Tools and Production

Computer Software - Meaning and examples of computer software
Computer Software - Categories of computer software

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Define the term computer software
- Give examples of computer software
- Appreciate the role of software in computers

- Identify categories of computer software
- Distinguish between system software and application software
- Explain the role of operating systems

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Study pictures of different computer hardware performing tasks
- Identify activities taking place in each picture
- Brainstorm on the meaning of 'computer software'
- Use digital or printed resources to search for meaning and examples of computer software
- Learn about word processors, spreadsheets, presentation and desktop publishing
- Learn about system software and application software
- Discuss system software (operating systems like Microsoft Windows)
- Study application software (word processors, spreadsheets, presentations)
- Understand that system software runs in the background
- Learn that application software is user-oriented

What is computer software and why is it important?
How do system software and application software differ?

- Mentor Pre-Technical Studies Grade 8 pg. 97
- Digital devices (computers, tablets)
- Pictures showing software use
- Internet access
- Reference books
- Mentor Pre-Technical Studies Grade 8 pg. 99
- Computers with different software
- Microsoft Windows
- Examples of application software
- Digital devices
- Charts showing software categories

- Observation - Oral questions - Written notes
- Observation - Oral questions - Written tests

Tools and Production

Computer Software - Functions of word processors
Computer Software - Using Microsoft Word

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain the functions of word processing software
- Identify Microsoft Word as a word processor
- Use word processors to create documents

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Visit computer laboratory or ICT centre
- Observe how word processors are used
- Learn about creating, saving, formatting, editing and printing documents
- Discuss the five main functions of word processors
- Share findings with classmates

What can we do with word processing software?

- Mentor Pre-Technical Studies Grade 8 pg. 100
- Computer laboratory
- Microsoft Word software
- Digital devices
- Sample documents
- Internet access
- Mentor Pre-Technical Studies Grade 8 pg. 101
- Computers with Microsoft Word
- Printers
- Practice documents
- Step-by-step guides

- Observation - Oral questions - Practical demonstrations

Tools and Production

Computer Software - Functions of presentation software

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain the functions of presentation software
- Identify Microsoft PowerPoint as presentation software
- Create visual presentations for audiences

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Learn about PowerPoint for creating visual presentations
- Discuss functions: creating presentations from templates, adding text, images, art and videos
- Study adding transitions, animations and cinematic motion
- Observe how presentations are used in different settings

What is presentation software used for?

- Mentor Pre-Technical Studies Grade 8 pg. 100
- Microsoft PowerPoint software
- Digital devices
- Sample presentations
- Projector (if available)

- Observation - Oral questions - Written assignments

Tools and Production

Computer Software - Using Microsoft PowerPoint
Computer Software - Saving and printing PowerPoint presentations

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Start Microsoft PowerPoint application
- Create a blank presentation
- Add text and new slides to presentations

- Save PowerPoint presentations with appropriate names
- Print presentations or selected slides
- Share presentations via email

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Click Start button and select PowerPoint
- Create blank presentation
- Learn about PowerPoint features (title bar, ribbon, thumbnail slides, placeholders)
- Click in title and subtitle placeholders to add text
- Practice adding new slides with different layouts
- Save presentation using "Save As"
- Practice saving presentations by clicking File then Save As
- Type presentation name and choose save location
- Learn to print all slides or selected slides
- Adjust print settings before printing
- Practice printing presentations or sharing via email

How do we create presentations in PowerPoint?
How do we save and share PowerPoint presentations?

- Mentor Pre-Technical Studies Grade 8 pg. 103
- Computers with Microsoft PowerPoint
- Practice presentation topics
- Step-by-step guides
- Digital devices
- Mentor Pre-Technical Studies Grade 8 pg. 107
- Computers with PowerPoint
- Printers
- Email access
- Sample presentations
- USB drives for saving

- Practical work - Observation - Saved presentations assessment
- Practical work - Observation - Peer assessment

Tools and Production

Computer Software - Functions of spreadsheet software

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain the functions of spreadsheet software
- Identify Microsoft Excel as spreadsheet software
- Understand how spreadsheets organize data

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Learn about spreadsheets arranged in rows and columns
- Discuss Microsoft Excel functions: creating charts and graphs, searching, sorting and calculating data
- Study data analysis and saving capabilities
- Understand spreadsheet applications in workplaces

What tasks can spreadsheet software perform?

- Mentor Pre-Technical Studies Grade 8 pg. 100
- Microsoft Excel software
- Sample spreadsheets with data
- Charts and graphs examples
- Digital devices

- Observation - Oral questions - Written tests

Tools and Production

Computer Software - Using Microsoft Excel
Computer Software - Saving and printing Excel worksheets

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Start Microsoft Excel application
- Enter data in Excel worksheets
- Navigate Excel features and cells

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Click Start button and select Microsoft Excel
- Create blank workbook
- Learn about Excel features (name box, formula bar, cells, rows, columns, worksheets)
- Practice entering data in cells
- Use arrow keys and enter key to navigate
- Practice entering numbers and text in different cells

How do we enter and organize data in Excel?

- Mentor Pre-Technical Studies Grade 8 pg. 109
- Computers with Microsoft Excel
- Sample data for entry
- Step-by-step guides
- Practice worksheets
- Mentor Pre-Technical Studies Grade 8 pg. 111
- Computers with Excel
- Printers
- Sample worksheets
- USB drives
- Portfolios for storing work

- Practical work - Observation - Data entry assessment

Tools and Production
Entrepreneurship

Computer Software - Importance of application software
Bookkeeping - Meaning of assets, liabilities and capital
Bookkeeping - Identifying assets

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain the importance of application software in workplaces
- Identify benefits of using application software
- Appreciate the role of software in productivity

- Define assets, liabilities and capital
- Search for meanings of bookkeeping terms
- Show interest in learning about bookkeeping

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Discuss importance in schools, companies, agriculture and sports
- Learn that software creates professional documents and presentations
- Understand software improves creativity and increases productivity
- Debate: "Without computer application software, it would be difficult to perform different tasks in our school"
- Prepare charts showing importance in various workplaces
- Think about a shop in nearby shopping centre
- Discuss what items are sold and where money came from
- Use digital devices to search for meaning of assets, liabilities, capital
- Present findings to other groups

Why is application software important in different workplaces?
What are the basic terms used in bookkeeping?

- Mentor Pre-Technical Studies Grade 8 pg. 112
- Manila papers and markers
- Case studies of software use
- Reference materials
- Digital devices
- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 114
- Digital devices
- Textbooks
- Reference materials
- Internet access
- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 115
- Pictures of assets
- Charts
- Real business examples

- Observation - Debate participation - Chart assessment - Oral presentations
- Observation - Oral questions - Written tests

Entrepreneurship

Bookkeeping - Understanding liabilities and capital
Bookkeeping - Meaning and importance of bookkeeping
Bookkeeping - Bookkeeping equation (Assets = Capital)

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify liabilities in a business
- Explain what constitutes capital
- Value the concept of business financing

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Read case study on Tony's lorry transport business
- Mention liabilities that may be found in business
- Read case study on Jeff's motorcycle business
- Identify capital contributed in the business
- Share suggestions with classmates

What is the difference between liabilities and capital?

- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 116
- Case study materials
- Business scenarios
- Charts
- Reference books
- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 117
- Charts showing bookkeeping importance
- Digital devices
- Sample business records
- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 118
- Calculators
- Practice worksheets
- Charts showing equation

- Written assignments - Oral presentations - Observation

Entrepreneurship

Bookkeeping - Bookkeeping equation (Assets = Capital + Liabilities)
Bookkeeping - Expressing scenarios using bookkeeping equation

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Apply full bookkeeping equation
- Calculate assets, capital and liabilities
- Solve bookkeeping equation problems

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Learn expanded equation: Assets = Capital + Liabilities
- Read scenarios involving loans and debts
- Calculate value of liabilities in examples
- Complete practice exercises
- Share findings with class

How do liabilities affect the bookkeeping equation?

- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 119
- Calculators
- Practice exercises
- Business scenarios
- Worksheets
- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 120
- Practice tables

- Written tests - Practical work - Oral questions

Entrepreneurship

Bookkeeping - Business transactions (Cash and Credit)
Bookkeeping - Types of business transactions
Bookkeeping - Cost, price, profit and loss

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify parties in business transactions
- Differentiate between cash and credit transactions
- Appreciate different payment methods

- Differentiate between cost and price
- Calculate profit and loss
- Apply calculations in business scenarios

In groups, learners are guided to:
- List three items bought in the past
- Identify buyer and seller in transactions
- Read case study about Gesusu Junior School
- Discuss how headteacher paid for desks
- Explain differences between cash and credit transactions
- Study pictures of Benson selling electronics
- Discuss cost versus price in business
- Read statements about transactions at Masomo Bookshop
- Calculate profit or loss from each transaction
- Present findings in table format

What is the difference between cash and credit transactions?
How do we determine if a business is making profit or loss?

- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 121
- Case study materials
- Real transaction examples
- Charts
- Reference materials
- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 122
- School canteen examples
- Transaction scenarios
- Digital devices
- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 123
- Pictures of business transactions
- Calculators
- Practice scenarios
- Worksheets

- Observation - Oral questions - Written tests
- Practical work - Written assignments - Observation

Entrepreneurship

Bookkeeping - Statement of financial position

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify components of statement of financial position
- Explain how to prepare the statement
- Appreciate importance of financial statements

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Discuss what shows financial position of business
- Identify components of statement
- Study example of Brian Mobile Phones
- Learn structure: Assets = Capital + Liabilities
- Discuss how both sides must balance

What is a statement of financial position?

- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 124
- Sample statements
- Charts
- Business examples
- Reference materials

- Observation - Written tests - Oral questions

Entrepreneurship

Bookkeeping - Preparing statement of financial position

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Prepare statement of financial position
- List assets and capital with liabilities correctly
- Demonstrate accuracy in preparation

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Study preparation steps from Brian's example
- List assets on left side
- List capital and liabilities on right side
- Ensure both totals are equal
- Complete practice exercise for ABC Groceries
- Submit work for assessment

How do we prepare a statement of financial position?

- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 125
- Practice exercises
- Calculators
- Blank statement templates
- Business data

- Practical work - Written assignments - Portfolio assessment

Entrepreneurship

Income and Budgeting - Sources of income for an individual
Income and Budgeting - Understanding income sources
Income and Budgeting - Importance of budgeting

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Define income
- Identify sources of income
- Appreciate diverse income sources

- Define budget and budgeting
- Explain importance of budgeting
- Value financial planning

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Search for meaning of 'income for an individual'
- Read about Hadijah and Lemayian's sources of income
- Identify salary, royalties, dividends, business profits
- Study chart showing various income sources
- Discuss meaning of sources of income
- Discuss pocket money and spending plans
- Search for meaning of budget and budgeting
- Read conversation between Mrs Bundi and children
- Discuss how much family earns and spends
- Explain importance of budgeting

Where can individuals get income from?
Why is it important to make a budget?

- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 136
- Charts showing income sources
- Digital devices
- Case study materials
- Reference books
- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 137
- Income source charts
- Real-life examples
- Digital resources
- Sample income statements
- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 138
- Budget examples
- Family scenario materials
- Digital devices
- Reference materials

- Observation - Oral questions - Written tests
- Observation - Written assignments - Oral questions

Entrepreneurship

Income and Budgeting - Benefits of budgeting

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- List benefits of budgeting
- Explain how budgeting helps in daily life
- Appreciate budget discipline

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Read case study about Maria's income
- Discuss how budgeting helps her
- Learn budgeting helps spend on important things
- Understand budgeting helps track spending
- Learn budgeting helps save money and avoid debt

How does budgeting improve our financial lives?

- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 139
- Case study materials
- Charts showing benefits
- Real-life examples
- Digital resources

- Written tests - Oral presentations - Group discussions

Entrepreneurship

Income and Budgeting - Ways of spending money wisely

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify ways to spend money wisely
- Create tips for wise spending
- Demonstrate financial responsibility

- Study poster made by Grade 8 learners
- Discuss tips on spending money wisely
- Discuss other ways of spending money wisely
- Create quotes on spending money wisely
- Display work in classroom for peer review

What are smart ways to spend money?

- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 140
- Sample posters
- Manila papers
- Markers
- Digital devices
- Display materials

- Practical work - Portfolio assessment - Peer review

Entrepreneurship

Income and Budgeting - Preparing a simple budget
Income and Budgeting - Ethical practices in budgeting
Income and Budgeting - Unethical practices to avoid

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Prepare a personal budget
- List income and expenses
- Include savings in budget

- Define ethics and ethical practices
- Identify ethical practices in budgeting
- Value honesty in financial management

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Discuss what to consider when preparing budget
- Study Rehema's monthly budget example
- Identify income sources and expenses
- Calculate savings target
- Prepare simple budget for Shs 3,000 shopping money
- Present budget for feedback
- Discuss meaning of ethics
- Brainstorm ethical and unethical practices
- Read case study about Mitundu Self-help Group
- Identify ethical practices (honesty, transparency, fairness)
- Discuss integrity and avoiding bribes

How do we prepare a personal budget?
What ethical practices should we follow when budgeting?

- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 141
- Sample budgets
- Budget templates
- Calculators
- Practice scenarios
- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 142
- Case study materials
- Charts
- Digital devices
- Reference materials
- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 143
- Charts showing practices
- Scenarios
- Discussion materials
- Reference books

- Practical work - Written assignments - Peer assessment
- Observation - Written tests - Oral presentations

Entrepreneurship

Income and Budgeting - Importance of financial planning

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain financial planning
- Describe importance of financial planning
- Practice financial goal setting

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Read story about Edwin buying bicycle
- Discuss how financial planning helped Edwin
- Discuss importance of financial planning
- Learn financial planning helps achieve goals
- Understand planning helps manage income effectively

Why is financial planning important in income management?

- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 144
- Case study materials
- Financial planning examples
- Digital devices
- Charts

- Observation - Oral questions - Written reports

Entrepreneurship

Marketing of Goods and Services - Meaning of market and marketing

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Define market and marketing
- Differentiate between market and marketing
- Show interest in learning about marketing

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Discuss scenarios about farmers buying tractors
- Identify who is buying and selling
- Discuss meaning of market
- Explain meaning of marketing
- Present findings to classmates

What is the difference between market and marketing?

- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 147
- Scenarios
- Charts
- Digital devices
- Reference materials

- Observation - Oral questions - Written tests

Entrepreneurship

Marketing of Goods and Services - Understanding marketing process
Marketing of Goods and Services - Importance of marketing

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain advertising
- Describe selling process
- Understand product delivery

- Explain importance of marketing
- Identify benefits of marketing to business
- Appreciate role of marketing

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Learn marketing includes advertising, selling, delivery
- Discuss advertising through TV, radio, internet
- Understand selling as exchange for money
- Learn about delivery of products to customers
- Study examples of each marketing activity
- Study pictures showing marketing activities
- Discuss poster offering weekend deals
- Analyze delivery services
- Read flashcards on importance of marketing
- Explain how marketing helps business

What activities are involved in marketing?
Why is marketing important to a business?

- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 148
- Marketing examples
- Pictures of advertisements
- Digital resources
- Sample marketing materials
- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 149
- Pictures and posters
- Flashcards
- Marketing examples
- Digital devices

- Written tests - Oral presentations - Group discussions
- Observation - Written assignments - Oral questions

Entrepreneurship

Marketing of Goods and Services - Sources of market information

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify sources of market information
- Explain how to gather market information
- Value research in marketing

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Read newspaper article about Rita's business
- Identify potential customers from article
- Discuss sources of information about market
- Learn about newspapers, magazines, radio, TV
- Understand surveys and social media as sources

Where can businesses find information about their market?

- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 150
- Newspaper articles
- Digital devices
- Sample surveys
- Social media examples

- Written tests - Practical work - Oral presentations

Entrepreneurship

Marketing of Goods and Services - Analyzing market information sources
Marketing of Goods and Services - Factors in selecting markets

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Use digital devices to search market information
- Analyze information from customers
- Prepare reports on findings

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Search for market information using digital devices
- Observe school bags classmates use
- Identify improvements students want
- Gather information about market for school bags
- Write summary notes on sources

How can we gather and analyze market information?

- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 151
- Digital devices
- Internet access
- Textbooks
- Sample market research
- Notebooks
- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 152
- Case study materials
- Charts showing factors
- Business examples

- Practical work - Written reports - Observation

Entrepreneurship

Marketing of Goods and Services - ICT tools for marketing
Marketing of Goods and Services - Recognizing suitable markets

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify ICT applications for marketing
- Explain how each tool is used
- Select appropriate marketing tools

- Identify suitable markets for products
- Match products to appropriate markets
- Demonstrate market selection skills

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Search for ICT applications used in marketing
- Learn about Facebook ads and YouTube advertising
- Study LinkedIn and Instagram for marketing
- Understand TikTok marketing
- Discuss choosing tools based on target customers
- Analyze different products and their markets
- Discuss suitability of markets for goods
- Match services to appropriate markets
- Present findings on market selection
- Review market selection criteria

What ICT tools can be used to market goods and services?
How do we identify suitable markets for different products?

- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 153
- Digital devices
- Internet access
- Social media examples
- Marketing case studies
- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 154
- Product samples
- Market analysis charts
- Digital resources
- Case studies

- Practical work - Written assignments - Portfolio assessment
- Written tests - Oral presentations - Practical work

Entrepreneurship

Distribution of Goods and Services - Meaning and role of intermediaries

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Define channels of distribution
- Identify intermediaries
- Explain role of intermediaries

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Think about how soft drinks move from manufacturer
- Discuss meaning of channels of distribution
- Learn who intermediaries are
- Study pictures showing soda distribution
- Identify roles of wholesalers and retailers

What are channels of distribution?

- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 156
- Pictures of distribution
- Charts
- Product examples
- Digital devices

- Observation - Oral questions - Written tests

Entrepreneurship

Distribution of Goods and Services - Roles of wholesalers and retailers

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain roles of wholesalers
- Describe functions of retailers
- Appreciate importance of intermediaries

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Search for information on intermediary roles
- Study sticky notes on wholesaler roles
- Learn wholesalers break bulk and transport goods
- Understand retailers offer easy access to goods
- Discuss how retailers advise wholesalers

What roles do wholesalers and retailers play in distribution?

- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 157
- Charts showing roles
- Digital devices
- Case study materials
- Reference books

- Written tests - Oral presentations - Group discussions

Entrepreneurship

Distribution of Goods and Services - Channels for distributing goods
Distribution of Goods and Services - Preparing distribution charts
Distribution of Goods and Services - Case study on distribution

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify different distribution channels
- Explain Channel 1 (direct distribution)
- Describe other channels

- Analyze distribution in case study
- Identify intermediaries used
- Compare different distribution methods

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Search for video clips on distribution channels
- Study chart showing different channels
- Learn Channel 1: Producer to Consumer direct
- Understand Channel 2: Producer to Retailer to Consumer
- Study Channel 3 with wholesaler
- Read case study about Magadi Soda
- Identify products: soda ash, mineral salts, bottled water
- Analyze channel for each product
- Compare export, wholesale, and retail distribution
- Share findings with classmates

What are the different channels for distributing goods?
How do different products use different distribution channels?

- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 158
- Distribution charts
- Video clips
- Digital devices
- Business examples
- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 159
- Manila papers
- Markers
- Business case studies
- Chart examples
- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 160
- Case study materials
- Charts
- Product samples
- Digital resources

- Observation - Written assignments - Practical work
- Written tests - Case analysis - Oral presentations

Entrepreneurship

Distribution of Goods and Services - Ethics in distribution

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify ethical practices in distribution
- Explain unethical practices to avoid
- Value ethical business conduct

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Debate on ethical practices statement
- Study diagram on ethics in distribution
- Identify ethical practices (honesty, quality goods, legal compliance)
- Learn about keeping customer information private
- Discuss avoiding discrimination and corruption

What ethical practices should be followed in distribution?

- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 161
- Debate guidelines
- Ethics diagrams
- Case studies
- Reference materials

- Debate participation - Written tests - Observation

Entrepreneurship

Distribution of Goods and Services - Importance of distribution in community

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain importance of distribution
- Identify community benefits
- Value role of distribution in economy

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Read case study on distribution importance
- Discuss why distribution is important in community
- Learn distribution creates employment
- Understand distribution makes goods available
- Appreciate distribution supports economic growth

Why is distribution of goods and services important?

- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 162
- Case study materials
- Community examples
- Charts
- Digital devices

- Oral presentations - Written reports - Self-reflection