ECOLOGY

The Nitrogen cycle.
Trophic levels.
Food chains.
Food webs.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe the nitrogen cycle.
Explain importance of micro-organisms in root nodules of plants.



To define a food chain.
To give examples of food chains.
To identify trophic levels of organism(s) in a food chain.

Discuss flow chart of nitrogen cycle.
Teacher gives an illustration of a food chain; then gives specific examples.
Q/A: Trophic levels of organisms in a food chain.

Chart-Nitrogen cycle.
Flow chart- Energy flow in an ecosystem.
chart
charts

KLB BK III. PP 40-41. CERTIFICATE PG58
KLB BK III. P 42. CERTIFICATE PG46

ECOLOGY

Ecological pyramids of numbers.
Constructing Pyramid of numbers from given data.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To represent feeding relationships and energy flow using pyramids of numbers.

Q/A: Review trophic levels.
Teacher explains features of pyramid of numbers.

chart
text book

KLB BK III. PP 41-42. CERTIFICATE PG 49

ECOLOGY

Inverted pyramid of numbers.
Pyramid of Biomass.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Give examples where an inverted pyramid of numbers exists; giving reasons thereof.

Representing inverted pyramid of numbers diagrammatically.

Chart- Inverted pyramid of numbers.
chart

KLB BK III. PP 43-44 CERTIFICATE PG 50

ECOLOGY

Population.
Quadrat method of estimating population.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To describe some characteristics of populations.
To explain factors affecting population growth rate.

Q/A: Definition of population.
Discuss population density, dispersion and growth.
Q/A: Factors affecting population growth rate; including food availability, space, diseases such as HIV/AIDS, pests, e.t.c.

text book

KLB BK III. P 46.  CERTIFICATE PG 60

ECOLOGY

Quadrat method of estimating population.
Line - transect method of estimating population.
Belt transect method of estimating population.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To estimate population using quadrat method.
To estimate population using belt transect method of population.

Students? outdoor activity- Estimating population using standard quadrats.
Group work ? outdoor activity.
Discussion.

Standard quadrats.
text book
Tape measure, quadrats, pegs, thermometer, pH indicator, e.t.c

KLB BK III. PP
46-47. CERTIFICATE PG 62
KLB BK III. PP 48-49. CERTIFICATE PG 63

ECOLOGY

Capture-recapture method.
Xerophytes.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To describe capture-recapture method of estimating population.
To suggest limitations of capture-recapture method.
To estimate population size using capture-recapture method.

Detailed discussion and explanations.

Q/A: Assumptions made in this method, limitations of the method.

Worked examples.

specimen
Specimens of xerophytes.

KLB BK III. PP 48-49. CERTIFICATE PG 61

ECOLOGY

Mesophytes.
Hydrophytes.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To state characteristics of habitats of mesophytes.

To explain adaptations of mesophytes to their habitats.

Q/A: Characteristics of habitats where mesophytes thrive.

Discussion: Adaptations of mesophytes to their habitats.

Specimens of mesophytes.
Specimens of hydrophytes.

KLB BK III. P 51. CERTIFICATE PG 69

ECOLOGY

Halophytes.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To state characteristics of habitats of halophytes.
To explain adaptations of halophytes to their habitats.

Q/A: Characteristics of dry habitats.
Discussion: Adaptations of dry habitats.

Specimens of halophytes.

KLB BK III. P 52. CERTIFICATE PG 68

ECOLOGY

Adaptive features of plants.
Pollution and its effects.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

To define pollution, pollutants.
To explain effects of pollution on human beings and other organisms.

Group experiments- Students examine given specimens and suggest their habitats.
Identify adaptive features.
Discussion punctuated with Q/A.

Xerophytes Mesophytes
Hydrophytes
Hand lenses.
text book

KLB BK III. P 50. CERTIFICATE PG 69
KLB BK III. P 55. CERTIFICATE PG 70

ECOLOGY

Air pollution.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To identify causes and effects of air pollution.
To suggest control measures of air pollution.

Detailed discussion & probing questions.

topic related video

KLB BK III. PP 56-59. CERTIFICATE PG 70

ECOLOGY

Water pollution.
Soil pollution.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To identify causes and effects of water pollution.
To suggest control measures of water pollution.

Detailed discussion & Q/A.

video of water pollution
text book

KLB BK III. P 60. CERTIFICATE PG 77

ECOLOGY

Radioactive emissions.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To identify effects of radioactive emissions.
To state uses of nuclear energy.

Brief discussion on radioactive emissions and nuclear energy

text book

KLB BK III. P 62. CERTIFICATE PG 72

ECOLOGY

Human diseases. Typhoid & cholera.
Protozoan diseases.
Prevention and control of protozoan diseases.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To identify disease predisposing factors.
To describe causative agents, symptoms, prevention of bacterial diseases.


To identify causal agents, symptoms, prevention and treatment of amoebic dysentery and malaria.

Detailed discussion with probing questions.


Detailed discussion, Q/A.

text book
magazine

KLB BK III. P 63. CERTIFICATE PG 82
KLB BK III. PP 66. CERTIFICATE PG 83

ECOLOGY

Ascaris lumbricoides.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To identify adaptive features of Ascaris lumbricoides.
To state and explain effects of a parasite on the host.
To suggest preventive and control measures.

Group activities: Students examine preserved specimens of Ascaris lumbricoides and identify some adaptive features.

Detailed discussion.

Preserved specimens of Ascaris lumbricoides.

KLB BK III. P 67. CERTIFICATE PG 87

ECOLOGY
REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Bilharzia.
Introduction

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To identify causal and transmission agents of bilharzia.
To describe effects of the parasite on its host.
To identify adaptive features of schistosoma.

Brief discussion
Q/A: Effects on host and control measures.

chart
text book

KLB BK III. P 69. CERTIFICATE PG 86

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Cell division.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To define genes and chromosomes.
To describe the role of chromosomes in cell division.

Detailed discussion.

chart

KLB BK III.
P 79. CERTIFICATE PG100

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Mitosis.
Mitosis in a young root tip.
Significance of mitosis.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To describe the process of mitosis.
To explain significance of mitosis.

Teacher leads in a detailed discussion.
Drawing diagrams showing stages of mitosis.

charts
Onion root tip.
Microscope
IM HCl
Cover slides.
text book

KLB BK III.
P 80. CERTIFICATE PG 100
KLB BK III.
P 81. CERTIFICATE PG102

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Meiosis.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To distinguish meiosis from mitosis.
To explain the principle underlying meiosis.

Explanations

text book

KLB BK III.
P 82. CERTIFICATE PG 103

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

First and second meiotic divisions.
Meiosis in plant cells.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To describe the processes of first and second meiotic divisions.

Explanations and drawing diagrams.

Chart- stages of second meiotic division.
Flower buds
IM HCl
Source of heat
Glass slide
Filter paper
Microscope

KLB BK III.
P 82. CERTIFICATE PG 104

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Significance of meiosis.
Asexual reproduction. Binary fission.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To explain significance of meiosis.

Detailed discussion.
Probing questions leading to differences between mitosis and meiosis.

Chart- Binary fission in amoeba

KLB BK III.
P 82. CERTIFICATE PG 113

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Spore formation.
Budding.
Budding in yeast.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To describe the process of spore formation in bread// ugali mould.
To explain conditions necessary for budding in yeast.

Mould on bread /ugali.
Identify and draw hyphae and sporangia.
Identifying, drawing and labeling yeast cells.

Microscope bread/ ugali mould
Hand lens.
Previously prepared 10% sugar solution
Methylene blue
Microscope

KLB BK III.
P 88.CERTIFICATE PG 114
KLB BK III.
P 89.CERTIFICATE PG 113

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Sexual reproduction in plants. Structure of a flower.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To draw and label a flower.

Group experiments- Examine flowers and identify parts.
Counting number of sepals, petals, stamen, carpels.

Bean flower
Morning glory
Bauhinia Longitudinal section of a general flower.

KLB BK III.
P 90.CERTIFICATE PG 117

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Flower terminologies.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To explain terms related to flowers.

Exposition of new concepts.
Teacher demonstration- examining features of flowers.

Flowers.

KLB BK III.
P 91.CERTIFICATE PG 117

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Pollination. Insect-pollinated flowers.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To define pollination.
To identify agents of pollination.
To describe the structure of insect-pollinated flowers.

Q/A: Definition of pollination.
Agents of pollination.
Class experiment- Structure of insect pollinated flowers.
Students identify various parts.

Insect-pollinated flowers.

KLB BK III.
P 93.CERTIFICATE PG 119

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Wind-pollinated flowers.
Adaptive features of wind-pollinated flowers.
Features hindering self-pollination.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To describe the structure of wind-pollinated flowers.
To state and explain adaptive features of wind-pollinated flowers.

Class experiment-examine inflorescence of star grass/ maize/ sugarcane.
Identify glumes, spikes and spikelets.
Compare them in text books/ charts.
Q/A: adaptive features of wind-pollinated flowers.

Wind-pollinated flowers.
Wind-pollinated flowers.
wind & inect pollinated flower

KLB BK III.
PP 93-94.CERTIFICATE PG 119
KLB BK III. PP 93-94.CERTIFICATE PG 119

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Fertilisation process in flowering plants.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To define fertilisation.

To describe the fertilisation process in flowering plants.

Drawing diagrams,
detailed discussion.

chart

KLB BK III.
P 95.CERTIFICATE PG 121

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Seed formation.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

To explain formation of seeds.

Detailed discussion.

text book

KLB BK III.
P 97.CERTIFICATE PG 123

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Fruit development.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

To describe development of fruits in flowering plants.

Detailed discussion.

text book

KLB BK III.
P 98.CERTIFICATE PG 124

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Classification of fruits.
Placentation.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To classify fruits using specific criteria.

To define placentation.
To describe the process of placentation.
To identify types of placentation.

Teacher presents several types of fruits and leads students in classifying them.
Detailed discussion, drawing of diagrams.


Teacher exposes the meaning of placentation.
Students examine ovaries of various fruits as the teacher exposes the types of placentation exhibited.
Students draw diagrams showing types of placentation.

A variety of fruits, petri dishes
Blades
Containers.

Fruits
Beans
Sunflower
Pawpaw
Orange
Primrose, e.t.c

KLB BK III.
P 99. CERTIFICATE PG 125
KLB BK III.
P 100.CERTIFICATE PG 130

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Fruit and seed dispersal.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To explain adaptive features of fruits and seeds to their agents of dispersal.

Students examine fruits and seeds, observe external features, and group them accordingly to methods of dispersal.
Detailed discussion of observations made.

text book

KLB BK III. PP. 102-103 CERTIFICATE PG 130

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Internal structure of fruits.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To label the parts of internal structure of a fruit.

To identify the functions of internal parts of a fruit.

Teacher demonstration- Vertical sections of fruits.

Students draw and label the fruit internal structure.

charts

KLB BK III. P. 104 

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Sexual reproduction in animals. External fertilisation.
Internal fertilisation.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:


To describe external fertilisation in amphibians.

Detailed discussion.

Strands of eggs of frogs.

KLB BK III.
P 105 CERTIFICATE PG 147

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Reproduction in mammals. Reproduction in human beings.
Functions of parts of male reproduction system.
Male reproduction system of a male animal.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To explain the reproduction process in mammals.


To draw and label the structure of male reproduction system.


To explain the male reproduction system.

Detailed discussion.



Drawing and labeling male reproduction system.

Wall charts-Reproduction system.
text book
Reproduction system of a rabbit/ rat.

KLB BK III. P. 105 CERTIFICATE PG 149
KLB BK III. PP. 106-108 CERTIFICATE PG 150

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Female reproduction system.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To draw and label parts of the female reproduction system.

Drawing and labeling.

chart

KLB BK III. PP.
108-110. CERTIFICATE PG 164

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Functions of parts of female reproduction system.
Female reproduction system of a female animal.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To explain the functions of parts of female reproduction system.

Detailed discussion.

chart
Dissected female rat/ mouse/rabbit.

KLB BK III. PP.
108-110 CERTIFICATE PG  150

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Formation of ova.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To draw and label the human spermatozoon.
To describe the process of formation of ova.

Drawing and labelling.
Detailed discussion.
Q/A: Adaptations of male gamete to its function.

text book

KLB BK III. PP.
112-113 CERTIFICATE PG 151