Materials for Production

Materials for Production - Types of waste materials

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify waste materials found in the environment
- Categorize waste materials by type (plastic, glass, metal, paper)
- Show awareness of waste in the environment

In groups, learners are guided to:

- Walk around the school compound to identify waste materials
- Study photographs showing various types of waste
- Discuss types of waste found in home and school
- Create classification system for different waste types

What types of waste materials are found in our environment?

Distinction Pre-Technical Studies Grade 9 pg. 82
- Charts showing waste types
- Gloves and masks
- Waste bins
- Observation sheets

- Observation - Oral questions - Checklist

Materials for Production

Materials for Production - Electronic and construction waste

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify electronic waste and construction waste
- Explain sources of different waste types
- Appreciate the need to properly identify waste

In groups, learners are guided to:

- Identify electronic waste (computers, phones, appliances)
- Discuss construction waste materials
- Visit places around school to identify various types of waste
- Create inventory of e-waste sources

How do we distinguish between different categories of waste?

Distinction Pre-Technical Studies Grade 9 pg. 83
- Pictures of electronic waste
- Construction waste samples
- Digital resources
- E-waste labels

- Observation - Written tests - Oral questions

Materials for Production

Materials for Production - Electronic and construction waste

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify electronic waste and construction waste
- Explain sources of different waste types
- Appreciate the need to properly identify waste

In groups, learners are guided to:

- Identify electronic waste (computers, phones, appliances)
- Discuss construction waste materials
- Visit places around school to identify various types of waste
- Create inventory of e-waste sources

How do we distinguish between different categories of waste?

Distinction Pre-Technical Studies Grade 9 pg. 83
- Pictures of electronic waste
- Construction waste samples
- Digital resources
- E-waste labels

- Observation - Written tests - Oral questions

Materials for Production

Materials for Production - Electronic and construction waste

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify electronic waste and construction waste
- Explain sources of different waste types
- Appreciate the need to properly identify waste

In groups, learners are guided to:

- Identify electronic waste (computers, phones, appliances)
- Discuss construction waste materials
- Visit places around school to identify various types of waste
- Create inventory of e-waste sources

How do we distinguish between different categories of waste?

Distinction Pre-Technical Studies Grade 9 pg. 83
- Pictures of electronic waste
- Construction waste samples
- Digital resources
- E-waste labels

- Observation - Written tests - Oral questions

Materials for Production

Materials for Production - Safe handling methods - Composting

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain the composting process
- Identify organic waste suitable for composting
- Demonstrate composting techniques

In groups, learners are guided to:

- Use print or digital media to search for information on composting
- Discuss how to convert organic waste into manure
- Practice piling organic waste for composting
- Observe decomposition process over time

What is composting and why is it important?

Distinction Pre-Technical Studies Grade 9 pg. 84
- Organic waste materials
- Compost pit
- Digital devices
- Gloves and masks

- Practical work - Observation - Oral questions

Materials for Production

Materials for Production - Safe handling methods - Composting

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain the composting process
- Identify organic waste suitable for composting
- Demonstrate composting techniques

In groups, learners are guided to:

- Use print or digital media to search for information on composting
- Discuss how to convert organic waste into manure
- Practice piling organic waste for composting
- Observe decomposition process over time

What is composting and why is it important?

Distinction Pre-Technical Studies Grade 9 pg. 84
- Organic waste materials
- Compost pit
- Digital devices
- Gloves and masks

- Practical work - Observation - Oral questions

Materials for Production

Materials for Production - Safe handling methods - The 3Rs

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain the 3Rs of waste management (Reduce, Reuse, Recycle)
- Apply the 3Rs in handling waste materials
- Develop responsible waste management habits

In groups, learners are guided to:

- Discuss safe ways of handling waste materials
- Practice reducing, reusing, and recycling waste
- Search for information on the 3Rs using digital resources
- Create action plan for implementing 3Rs

How can we apply the 3Rs to manage waste effectively?

Distinction Pre-Technical Studies Grade 9 pg. 84
- Recyclable materials
- Charts on 3Rs
- Internet access
- Reference books

- Written tests - Observation - Practical work

Materials for Production

Materials for Production - Safe handling methods - The 3Rs

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain the 3Rs of waste management (Reduce, Reuse, Recycle)
- Apply the 3Rs in handling waste materials
- Develop responsible waste management habits

In groups, learners are guided to:

- Discuss safe ways of handling waste materials
- Practice reducing, reusing, and recycling waste
- Search for information on the 3Rs using digital resources
- Create action plan for implementing 3Rs

How can we apply the 3Rs to manage waste effectively?

Distinction Pre-Technical Studies Grade 9 pg. 84
- Recyclable materials
- Charts on 3Rs
- Internet access
- Reference books

- Written tests - Observation - Practical work

Materials for Production

Materials for Production - Incineration and landfills

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe the incineration process
- Explain how landfills are used for waste disposal
- Understand safety considerations in these methods

In groups, learners are guided to:

- Discuss safe ways of handling waste through controlled burning
- Learn about landfill design and use
- Compare advantages and disadvantages of different methods
- Examine environmental impacts of each method

When should incineration or landfills be used for waste disposal?

Distinction Pre-Technical Studies Grade 9 pg. 85
- Pictures of incinerators
- Digital resources
- Charts on waste disposal
- PPEs

- Oral questions - Written assignments - Observation

Materials for Production

Materials for Production - Incineration and landfills

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe the incineration process
- Explain how landfills are used for waste disposal
- Understand safety considerations in these methods

In groups, learners are guided to:

- Discuss safe ways of handling waste through controlled burning
- Learn about landfill design and use
- Compare advantages and disadvantages of different methods
- Examine environmental impacts of each method

When should incineration or landfills be used for waste disposal?

Distinction Pre-Technical Studies Grade 9 pg. 85
- Pictures of incinerators
- Digital resources
- Charts on waste disposal
- PPEs

- Oral questions - Written assignments - Observation

Materials for Production

Materials for Production - Incineration and landfills

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe the incineration process
- Explain how landfills are used for waste disposal
- Understand safety considerations in these methods

In groups, learners are guided to:

- Discuss safe ways of handling waste through controlled burning
- Learn about landfill design and use
- Compare advantages and disadvantages of different methods
- Examine environmental impacts of each method

When should incineration or landfills be used for waste disposal?

Distinction Pre-Technical Studies Grade 9 pg. 85
- Pictures of incinerators
- Digital resources
- Charts on waste disposal
- PPEs

- Oral questions - Written assignments - Observation

Materials for Production

Materials for Production - Incineration and landfills

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe the incineration process
- Explain how landfills are used for waste disposal
- Understand safety considerations in these methods

In groups, learners are guided to:

- Discuss safe ways of handling waste through controlled burning
- Learn about landfill design and use
- Compare advantages and disadvantages of different methods
- Examine environmental impacts of each method

When should incineration or landfills be used for waste disposal?

Distinction Pre-Technical Studies Grade 9 pg. 85
- Pictures of incinerators
- Digital resources
- Charts on waste disposal
- PPEs

- Oral questions - Written assignments - Observation

Materials for Production

Materials for Production - Bio-digestion

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain the bio-digestion process
- Identify organic materials suitable for bio-digestion
- Appreciate bio-digestion as a sustainable waste solution

In groups, learners are guided to:

- Discuss anaerobic digestion process
- Learn about biogas production
- Visit or observe a biodigester in operation
- Calculate potential energy generation from bio-digestion

How does bio-digestion convert waste into useful products?

Distinction Pre-Technical Studies Grade 9 pg. 85
- Pictures of biodigesters
- Digital devices
- Reference materials
- Case studies

- Observation - Oral questions - Written tests

Materials for Production

Materials for Production - Bio-digestion

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain the bio-digestion process
- Identify organic materials suitable for bio-digestion
- Appreciate bio-digestion as a sustainable waste solution

In groups, learners are guided to:

- Discuss anaerobic digestion process
- Learn about biogas production
- Visit or observe a biodigester in operation
- Calculate potential energy generation from bio-digestion

How does bio-digestion convert waste into useful products?

Distinction Pre-Technical Studies Grade 9 pg. 85
- Pictures of biodigesters
- Digital devices
- Reference materials
- Case studies

- Observation - Oral questions - Written tests

Materials for Production

Materials for Production - Recycling waste materials

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Collect recyclable materials from the locality
- Make items from recycled waste materials
- Show creativity in recycling projects

In groups, learners are guided to:

- Collect recyclable waste materials with proper PPEs
- Brainstorm on items to make using waste materials
- Make items such as spirit lamps or flower vases
- Display recycled creations and explain process

What useful items can we create from waste materials?

Distinction Pre-Technical Studies Grade 9 pg. 86
- Recyclable materials
- Tools for making items
- Gloves and aprons
- Waste bins

- Practical work - Project - Observation

Materials for Production

Materials for Production - Recycling waste materials

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Collect recyclable materials from the locality
- Make items from recycled waste materials
- Show creativity in recycling projects

In groups, learners are guided to:

- Collect recyclable waste materials with proper PPEs
- Brainstorm on items to make using waste materials
- Make items such as spirit lamps or flower vases
- Display recycled creations and explain process

What useful items can we create from waste materials?

Distinction Pre-Technical Studies Grade 9 pg. 86
- Recyclable materials
- Tools for making items
- Gloves and aprons
- Waste bins

- Practical work - Project - Observation

Materials for Production

Materials for Production - Importance of proper waste management

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain the importance of proper waste management
- Dispose waste materials using appropriate methods
- Demonstrate commitment to environmental conservation

In groups, learners are guided to:

- Practice safe disposal of waste materials (reduce, reuse, recycle, compost and burn)
- Visit the locality to observe handling of waste materials
- Discuss the importance of observing safety when handling waste
- Create awareness campaign on waste management

Why is proper waste management important in our community?

Distinction Pre-Technical Studies Grade 9 pg. 88
- Well-labelled dustbins
- PPEs
- Mop and bucket
- Digital resources

- Observation - Practical work - Rubrics

Materials for Production

Materials for Production - Importance of proper waste management

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain the importance of proper waste management
- Dispose waste materials using appropriate methods
- Demonstrate commitment to environmental conservation

In groups, learners are guided to:

- Practice safe disposal of waste materials (reduce, reuse, recycle, compost and burn)
- Visit the locality to observe handling of waste materials
- Discuss the importance of observing safety when handling waste
- Create awareness campaign on waste management

Why is proper waste management important in our community?

Distinction Pre-Technical Studies Grade 9 pg. 88
- Well-labelled dustbins
- PPEs
- Mop and bucket
- Digital resources

- Observation - Practical work - Rubrics

Materials for Production

Materials for Production - Importance of proper waste management

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain the importance of proper waste management
- Dispose waste materials using appropriate methods
- Demonstrate commitment to environmental conservation

In groups, learners are guided to:

- Practice safe disposal of waste materials (reduce, reuse, recycle, compost and burn)
- Visit the locality to observe handling of waste materials
- Discuss the importance of observing safety when handling waste
- Create awareness campaign on waste management

Why is proper waste management important in our community?

Distinction Pre-Technical Studies Grade 9 pg. 88
- Well-labelled dustbins
- PPEs
- Mop and bucket
- Digital resources

- Observation - Practical work - Rubrics

Tools and Production

Tools and Production - Identifying holding tools

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify holding tools used in day-to-day life
- Name different types of holding tools
- Show interest in learning about holding tools

In groups, learners are guided to:

- Use visual aids or real objects to identify holding tools
- Study pictures showing various holding tools
- Draw and label holding tools in exercise books
- Discuss where each tool is used

What are holding tools and where are they used?

Distinction Pre-Technical Studies Grade 9 pg. 92
- Variety of holding tools (vices, clamps, pliers, tongs, clips)
- Charts showing holding tools
- Digital devices

- Observation - Oral questions - Written assignments

Tools and Production

Tools and Production - Types of vices and clamps

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify types of vices and clamps
- Describe the structure of vices and clamps
- Appreciate the variety of holding tools

In groups, learners are guided to:

- Observe and identify bench vices, hand vices, machine vices
- Study different types of clamps (G-clamp, F-clamp, U-clamp, sash clamp)
- Discuss physical characteristics of each type
- Compare and contrast vice and clamp uses

How do different types of vices and clamps differ in structure?

Distinction Pre-Technical Studies Grade 9 pg. 92
- Different types of vices
- Various clamps
- Digital resources
- Reference materials

- Observation - Practical work - Checklist

Tools and Production

Tools and Production - Types of vices and clamps

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify types of vices and clamps
- Describe the structure of vices and clamps
- Appreciate the variety of holding tools

In groups, learners are guided to:

- Observe and identify bench vices, hand vices, machine vices
- Study different types of clamps (G-clamp, F-clamp, U-clamp, sash clamp)
- Discuss physical characteristics of each type
- Compare and contrast vice and clamp uses

How do different types of vices and clamps differ in structure?

Distinction Pre-Technical Studies Grade 9 pg. 92
- Different types of vices
- Various clamps
- Digital resources
- Reference materials

- Observation - Practical work - Checklist

Tools and Production

Tools and Production - Types of pliers, clips and tongs

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify types of pliers, clips and tongs
- Distinguish between different holding tools
- Value the specific design of each tool

In groups, learners are guided to:

- Study longnose pliers, combination pliers, waterpipe pliers
- Identify paper clips, crocodile clips, circlips
- Observe blacksmith tongs, crucible tongs, cooking tongs
- Create comparison chart of all types

What are the differences between various types of pliers and tongs?

Distinction Pre-Technical Studies Grade 9 pg. 93
- Various pliers
- Different clips
- Types of tongs
- Charts

- Observation - Oral questions - Written tests

Tools and Production

Tools and Production - Uses of holding tools

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe the uses of different holding tools
- Select appropriate holding tools for given tasks
- Appreciate the importance of using correct tools

In groups, learners are guided to:

- Discuss the uses of holding tools
- Choose holding tools for different tasks
- Study pictures showing holding tools in use
- Match tools to specific work scenarios

How are different holding tools used in workplaces?

Distinction Pre-Technical Studies Grade 9 pg. 94
- Chart showing uses of holding tools
- Available holding tools
- Relevant textbooks
- Digital devices

- Oral questions - Observation - Written assignments

Tools and Production

Tools and Production - Safe use of holding tools

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain safety precautions when using holding tools
- Demonstrate safe use of holding tools
- Develop safe working habits

In groups, learners are guided to:

- Use print or digital media to search for information on safe use
- Watch videos on how to safely hold tools
- Role-play safe use of different holding tools
- Discuss common mistakes and how to avoid them

What safety measures should be observed when using holding tools?

Distinction Pre-Technical Studies Grade 9 pg. 96
- Digital devices with internet
- Relevant textbooks
- Safety goggles
- Gloves

- Observation - Practical work - Checklist

Tools and Production

Tools and Production - Safe use of holding tools

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain safety precautions when using holding tools
- Demonstrate safe use of holding tools
- Develop safe working habits

In groups, learners are guided to:

- Use print or digital media to search for information on safe use
- Watch videos on how to safely hold tools
- Role-play safe use of different holding tools
- Discuss common mistakes and how to avoid them

What safety measures should be observed when using holding tools?

Distinction Pre-Technical Studies Grade 9 pg. 96
- Digital devices with internet
- Relevant textbooks
- Safety goggles
- Gloves

- Observation - Practical work - Checklist

Tools and Production

Tools and Production - Using holding tools to perform tasks

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Use vices to hold workpieces when cutting
- Use clamps to hold pieces together
- Apply correct techniques in using holding tools

In groups, learners are guided to:

- Hold a piece of wood using a bench vice when cutting
- Hold two pieces of wood using a G-clamp
- Demonstrate safe use of holding tools when performing tasks
- Practice correct grip and positioning

How do we use holding tools to perform various tasks safely?

Distinction Pre-Technical Studies Grade 9 pg. 98
- Bench vice
- G-clamp
- Pieces of wood
- Handsaw
- Wood glue
- Workbench

- Practical work - Observation - Rubrics

Tools and Production

Tools and Production - Using pliers, clips and tongs

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Use pliers to grip and bend wire
- Use clips to hold papers on drawing boards
- Use tongs to hold hot workpieces safely

In groups, learners are guided to:

- Grip and bend a wire using pliers
- Hold drawing paper onto a drawing board using paper clips
- Hold a hot workpiece using tongs
- Share experiences on the use of holding tools

How are pliers, clips and tongs used in practical tasks?

Distinction Pre-Technical Studies Grade 9 pg. 99
- Needle nose pliers
- Wire
- Paper clips
- Drawing board
- Crucible tongs
- Bunsen burner

- Practical work - Observation - Oral questions

Tools and Production

Tools and Production - Care and importance of holding tools

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Clean and store holding tools properly
- Explain the importance of holding tools
- Appreciate the need for proper tool maintenance

In groups, learners are guided to:

- Use a soft brush to wipe off dirt from tools
- Oil the moving parts of tools
- Clean and safely store holding tools
- Discuss the importance of holding tools in day-to-day life

Why is it important to care for holding tools properly?

Distinction Pre-Technical Studies Grade 9 pg. 100
- Holding tools
- Clean piece of cloth
- Soft brush
- Oil can
- Tool box or rack
- Dust cover

- Observation - Practical work - Written tests

Tools and Production

Tools and Production - Care and importance of holding tools

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Clean and store holding tools properly
- Explain the importance of holding tools
- Appreciate the need for proper tool maintenance

In groups, learners are guided to:

- Use a soft brush to wipe off dirt from tools
- Oil the moving parts of tools
- Clean and safely store holding tools
- Discuss the importance of holding tools in day-to-day life

Why is it important to care for holding tools properly?

Distinction Pre-Technical Studies Grade 9 pg. 100
- Holding tools
- Clean piece of cloth
- Soft brush
- Oil can
- Tool box or rack
- Dust cover

- Observation - Practical work - Written tests

Entrepreneurship

Entrepreneurship - Financial institutions available in Kenya

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify financial institutions available in Kenya
- Classify financial institutions in Kenya
- Appreciate the role of financial institutions in the economy

In groups, learners are guided to:

- Discuss and identify financial institutions in the locality and Kenya
- Use digital devices or print media to search for types of financial institutions
- Classify financial institutions in a table (banks, insurance companies, SACCOs, microfinance)
- Present completed classification table

Which financial institutions are available in Kenya?

Distinction Pre-Technical Studies Grade 9 pg. 128
- Digital devices with internet
- Business Studies textbooks
- Newspapers and business magazines
- Exercise books and pens

- Observation - Oral questions - Written tests

Entrepreneurship

Entrepreneurship - Services offered by financial institutions in Kenya

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Analyze services offered by financial institutions in Kenya
- Explain services offered by banks, insurance companies, SACCOs and microfinance institutions
- Appreciate the importance of financial services

In groups, learners are guided to:

- Use digital devices or print media to search for services offered by financial institutions
- Discuss services: deposit products, lending, payments, insurance, savings, credit facilities
- Make notes and present findings
- Visit a financial institution near school with teacher guidance

What services are offered by different financial institutions in Kenya?

Distinction Pre-Technical Studies Grade 9 pg. 130
- Digital devices with internet
- Business Studies textbooks
- Banking and insurance brochures
- Charts and reference materials

- Oral questions - Written tests - Observation - Written reports

Entrepreneurship

Entrepreneurship - Case study on financial services

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Analyze services offered by financial institutions using case studies
- Relate financial services to entrepreneurial success
- Show understanding of practical application of financial services

In groups, learners are guided to:

- Read case study about business journey and financial institution support
- Identify financial institutions and services that helped business succeed
- Discuss importance of services to business
- Share answers with classmates

How do financial services support entrepreneurial development?

Distinction Pre-Technical Studies Grade 9 pg. 132
- Case study materials
- Exercise books and pens
- Charts and reference materials

- Case study analysis - Oral questions - Written assignments - Discussion participation

Entrepreneurship

Entrepreneurship - Utilizing financial services for entrepreneurial development

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Plan how to utilize financial services for business development
- Select appropriate financial institutions for specific business needs
- Value financial services in entrepreneurship

In groups, learners are guided to:

- Identify a business idea
- Determine financial institutions to visit and services needed
- Write a short report on findings
- Present report to teacher for assessment

What financial services would you utilize to start and develop a business?

Distinction Pre-Technical Studies Grade 9 pg. 133
- Access to local financial institutions
- Business planning templates
- Report writing guidelines
- Digital devices

- Written reports - Observation - Oral questions - Self assessment

Entrepreneurship

Entrepreneurship - Utilizing financial services for entrepreneurial development

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Plan how to utilize financial services for business development
- Select appropriate financial institutions for specific business needs
- Value financial services in entrepreneurship

In groups, learners are guided to:

- Identify a business idea
- Determine financial institutions to visit and services needed
- Write a short report on findings
- Present report to teacher for assessment

What financial services would you utilize to start and develop a business?

Distinction Pre-Technical Studies Grade 9 pg. 133
- Access to local financial institutions
- Business planning templates
- Report writing guidelines
- Digital devices

- Written reports - Observation - Oral questions - Self assessment

Entrepreneurship

Entrepreneurship - Reasons for government involvement in business in Kenya

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain the reasons for government involvement in business in Kenya
- Describe how government promotes economic development and infrastructure
- Appreciate the government's role in business

In groups, learners are guided to:

- Discuss government involvement in infrastructure, defense, subsidies and regulation
- Study role of Competition Authority of Kenya (CAK)
- Examine government involvement in mining, energy and vital documents processing
- Make short notes and present to class

Why is it important for the government to get involved in business?

Distinction Pre-Technical Studies Grade 9 pg. 136
- Business Studies textbooks
- Symbol for Competition Authority of Kenya
- Charts and digital resources
- Pictures of infrastructure projects

- Oral questions - Written tests - Observation - Discussion participation