships, Submarines, and Balloons
Introduction and Properties of Electromagnetic Waves
Production and Detection of Electromagnetic Waves I
Production and Detection of Electromagnetic Waves II

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain the need for centripetal force in circular motion; State factors affecting centripetal force (mass, speed, radius); Derive centripetal force formula F = mv²/r = mrω²; Perform Experiment 2.1 investigating F vs ω²; Solve Example 4 from textbook
Perform Experiment 3.2 investigating upthrust on floating objects; State the law of flotation; Explain the relationship between weight of object and weight of displaced fluid; Solve Examples 4, 5, 6, and 7 involving floating objects; Apply law of flotation to balloons and ships

Review of Newton's laws and centripetal acceleration; Introduction to centripetal force concept; Experimental investigation of factors affecting centripetal force; Performance of Experiment 2.1 - relationship between F and ω²; Data collection and analysis; Solution of Example 4; Discussion of practical implications
Q/A on Archimedes' principle; Performance of Experiment 3.2 - investigating floating objects; Analysis of experimental observations; Statement of law of flotation; Step-by-step solution of Examples 4-7; Discussion of applications in balloons, ships, and everyday objects

Metal pegs; Turntable and motor; Variable resistor; Dry cell; Metal ball and string; Spring balance; Clock; Graph paper; Calculators
Same apparatus as Experiment 2.1; Graph paper; Additional measuring equipment; Data recording tables; Calculators; Analysis worksheets
Model cars and tracks; Inclined plane demonstrations; Charts showing banking principles; Calculators; Friction demonstration materials; Pictures of banked roads and aircraft
Model cyclists; Pendulum apparatus; String and masses; Force diagrams; Calculators; Example 5 materials; Protractors for angle measurement
String and masses for vertical motion; Bucket and water (demonstration); Model loop-the-loop track; Force analysis charts; Safety equipment; Calculators
Centrifuge model or pictures; Separation demonstration materials; Satellite orbit charts; Calculators; Newton's gravitation materials; Model solar system
Spring balance; Objects (stones); String; Eureka can; Beaker; Water; Measuring cylinder; Beam balance; Dense objects; Charts showing pressure variation
Balloons; Helium or hydrogen (if available); Objects of known density; Calculators; Examples from textbook; Different liquids for demonstration; Measuring equipment
Test tubes; Sand; Measuring cylinder; Water; Balance; Floating objects; Examples from textbook; Calculators; Model boats; Balloon demonstrations
Spring balance; Various solid objects; Different liquids; Measuring cylinders; Calculators; Examples from textbook; Objects of unknown density; Data recording sheets
Metre rule; Clamps and stands; Solid objects; Metal blocks; Water and other liquids; Graph paper; Calculators; Data recording tables; Balance setup materials
Hydrometer (if available); Different density liquids; Measuring cylinders; Calculators; Examples from textbook; Charts showing hydrometer types; Battery acid hydrometer demonstration
Model ships and submarines; Balloon demonstrations; Charts showing ship cross-sections; Submarine ballast tank models; Different density materials; Calculators; Application examples
Electromagnetic spectrum charts; Wave demonstration materials; Calculators; Radio; Mobile phone; Examples from textbook; Charts showing wave properties
Charts showing radiation production; Photographic film; Fluorescent materials; UV lamp (if available); Geiger counter (if available); Example 3 materials; Safety equipment demonstrations
Infrared sources (heaters); Thermometer with blackened bulb; Radio receivers; Microwave oven (demonstration); Oscillating circuit models; Various electromagnetic sources

KLB Secondary Physics Form 4, Pages 42-47
KLB Secondary Physics Form 4, Pages 64-69

Electromagnetic Spectrum
Electromagnetic Induction
Electromagnetic Induction
Electromagnetic Induction

Applications of Electromagnetic Waves I
Applications of Electromagnetic Waves II
Specific Applications - Radar and Microwave Cooking
Hazards and Safety Considerations
Introduction and Historical Background
Conditions for Electromagnetic Induction - Straight Conductor
Conditions for Electromagnetic Induction - Coils

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe medical applications of gamma rays and X-rays; Explain industrial uses of high-energy radiations; Understand applications in sterilization and cancer therapy; Discuss X-ray photography and crystallography; Analyze benefits and limitations of high-energy radiation applications

Review of radiation properties and production; Detailed study of gamma ray applications (sterilization, cancer treatment, flaw detection); Analysis of X-ray applications (medical photography, security, crystallography); Discussion of controlled radiation exposure; Examination of X-ray photographs and medical applications

X-ray photographs; Medical imaging examples; Industrial radiography charts; Cancer treatment information; Sterilization process diagrams; Safety protocol charts
UV lamp demonstrations; Optical fiber samples; Infrared thermometer; Microwave oven (demonstration); Radio equipment; Remote controls; Radar images; Communication devices
Radar system diagrams; Microwave oven cross-section charts; Wave reflection demonstrations; Safety instruction materials; Magnetron information; Aircraft/ship tracking examples
Radiation hazard charts; Safety equipment demonstrations; Chernobyl disaster information; Biological effect diagrams; Safety protocol materials; Radiation protection examples
Charts showing Faraday's experiments; Pictures of power stations; Transformers; Generators; Historical timeline of electromagnetic discoveries; Real-world applications display
Thick electric conductor; U-shaped magnet; Galvanometer; Connecting wires; Clamp and stand setup; Data recording sheets
Coils of different sizes; Magnets of various strengths; Galvanometer; Connecting wires; Comparison data sheets

KLB Secondary Physics Form 4, Pages 82-84

Electromagnetic Induction

Factors Affecting Induced E.M.F. - Rate of Change
Factors Affecting Induced E.M.F. - Magnetic Field Strength
Factors Affecting Induced E.M.F. - Number of Turns
Lenz's Law and Direction of Induced Current
Fleming's Right-Hand Rule
Applications of Induction Laws
Mutual Induction
Transformers - Basic Principles

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Perform Experiment 5.2 investigating rate of change effects; Understand relationship between speed of motion and induced e.m.f.; Collect and analyze data on rate of flux change; Establish that faster changes produce larger e.m.f.; Apply findings to practical situations

Performance of Experiment 5.2 investigating relationship between rate of change of magnetic flux and induced e.m.f.; Systematic variation of magnet withdrawal speeds (very fast, moderate, very slow); Recording and comparison of galvanometer deflections; Data analysis and conclusion drawing; Discussion of practical implications in generators and other applications

Coil of at least 50 turns; Sensitive galvanometer; Magnet; Stopwatch; Data collection tables; Graph paper for analysis
U-shaped electromagnet; Variable resistor; Wire PQ; Galvanometer; Ammeter; Connecting wires; Power supply; Data recording materials
Insulated copper wire; Sensitive galvanometer; Magnet; Connecting wires; Wire cutting and measuring tools; Data analysis sheets
Variable resistor; Sensitive center-zero galvanometer; Connecting wires; Coil; Magnet; Switch; Battery; Direction analysis charts
U-shaped magnet; Thick wire AB; Marked center-zero galvanometer; Hand models for rule demonstration; Example 1 setup materials; Direction analysis worksheets
Examples 2 and 3 setup materials; Problem-solving worksheets; Charts showing current direction analysis; Group work materials; Calculators
Two coils P and S; Galvanometer; Battery; A.C. power source; Switch; Rheostat; Connecting wires; Soft iron rod; Soft iron ring; Enhancement demonstration materials
Long insulated copper wire; Soft iron rod; Low frequency A.C. source; A.C. voltmeter; Switch; Bulb; Transformer construction materials; Symbol charts

KLB Secondary Physics Form 4, Pages 88-89

Electromagnetic Induction
Physics Paper 1 Revision
Physics Paper 1 Revision
Physics Paper 1 Revision
Physics paper 2 Revision
Physics paper 2 Revision
Physics paper 2 Revision
Physics Paper 3 Revision
Physics Paper 1 Revision
Physics Paper 1 Revision
Physics Paper 1 Revision

Transformer Equations and Calculations
Transformer Energy Losses and Example 6
Applications - Generators, Microphones, and Induction Coils
Section A: Short Answer Questions
Section B: Structured Questions
Section B: Structured Questions Integrated Revision
Section A: Short Answer Questions
Section B: Structured Questions
Section B: Structured Questions Integrated Revision
Practical-Experiments
Section A: Short Answer Questions
Section B: Structured Questions
Section B: Structured Questions Integrated Revision

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Derive transformer turns rule equation; Apply transformer equations for voltage and current relationships; Calculate transformer efficiency; Solve Examples 4 and 5 involving transformer problems; Understand ideal vs practical transformer differences

Q/A on transformer working principles; Mathematical derivation of turns rule (Vp/Vs = Np/Ns); Development of current relationship (IpVp = IsVs for ideal transformer); Introduction to efficiency calculations; Step-by-step solution of Examples 4 and 5; Discussion of ideal transformer assumptions vs practical limitations

Calculators; Examples 4 and 5 materials; Mathematical derivation charts; Efficiency calculation worksheets; Transformer specification data
Charts showing energy losses; Laminated core samples; Example 6 complex setup; Power transmission diagrams; Efficiency calculation materials; Loss minimization demonstration aids
A.C. generator model; D.C. generator model; Moving-coil microphone demonstration; Induction coil setup; Output waveform charts; Slip ring and commutator comparisons; Bicycle dynamo
Past Physics Paper 1 exams, Marking Schemes
Calculators
Past Paper 1 exams, Marking Schemes
Calculators
Past Papers, Stopwatches, Chalkboard
Past Physics paper 2 exams, Marking Schemes
Past paper 2 exams, Marking Schemes
Apparatus Graph papers

KLB Secondary Physics Form 4, Pages 102-105

REVISION

Physics paper 2 Revision
Physics paper 2 Revision
Physics paper 2 Revision
Physics Paper 3 Revision
Physics Paper 1 Revision
Physics Paper 1 Revision
Physics Paper 1 Revision
Physics paper 2 Revision
Physics paper 2 Revision
Physics paper 2 Revision
Physics Paper 3 Revision
Physics Paper 1 Revision
Physics Paper 1 Revision
Physics Paper 1 Revision
Physics paper 2 Revision
Physics paper 2 Revision
Physics paper 2 Revision
Physics Paper 3 Revision
Physics Paper 1 Revision
Physics Paper 1 Revision
Physics Paper 1 Revision
Physics paper 2 Revision
Physics paper 2 Revision
Physics paper 2 Revision
Physics Paper 3 Revision
Physics Paper 1 Revision
Physics Paper 1 Revision
Physics Paper 1 Revision
Physics paper 2 Revision
Physics paper 2 Revision
Physics paper 2 Revision

Section A: Short Answer Questions
Section B: Structured Questions
Section B: Structured Questions Integrated Revision
Practical-Experiments
Section A: Short Answer Questions
Section B: Structured Questions
Section B: Structured Questions Integrated Revision
Section A: Short Answer Questions
Section B: Structured Questions
Section B: Structured Questions Integrated Revision
Practical-Experiments
Section A: Short Answer Questions
Section B: Structured Questions
Section B: Structured Questions Integrated Revision
Section A: Short Answer Questions
Section B: Structured Questions
Section B: Structured Questions Integrated Revision
Practical-Experiments
Section A: Short Answer Questions
Section B: Structured Questions
Section B: Structured Questions Integrated Revision
Section A: Short Answer Questions
Section B: Structured Questions
Section B: Structured Questions Integrated Revision
Practical-Experiments
Section A: Short Answer Questions
Section B: Structured Questions
Section B: Structured Questions Integrated Revision
Section A: Short Answer Questions
Section B: Structured Questions
Section B: Structured Questions Integrated Revision

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
– attempt compulsory short-answer questions – explain physical principles clearly and concisely – apply correct working for simple numerical problems
– attempt extended problem solving under timed conditions – integrate knowledge from different Physics topics into answers – review performance using marking schemes and teacher feedback

Students attempt selected Section A questions individually Peer-marking and teacher correction through class discussion
Students attempt a timed set of paper 2 structured questions Class correction and teacher feedback session

Past Physics paper 2 exams, Marking Schemes
Calculators
Past paper 2 exams, Marking Schemes
Past Papers, Stopwatches, Chalkboard
Apparatus Graph papers
Past Physics Paper 1 exams, Marking Schemes
Past Paper 1 exams, Marking Schemes
Calculators
Past Papers, Stopwatches, Chalkboard
Calculators
Apparatus Graph papers
Past Physics Paper 1 exams, Marking Schemes
Past Paper 1 exams, Marking Schemes
Calculators
Past Physics paper 2 exams, Marking Schemes
Past paper 2 exams, Marking Schemes

KLB Physics Bk 1–4, Question papers
KLB Physics Bk 1–4, Question papers

Physics Paper 3 Revision
Physics Paper 1 Revision
Physics Paper 1 Revision
Physics Paper 1 Revision
Physics paper 2 Revision
Physics paper 2 Revision
Physics paper 2 Revision
Physics Paper 3 Revision

Practical-Experiments
Section A: Short Answer Questions
Section B: Structured Questions
Section B: Structured Questions Integrated Revision
Section A: Short Answer Questions
Section B: Structured Questions
Section B: Structured Questions Integrated Revision
Practical-Experiments

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
– set up apparatus correctly and safely – take accurate measurements and record observations – answer practical questions correctly

Students carry out the experiments
Teacher demonstrates correct recording and graph plotting
Class discussion on common errors

Apparatus Graph papers
Calculators
Past Physics Paper 1 exams, Marking Schemes
Past Paper 1 exams, Marking Schemes
Calculators
Past Papers, Stopwatches, Chalkboard
Past Physics paper 2 exams, Marking Schemes
Past paper 2 exams, Marking Schemes

KCSE Past Paper 3, KLB Physics Bk 1–4
Question papers