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| WK | LSN | TOPIC | SUB-TOPIC | OBJECTIVES | T/L ACTIVITIES | T/L AIDS | REFERENCE | REMARKS |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 |
Reporting |
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| 2 |
Opener Exams |
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| 2 | 4-5 |
Floating and Sinking
Floating and Sinking Thin Lenses Thin Lenses |
Archimedes' Principle and Moments
Applications - Hydrometer and Practical Instruments Applications - Ships, Submarines, and Balloons Types of Lenses and Effects on Light Definition of Terms and Ray Diagrams |
By the end of the
lesson, the learner
should be able to:
Perform Experiment 3.3 determining relative density using moments; Understand the principle of moments in relative density determination; Plot graphs of d₁ against d₂ and determine slopes; Apply moments method to determine relative density of liquids; Explain advantages of moments method over direct weighing Explain how steel ships float on water; Describe working principle of submarines; Understand how balloons achieve lift and control altitude; Analyze the role of displaced fluid in each application; Apply principles to solve practical problems involving floating vessels |
Q/A on relative density calculations; Setup and performance of Experiment 3.3 - relative density using moments; Data collection and graph plotting; Analysis of graph slopes and their significance; Application to liquids determination; Discussion of method advantages and accuracy
Q/A on hydrometer applications; Analysis of ship design and floating principles; Detailed study of submarine operation and ballast tanks; Exploration of balloon physics and gas density effects; Discussion of load limits and stability; Problem-solving involving practical floating applications |
Metre rule; Clamps and stands; Solid objects; Metal blocks; Water and other liquids; Graph paper; Calculators; Data recording tables; Balance setup materials
Hydrometer (if available); Different density liquids; Measuring cylinders; Calculators; Examples from textbook; Charts showing hydrometer types; Battery acid hydrometer demonstration Model ships and submarines; Balloon demonstrations; Charts showing ship cross-sections; Submarine ballast tank models; Different density materials; Calculators; Application examples Ray box; Various convex and concave lenses; White screen; Plane mirror; Card with parallel slits; Sunlight or strong lamp Various lenses; Rulers; Graph paper; Ray boxes; Charts showing lens terminology; Drawing materials; Laser pointers (if available) |
KLB Secondary Physics Form 4, Pages 71-74
KLB Secondary Physics Form 4, Pages 77 |
|
| 3 | 1 |
Thin Lenses
|
Image Formation by Converging Lenses
Image Formation by Diverging Lenses and Linear Magnification The Lens Formula Determination of Focal Length I |
By the end of the
lesson, the learner
should be able to:
Locate images for different object positions using ray diagrams; Describe image characteristics (real/virtual, erect/inverted, magnified/diminished); Explain applications in telescope, camera, projector and magnifying glass; Understand relationship between object position and image properties |
Review of ray construction rules; Systematic ray diagram construction for objects at infinity, beyond 2F, at 2F, between F and 2F, at F, and between F and lens; Analysis of image characteristics for each position; Discussion of practical applications; Demonstration using lens, object and screen
|
Converging lenses; Objects; White screen; Metre rule; Candle; Graph paper; Charts showing applications; Camera (if available)
Diverging lenses; Graph paper; Rulers; Calculators; Examples from textbook; Objects of known heights; Measuring equipment Mathematical instruments; Charts showing derivation; Calculators; Worked examples; Sign convention chart; Practice worksheets Converging lenses; Lens holders; Metre rule; White screen; Distant objects; Plane mirror; Pins; Cork; Glass rod; Light source; Cardboard with cross-wires |
KLB Secondary Physics Form 4, Pages 8-12
|
|
| 3 | 2 |
Thin Lenses
|
Determination of Focal Length II
Power of Lens and Simple Microscope Compound Microscope |
By the end of the
lesson, the learner
should be able to:
Determine focal length using lens formula method (Experiment 1.4); Plot and analyze 1/u vs 1/v graphs; Determine focal length from displacement method (Experiment 1.5); Solve Examples 8, 9, and 10 involving graphical methods |
Review of previous focal length methods; Setup and performance of Experiment 1.4; Data collection and graph plotting; Analysis of Examples 8-10; Introduction to displacement method and conjugate points; Practical work with different graphical approaches
|
Experimental setup materials; Graph paper; Calculators; Data tables; Examples 8-10 from textbook; Materials for displacement method
Various lenses of different focal lengths; Magnifying glasses; Small objects; Calculators; Power calculation charts; Small print materials; Biological specimens Compound microscope; Charts showing microscope structure; Lenses representing objective and eyepiece; Calculators; Example 11 from textbook; Ray tracing materials |
KLB Secondary Physics Form 4, Pages 19-25
|
|
| 3 | 3 |
Thin Lenses
|
The Human Eye
Defects of Vision |
By the end of the
lesson, the learner
should be able to:
Describe structure of human eye and functions of each part; Explain accommodation process and role of ciliary muscles; Define near point and far point; Understand how eye focuses at different distances; Compare eye structure with camera |
Introduction to human eye as natural optical instrument; Detailed study of eye structure using charts/models; Demonstration of accommodation using flexible lens model; Practical measurement of near and far points; Comparison table of eye vs camera similarities and differences
|
Charts/models of human eye; Torch for demonstrations; Eye model with flexible lens; Objects at various distances; Measuring equipment; Camera comparison charts
Charts showing vision defects; Converging and diverging lenses; Eye models; Spectacles with different lenses; Vision test materials; Ray diagram materials |
KLB Secondary Physics Form 4, Pages 30-32
|
|
| 3 | 4-5 |
Thin Lenses
Electromagnetic Spectrum |
The Camera and Applications Review
Introduction and Properties of Electromagnetic Waves Production and Detection of Electromagnetic Waves I |
By the end of the
lesson, the learner
should be able to:
Describe camera structure and working principles; Explain functions of camera lens, shutter, aperture, and film; Compare camera with human eye highlighting similarities and differences; Review all applications of lenses in optical instruments Explain production of gamma rays, X-rays, and ultraviolet radiation; Describe detection methods for high-energy radiations; Understand energy transitions in atoms and nuclei; Relate wave energy to frequency using E = hf; Solve Example 3 involving X-ray calculations |
Review of optical instruments studied; Analysis of camera components and their functions; Detailed comparison of camera and eye; Discussion of focusing mechanisms; Comprehensive review of lens applications in telescope, microscope, camera, spectacles, and magnifying glass
Review of electromagnetic properties through Q/A; Study of high-energy radiation production mechanisms; Analysis of detection methods (photographic plates, G-M tubes, fluorescent materials); Discussion of atomic and nuclear energy changes; Step-by-step solution of Example 3; Safety considerations for high-energy radiations |
Camera (if available); Charts showing camera structure; Comparison tables; Review charts of all applications; Summary materials; Demonstration equipment
Electromagnetic spectrum charts; Wave demonstration materials; Calculators; Radio; Mobile phone; Examples from textbook; Charts showing wave properties Charts showing radiation production; Photographic film; Fluorescent materials; UV lamp (if available); Geiger counter (if available); Example 3 materials; Safety equipment demonstrations |
KLB Secondary Physics Form 4, Pages 33-35
KLB Secondary Physics Form 4, Pages 81-82 |
|
| 4 | 1 |
Electromagnetic Spectrum
|
Production and Detection of Electromagnetic Waves II
Applications of Electromagnetic Waves I |
By the end of the
lesson, the learner
should be able to:
Explain production of visible light, infrared, microwaves, and radio waves; Describe detection methods for each radiation type; Understand role of oscillating circuits in radio wave production; Compare detection mechanisms across the spectrum; Demonstrate detection of some radiations |
Q/A on high-energy radiations; Study of lower-energy radiation production (thermal, electronic oscillations); Analysis of detection methods (eyes, thermopiles, crystal detectors, radio receivers); Practical demonstrations of infrared detection; Discussion of antenna and oscillating circuit principles; Group identification of sources and detectors
|
Infrared sources (heaters); Thermometer with blackened bulb; Radio receivers; Microwave oven (demonstration); Oscillating circuit models; Various electromagnetic sources
X-ray photographs; Medical imaging examples; Industrial radiography charts; Cancer treatment information; Sterilization process diagrams; Safety protocol charts |
KLB Secondary Physics Form 4, Pages 81-82
|
|
| 4 | 2 |
Electromagnetic Spectrum
|
Applications of Electromagnetic Waves II
Specific Applications - Radar and Microwave Cooking |
By the end of the
lesson, the learner
should be able to:
Explain applications of ultraviolet radiation; Describe uses of visible light in technology; Understand infrared applications in heating and imaging; Analyze microwave applications in cooking and radar; Discuss radio wave applications in communication |
Q/A on high-energy radiation applications; Study of UV applications (fluorescence, sterilization, vitamin D, forgery detection); Analysis of visible light uses (photography, optical fibers, lasers); Exploration of infrared applications (heating, night vision, remote controls); Discussion of microwave and radio wave technologies
|
UV lamp demonstrations; Optical fiber samples; Infrared thermometer; Microwave oven (demonstration); Radio equipment; Remote controls; Radar images; Communication devices
Radar system diagrams; Microwave oven cross-section charts; Wave reflection demonstrations; Safety instruction materials; Magnetron information; Aircraft/ship tracking examples |
KLB Secondary Physics Form 4, Pages 82-85
|
|
| 4 | 3 |
Electromagnetic Spectrum
Mains Electricity Mains Electricity |
Hazards and Safety Considerations
Sources of Mains Electricity The Grid System and Power Transmission |
By the end of the
lesson, the learner
should be able to:
Identify hazards of high-energy electromagnetic radiations; Explain biological effects of UV, X-rays, and gamma rays; Describe safety measures for radiation protection; Understand delayed effects like cancer and genetic damage; Apply safety principles in radiation use |
Q/A on electromagnetic applications; Study of radiation hazards and biological effects; Analysis of skin damage, cell destruction, and genetic effects; Discussion of Chernobyl disaster and radiation accidents; Exploration of safety measures (shielding, distance, time limits); Application of ALARA principle (As Low As Reasonably Achievable)
|
Radiation hazard charts; Safety equipment demonstrations; Chernobyl disaster information; Biological effect diagrams; Safety protocol materials; Radiation protection examples
Pictures of power stations Charts showing different energy sources Videos of power generation Maps of Kenya's power grid Sample coal, biomass materials Chart of national grid system Transmission line models Maps showing power lines Transformer models Voltage measurement devices |
KLB Secondary Physics Form 4, Pages 85
|
|
| 4 | 4-5 |
Mains Electricity
Mains Electricity Cathode Rays and Cathode Ray Tube |
High Voltage Transmission and Power Losses
Domestic Wiring System Fuses, Circuit Breakers and Safety Devices Ring Mains Circuit and Three-Pin Plugs Electrical Energy Consumption and Costing Problem Solving and Applications Thermionic Emission |
By the end of the
lesson, the learner
should be able to:
Explain why power is transmitted at high voltage Calculate power losses in transmission State dangers of high voltage transmission Apply the formula P = I²R to transmission problems Describe the ring mains circuit Explain advantages of ring mains system Wire a three-pin plug correctly Identify wire color coding in electrical systems |
Review of Ohm's law and power formulas
Demonstration of power loss calculations Worked examples on transmission efficiency Discussion on safety measures for transmission lines Group problem-solving activities Q&A on fuses and safety devices Drawing ring mains circuit diagrams Practical wiring of three-pin plugs Color coding identification exercise Safety demonstration with earthing |
Calculators
Worked example sheets Pictures of transmission towers Safety warning signs Formula charts House wiring components Fuse box model Different types of fuses Electrical cables (samples) Circuit diagrams Multimeter Various fuses (2A, 5A, 13A) Circuit breakers Fuse wire samples Electrical appliances Safety equipment samples Three-pin plugs Electrical cables Wire strippers Screwdrivers Ring mains circuit model Color-coded wires Calculators Sample electricity bills Electrical appliances with ratings Stop watches Energy meter model Formula charts Problem sheets Past examination questions Real electricity bills Energy conservation charts Simple thermionic emission apparatus Low voltage power supply (6V) Milliammeter Evacuated glass bulb Heated filament Charts showing electron emission |
KLB Secondary Physics Form 4, Pages 118-121
KLB Secondary Physics Form 4, Pages 124-125 |
|
| 5 | 1 |
Cathode Rays and Cathode Ray Tube
|
Production and Properties of Cathode Rays
Structure of Cathode Ray Oscilloscope CRO Controls and Operation |
By the end of the
lesson, the learner
should be able to:
Describe how cathode rays are produced State the properties of cathode rays Explain evidence that cathode rays are streams of electrons Demonstrate properties using simple experiments |
Review of thermionic emission
Description of cathode ray tube construction Demonstration of cathode ray properties Experiments showing straight line travel and shadow formation Discussion on deflection by electric and magnetic fields |
Cathode ray tube (simple)
High voltage supply (EHT) Fluorescent screen Maltese cross or opaque object Bar magnets Charged plates CRO (demonstration model) Charts showing CRO structure Diagrams of electron gun Models of deflection plates High voltage power supply Working CRO Signal generator Connecting leads Various input signals Time base control charts Oscilloscope manual |
KLB Secondary Physics Form 4, Pages 131-133
|
|
| 5 | 2 |
Cathode Rays and Cathode Ray Tube
|
CRO as a Voltmeter
Frequency Measurement using CRO The Television Tube Problem Solving and Applications |
By the end of the
lesson, the learner
should be able to:
Use CRO to measure DC and AC voltages Calculate voltage using deflection and sensitivity Compare CRO with conventional voltmeters Apply the formula: Voltage = deflection × sensitivity |
Q&A on CRO operation
Demonstration of voltage measurement using CRO Practical measurement of known voltages Calculation exercises using CRO readings Comparison with digital voltmeter readings |
Working CRO
DC power supplies AC signal sources Digital voltmeter Connecting leads Graph paper Calculators Working CRO with time base Audio frequency generator Graph paper for measurements Stop watch TV tube (demonstration model) Deflection coils TV receiver (old CRT type) Charts comparing TV and CRO Color TV tube diagram Problem-solving worksheets Sample CRO traces Past examination questions Reference materials |
KLB Secondary Physics Form 4, Pages 137-139
|
|
| 5 | 3 |
X-Rays
|
Production of X-Rays
Properties of X-Rays and Energy Concepts Hard and Soft X-Rays |
By the end of the
lesson, the learner
should be able to:
Describe the structure of an X-ray tube Explain how X-rays are produced State the conditions necessary for X-ray production Identify the components of an X-ray tube and their functions |
Q&A on cathode rays and electron beams
Drawing and labeling X-ray tube structure Explanation of electron acceleration and collision process Description of anode and cathode materials Discussion on cooling systems in X-ray tubes |
Charts showing X-ray tube structure
Diagram of X-ray production process Models of rotating anode Pictures of medical X-ray equipment Video clips of X-ray tube operation Calculators Electromagnetic spectrum chart Energy calculation worksheets Constants and formulae charts Sample X-ray images Comparison charts of hard vs soft X-rays Penetration demonstration materials Voltage control diagrams Medical X-ray examples Industrial X-ray applications |
KLB Secondary Physics Form 4, Pages 144-145
|
|
| 5 | 4-5 |
X-Rays
Photoelectric Effect |
Uses of X-Rays in Medicine and Industry
Dangers of X-Rays and Safety Precautions Problem Solving and Applications Review Demonstration and Introduction to Photoelectric Effect Light Energy and Quantum Theory Einstein's Photoelectric Equation and Work Function Factors Affecting Photoelectric Effect |
By the end of the
lesson, the learner
should be able to:
Describe medical uses of X-rays (radiography and radiotherapy) Explain industrial applications of X-rays Describe use in crystallography and security Analyze the importance of point source X-rays Explain Planck's quantum theory of light Define photon and quantum of energy Apply the equation E = hf to calculate photon energy Compare energies of different wavelength radiations |
Review of hard and soft X-rays
Discussion on medical imaging techniques Explanation of CT scans and their advantages Description of industrial flaw detection Analysis of airport security applications Review of photoelectric effect observations Introduction to Planck's constant and quantum theory Calculation of photon energies for different wavelengths Worked examples comparing red and violet light energies Problem-solving exercises on photon energy |
Medical X-ray images
CT scan pictures Industrial radiography examples Crystal diffraction patterns Airport security equipment photos Charts of various X-ray applications Safety equipment samples (lead aprons) Radiation warning signs Pictures of X-ray protection facilities Dosimeter badges Charts showing radiation effects Safety protocol posters Calculators Problem-solving worksheets Past examination questions Real X-ray case studies Modern X-ray technology articles Assessment materials UV lamp (mercury vapor) Zinc plate Gold leaf electroscope Glass barrier Metal plates Galvanometer Connecting wires Calculators Electromagnetic spectrum chart Planck's constant reference Worked example sheets Wave equation materials Color filters Work function data table Einstein's equation reference Metal samples (theoretical) Energy level diagrams Problem-solving worksheets Experimental setup diagrams Graph paper Stopping potential data Frequency vs energy graphs Different metal characteristics |
KLB Secondary Physics Form 4, Pages 148-149
KLB Secondary Physics Form 4, Pages 153 |
|
| 6 | 1 |
Photoelectric Effect
Radioactivity Radioactivity |
Applications of Photoelectric Effect
Problem Solving and Applications Review Atomic Structure and Nuclear Notation Nuclear Stability and Discovery of Radioactivity |
By the end of the
lesson, the learner
should be able to:
Describe the working of photoemissive cells Explain photovoltaic and photoconductive cells Analyze applications in counting, alarms, and sound reproduction Compare different types of photoelectric devices |
Q&A on factors affecting photoelectric effect
Demonstration of photocell operation Explanation of different photoelectric device types Analysis of practical applications in industry Discussion on solar cells and light-dependent resistors |
Photoemissive cell samples
Light-dependent resistor (LDR) Solar panel demonstration Application circuit diagrams Conveyor belt counting model Burglar alarm circuit Calculators Comprehensive problem sets Past examination questions Constants and formulae sheets Graph paper Assessment materials Atomic structure models Periodic table Nuclear notation examples Isotope charts Atomic structure diagrams Element samples (safe) Historical pictures of scientists Stability curve graph Nuclear stability charts Uranium compound samples (pictures) Photographic plate demonstrations |
KLB Secondary Physics Form 4, Pages 160-163
|
|
| 6 | 2 |
Radioactivity
|
Types of Radiations
Alpha and Beta Decay Processes Penetrating Power of Radiations Ionising Effects of Radiations |
By the end of the
lesson, the learner
should be able to:
Identify alpha, beta, and gamma radiations Describe the nature and properties of each radiation type Explain deflection of radiations in magnetic fields Use nuclear equations to represent radiation emission |
Q&A on nuclear instability
Demonstration of radiation deflection using diagrams Comparison of alpha, beta, and gamma properties Practice writing nuclear decay equations Application of Fleming's left-hand rule to radiation deflection |
Magnetic field demonstration setup
Radiation source (simulation) Lead box model Nuclear equation examples Property comparison charts Deflection diagrams Nuclear equation worksheets Decay chain diagrams Calculators Periodic table Practice problem sets Worked examples Absorber materials (paper, aluminum, lead) Radiation detector simulation Absorption curve graphs Range measurement diagrams Safety equipment models Penetration demonstration setup Ionization chamber models Ion formation diagrams Comparison charts of ionizing power Air molecule models Energy transfer illustrations Ionization applications examples |
KLB Secondary Physics Form 4, Pages 167-168
|
|
| 6 | 3 |
Radioactivity
|
Radiation Detectors - Photographic Emulsions and Cloud Chambers
Geiger-Muller Tube and Background Radiation Decay Law and Mathematical Treatment |
By the end of the
lesson, the learner
should be able to:
Describe how photographic emulsions detect radiation Explain the working of expansion and diffusion cloud chambers Interpret radiation tracks in cloud chambers Compare detection methods and their applications |
Q&A on ionization effects
Explanation of photographic detection principles Description of cloud chamber construction and operation Analysis of different track patterns Comparison of detection method advantages |
Photographic film samples
Cloud chamber diagrams Track pattern examples Dry ice demonstration setup Alcohol vapor materials Detection comparison charts G-M tube model/diagram High voltage supply diagrams Pulse amplification illustrations Background radiation source charts Count rate measurement examples Cosmic ray detection materials Mathematical formula charts Decay curve examples Calculators Exponential function graphs Statistical concepts illustrations Decay constant calculations |
KLB Secondary Physics Form 4, Pages 172-175
|
|
| 6 | 4-5 |
Radioactivity
|
Half-life Calculations and Applications
Applications of Radioactivity - Carbon Dating and Medicine Industrial and Agricultural Applications |
By the end of the
lesson, the learner
should be able to:
Define half-life of radioactive materials Calculate half-life from experimental data Use half-life in decay calculations Plot and interpret decay graphs Describe industrial uses of radioactivity Explain thickness gauging and flaw detection Analyze agricultural applications with tracers Evaluate leak detection methods |
Review of decay law and mathematical concepts
Explanation of half-life concept with examples Practice calculations using half-life formula Graph plotting and interpretation exercises Problem-solving with half-life applications Review of medical applications Explanation of industrial thickness measurement Description of weld testing and flaw detection Discussion on radioactive tracers in agriculture Analysis of pipe leak detection methods |
Graph paper
Calculators Half-life data tables Decay curve examples Sample calculation problems Radioactive material half-life charts Carbon dating examples Archaeological samples (pictures) Medical radioisotope charts Gamma ray therapy illustrations Dating calculation worksheets Medical application diagrams Industrial thickness gauge models Flaw detection examples Tracer experiment diagrams Agricultural application charts Leak detection illustrations Industrial radiography samples |
KLB Secondary Physics Form 4, Pages 178-181
KLB Secondary Physics Form 4, Pages 181-182 |
|
| 7 |
Half term Exams |
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| 8 |
Half term |
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| 9 | 1 |
Radioactivity
|
Hazards of Radiation and Safety Precautions
Nuclear Fission Process and Chain Reactions |
By the end of the
lesson, the learner
should be able to:
Explain biological effects of radiation exposure Describe acute and chronic radiation effects State safety precautions for handling radioactive materials Analyze radiation protection principles |
Q&A on radioactivity applications
Discussion on radiation damage to living cells Explanation of radiation sickness and cancer risks Description of safety equipment and procedures Analysis of radiation protection in hospitals and labs |
Safety equipment samples
Radiation warning signs Protective clothing examples Lead shielding materials Dosimeter badges Safety protocol posters Nuclear fission diagrams Chain reaction illustrations Uranium nucleus models Neutron bombardment demonstrations Energy release calculations Nuclear reactor pictures |
KLB Secondary Physics Form 4, Pages 182-183
|
|
| 9 | 2 |
Radioactivity
|
Nuclear Fusion and Energy Applications
Comprehensive Review and Problem Solving |
By the end of the
lesson, the learner
should be able to:
Define nuclear fusion Explain fusion reactions in light nuclei Compare fusion and fission energy release Describe fusion applications and challenges |
Q&A on nuclear fission and chain reactions
Explanation of nuclear fusion principles Analysis of hydrogen isotope fusion reactions Comparison of fusion vs fission advantages Discussion on stellar fusion and fusion reactors |
Nuclear fusion reaction diagrams
Stellar fusion illustrations Fusion reactor concepts Energy comparison charts Temperature and pressure requirement data Fusion research pictures Calculators Comprehensive problem sets Past examination questions Nuclear data tables Assessment materials Reference books |
KLB Secondary Physics Form 4, Pages 184
|
|
| 9 | 3 |
Electromagnetic Induction
|
Introduction and Historical Background
Conditions for Electromagnetic Induction - Straight Conductor |
By the end of the
lesson, the learner
should be able to:
Define electromagnetic induction and its significance; Explain Faraday's discovery and its impact on modern technology; Understand the relationship between magnetism and electricity; Identify examples of electromagnetic induction in daily life; Appreciate the importance of relative motion in electromagnetic phenomena |
Q/A on magnetic fields and electric current relationships from previous studies; Introduction to Michael Faraday's discovery and its historical significance; Discussion of electromagnetic induction examples in daily life (generators, transformers, motors); Overview of chapter content and learning objectives; Introduction to practical applications in power generation and electronics
|
Charts showing Faraday's experiments; Pictures of power stations; Transformers; Generators; Historical timeline of electromagnetic discoveries; Real-world applications display
Thick electric conductor; U-shaped magnet; Galvanometer; Connecting wires; Clamp and stand setup; Data recording sheets |
KLB Secondary Physics Form 4, Pages 86
|
|
| 9 | 4-5 |
Electromagnetic Induction
|
Conditions for Electromagnetic Induction - Coils
Factors Affecting Induced E.M.F. - Rate of Change Factors Affecting Induced E.M.F. - Magnetic Field Strength |
By the end of the
lesson, the learner
should be able to:
Perform Experiment 5.1 using coils; Compare induction effects in straight conductors vs coils; Observe effects of magnet movement into and out of coils; Understand flux linkage concept; Analyze why coils are more effective than single conductors Perform Experiment 5.2 investigating rate of change effects; Understand relationship between speed of motion and induced e.m.f.; Collect and analyze data on rate of flux change; Establish that faster changes produce larger e.m.f.; Apply findings to practical situations |
Continuation of Experiment 5.1 using coil instead of straight conductor; Investigation of magnet movement into coil, out of coil, and stationary positions; Comparison of deflection magnitudes between straight conductor and coil setups; Analysis of why coils produce larger induced e.m.f.; Discussion of magnetic flux and flux linkage concepts
Performance of Experiment 5.2 investigating relationship between rate of change of magnetic flux and induced e.m.f.; Systematic variation of magnet withdrawal speeds (very fast, moderate, very slow); Recording and comparison of galvanometer deflections; Data analysis and conclusion drawing; Discussion of practical implications in generators and other applications |
Coils of different sizes; Magnets of various strengths; Galvanometer; Connecting wires; Comparison data sheets
Coil of at least 50 turns; Sensitive galvanometer; Magnet; Stopwatch; Data collection tables; Graph paper for analysis U-shaped electromagnet; Variable resistor; Wire PQ; Galvanometer; Ammeter; Connecting wires; Power supply; Data recording materials |
KLB Secondary Physics Form 4, Pages 87-88
KLB Secondary Physics Form 4, Pages 88-89 |
|
| 10 | 1 |
Electromagnetic Induction
|
Factors Affecting Induced E.M.F. - Number of Turns
Lenz's Law and Direction of Induced Current |
By the end of the
lesson, the learner
should be able to:
Perform Experiment 5.4 investigating effect of coil turns; Understand relationship between number of turns and induced e.m.f.; Construct coils with different numbers of turns; Analyze why more turns produce larger e.m.f.; State Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction |
Performance of Experiment 5.4 investigating relationship between number of turns and induced e.m.f.; Construction of solenoids with 60, 50, 40, 30, and 20 turns; Systematic testing with same magnet withdrawal speed; Recording and analysis of galvanometer readings; Mathematical relationship establishment; Statement of Faraday's law based on experimental evidence
|
Insulated copper wire; Sensitive galvanometer; Magnet; Connecting wires; Wire cutting and measuring tools; Data analysis sheets
Variable resistor; Sensitive center-zero galvanometer; Connecting wires; Coil; Magnet; Switch; Battery; Direction analysis charts |
KLB Secondary Physics Form 4, Pages 89-90
|
|
| 10 | 2 |
Electromagnetic Induction
|
Fleming's Right-Hand Rule
Applications of Induction Laws |
By the end of the
lesson, the learner
should be able to:
Perform Experiment 5.6 with straight conductors; State Fleming's right-hand rule (dynamo rule); Apply the rule to determine direction of induced current; Understand relationship between motion, field, and current directions; Solve Example 1 involving square loop movement |
Performance of Experiment 5.6 determining induced current direction in straight conductor; Introduction and demonstration of Fleming's right-hand rule; Practice applying the rule to various conductor movements; Step-by-step solution of Example 1 (square loop in magnetic field); Analysis of current directions in different parts of the loop; Verification of Fleming's rule consistency with Lenz's law
|
U-shaped magnet; Thick wire AB; Marked center-zero galvanometer; Hand models for rule demonstration; Example 1 setup materials; Direction analysis worksheets
Examples 2 and 3 setup materials; Problem-solving worksheets; Charts showing current direction analysis; Group work materials; Calculators |
KLB Secondary Physics Form 4, Pages 93-97
|
|
| 10 | 3 |
Electromagnetic Induction
|
Mutual Induction
|
By the end of the
lesson, the learner
should be able to:
Define mutual induction and demonstrate its occurrence; Perform Experiment 5.7 showing mutual induction between coils; Explain factors affecting mutual induction; Understand primary and secondary coil relationships; Discuss enhancement methods using iron cores |
Q/A on electromagnetic induction principles; Introduction to mutual induction concept and definition; Performance of Experiment 5.7 demonstrating mutual induction between primary and secondary coils; Investigation of switching effects, current changes, and A.C. source effects; Analysis of mutual induction enhancement using soft iron rod and ring; Discussion of applications in transformers
|
Two coils P and S; Galvanometer; Battery; A.C. power source; Switch; Rheostat; Connecting wires; Soft iron rod; Soft iron ring; Enhancement demonstration materials
|
KLB Secondary Physics Form 4, Pages 97-100
|
|
| 10 | 4-5 |
Electromagnetic Induction
Electromagnetic Induction Electronics |
Transformers - Basic Principles
Transformer Equations and Calculations Transformer Energy Losses and Example 6 Applications - Generators, Microphones, and Induction Coils Introduction to Electronics and Energy Band Theory |
By the end of the
lesson, the learner
should be able to:
Describe transformer structure and components; Explain working principle based on mutual induction; Perform Experiment 5.10 investigating secondary e.m.f. variation; Understand primary and secondary coil functions; Distinguish between step-up and step-down transformers Identify four main energy losses in transformers; Explain methods to minimize each type of energy loss; Understand lamination and its purpose; Solve Example 6 involving power transmission system; Calculate efficiency and power losses in practical systems |
Review of mutual induction through Q/A; Introduction to transformer structure (primary coil, secondary coil, iron core); Performance of Experiment 5.10 - variation of secondary e.m.f. with number of turns; Observation of bulb brightness changes with turn variations; Analysis of step-up vs step-down transformer characteristics; Introduction to transformer symbols and representations
Review of ideal transformer equations; Analysis of energy losses (flux leakage, copper losses, eddy currents, hysteresis loss); Study of loss minimization techniques including core lamination; Discussion of practical transformer efficiency; Step-by-step solution of Example 6 (complex power transmission system); Analysis of step-up and step-down transformer roles |
Long insulated copper wire; Soft iron rod; Low frequency A.C. source; A.C. voltmeter; Switch; Bulb; Transformer construction materials; Symbol charts
Calculators; Examples 4 and 5 materials; Mathematical derivation charts; Efficiency calculation worksheets; Transformer specification data Charts showing energy losses; Laminated core samples; Example 6 complex setup; Power transmission diagrams; Efficiency calculation materials; Loss minimization demonstration aids A.C. generator model; D.C. generator model; Moving-coil microphone demonstration; Induction coil setup; Output waveform charts; Slip ring and commutator comparisons; Bicycle dynamo Electronic devices samples Energy level diagrams Band theory charts Atomic structure models Crystal lattice illustrations Energy band comparison charts |
KLB Secondary Physics Form 4, Pages 100-102
KLB Secondary Physics Form 4, Pages 105-108 |
|
| 11 | 1 |
Electronics
|
Conductors, Semiconductors, and Insulators
Intrinsic Semiconductors and Crystal Structure Doping Process and Extrinsic Semiconductors |
By the end of the
lesson, the learner
should be able to:
Classify materials as conductors, semiconductors, or insulators Explain energy band diagrams for different materials Compare forbidden energy gaps in different materials Relate band structure to electrical conductivity |
Review of energy band theory concepts
Drawing and comparing energy band diagrams Analysis of energy gap differences Demonstration of conductivity differences Discussion on temperature effects on conductivity |
Material samples (metals, semiconductors, insulators)
Energy band diagrams for each type Conductivity measurement setup Temperature effect illustrations Comparison charts Multimeter for resistance testing Silicon crystal models Covalent bonding diagrams Semiconductor samples Crystal lattice structures Electron-hole illustrations Temperature demonstration materials Doping process diagrams Pure vs doped semiconductor samples Impurity atom models Conductivity comparison charts Doping concentration illustrations Electronic structure diagrams |
KLB Secondary Physics Form 4, Pages 187-189
|
|
| 11 | 2 |
Electronics
|
n-type Semiconductors
p-type Semiconductors Fixed Ions and Charge Carrier Movement The p-n Junction Formation |
By the end of the
lesson, the learner
should be able to:
Describe formation of n-type semiconductors Identify pentavalent donor atoms Explain majority and minority charge carriers Analyze charge neutrality in n-type materials |
Q&A on doping processes
Detailed explanation of pentavalent atom doping Drawing n-type semiconductor structure Analysis of electron as majority carrier Discussion on electrical neutrality maintenance |
n-type semiconductor models
Pentavalent atom diagrams Charge carrier illustrations Donor atom examples (phosphorus, arsenic) Majority/minority carrier charts Crystal structure with impurities p-type semiconductor models Trivalent atom diagrams Hole formation illustrations Acceptor atom examples (boron, gallium) Comparison charts Crystal structure with acceptor atoms Fixed ion diagrams Charge mobility illustrations Thermal excitation models Electric field effect demonstrations Carrier movement animations Temperature effect charts p-n junction models Diffusion process diagrams Depletion layer illustrations Potential barrier graphs Junction formation animations Electric field diagrams |
KLB Secondary Physics Form 4, Pages 190-191
|
|
| 11 | 3 |
Electronics
|
Biasing the p-n Junction
Semiconductor Diode Characteristics |
By the end of the
lesson, the learner
should be able to:
Define forward and reverse biasing Explain current flow in forward bias Analyze high resistance in reverse bias Describe potential barrier changes with biasing |
Q&A on p-n junction formation
Demonstration of forward biasing setup Explanation of reverse biasing configuration Analysis of current flow differences Description of barrier height changes |
Biasing circuit diagrams
Forward bias demonstration setup Reverse bias configuration Current flow illustrations Barrier potential graphs Bias voltage sources Actual diodes (various types) Diode characteristic curve graphs Voltmeter and ammeter Variable voltage source Circuit breadboard Graph plotting materials |
KLB Secondary Physics Form 4, Pages 193-194
|
|
| 11 | 4-5 |
Electronics
|
Diode Circuit Analysis and Problem Solving
Rectification - Half-wave and Full-wave Smoothing Circuits and Applications Review |
By the end of the
lesson, the learner
should be able to:
Solve circuits containing ideal diodes Analyze diode states (conducting/non-conducting) Calculate current and voltage in diode circuits Apply diode characteristics to practical problems Explain capacitor smoothing in rectifiers Analyze ripple reduction techniques Evaluate rectifier efficiency and applications Apply electronics principles to solve complex problems |
Q&A on diode characteristics
Analysis of simple diode circuits Problem-solving with ideal diode assumption Determination of diode states in circuits Practice with circuit calculations Q&A on rectification processes Demonstration of capacitor smoothing effect Analysis of ripple factor and efficiency Discussion on practical rectifier applications Comprehensive problem-solving session |
Circuit analysis worksheets
Diode circuit examples Calculators Circuit simulation software Problem-solving guides Worked example sheets Rectifier circuit diagrams AC signal generator Oscilloscope for waveform display Transformer (center-tapped) Bridge rectifier circuit Load resistors Smoothing capacitors Ripple waveform displays Efficiency calculation sheets Power supply applications Comprehensive problem sets Assessment materials |
KLB Secondary Physics Form 4, Pages 196-197
KLB Secondary Physics Form 4, Pages 200-201 |
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