Communication in Pre-Technical Studies

Visual Programming - Types of visual programming applications

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Define visual programming and visual programming applications
- Identify the three types of visual programming applications
- Show interest in exploring visual programming tools

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Brainstorm on the meanings of visual programming and visual programming applications
- Use the Internet to search for types of visual programming applications
- Discuss and categorise educational, multimedia and video game development applications

How is visual programming different from regular text-based programming?

- Longhorn Pre-Technical Studies Grade 8 pg. 52
- Digital devices and internet access
- Charts on types of visual programming
- Longhorn Pre-Technical Studies Grade 8 pg. 53
- Digital devices with Scratch and MakeCode installed
- Internet access

- Oral questions - Observation

Communication in Pre-Technical Studies

Visual Programming - Features of visual programming applications

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify the features of the Scratch visual programming application
- Describe the function of each feature on the Scratch interface
- Show willingness to explore and navigate a visual programming environment

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Type 'Scratch' in a browser and launch the application
- Click 'Create' and identify different features on the Scratch homepage
- Write a brief summary of the features observed and share with classmates

What are the main features of the Scratch application and what is the role of each feature?

- Longhorn Pre-Technical Studies Grade 8 pg. 54
- Computers or tablets with internet access
- Scratch application (scratch.mit.edu)
- Longhorn Pre-Technical Studies Grade 8 pg. 55
- Computers or tablets with Scratch
- Internet access

- Observation - Oral questions

Communication in Pre-Technical Studies

Visual Programming - Features of visual programming applications

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Add sprites and create commands in the Scratch script area
- Apply backdrops, sounds and effects to make a Scratch project interactive
- Show creativity when designing a visual programming project

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Add different sprites and create a set of commands in the script area
- Add backdrops, sounds and effects to the project
- Test how control and events blocks bring the project to life; share and explain the project to other groups

How do control blocks and event blocks work together to make a Scratch project interactive?

- Longhorn Pre-Technical Studies Grade 8 pg. 58
- Computers or tablets with Scratch
- Internet access

- Practical assessment - Observation

Communication in Pre-Technical Studies

Visual Programming - Terminologies used in visual programming
Visual Programming - Terminologies used in visual programming
Visual Programming - Creating instructions using visual programming

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Define syntax, variables, input statements and output statements in visual programming
- Identify examples of input and output blocks in the Scratch application
- Appreciate the importance of understanding programming terminology

- Define selection statements, repeating statements and variable declarations
- Explain how each is used to control program flow in visual programming
- Appreciate how these terminologies form the building blocks of programming logic

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Use the Internet to find meanings of syntax, variables, input and output statements
- Read and write meanings in notebooks and share with classmates
- Identify input blocks (sensing, ask) and output blocks (say, sound) in Scratch using Figures 8 and 9
- Define selection statement and explain how it enables a program to make decisions (IF blocks)
- Define repeating statement and explain how it repeats a set of instructions multiple times
- Define variable declarations and explain how they specify the type of data a variable can hold

What is the role of input and output statements in a visual programming application?
How does a selection statement allow a visual program to respond differently to different conditions?

- Longhorn Pre-Technical Studies Grade 8 pg. 59
- Computers or tablets with Scratch
- Internet access and reference books
- Longhorn Pre-Technical Studies Grade 8 pg. 62
- Digital resources
- Longhorn Pre-Technical Studies Grade 8 pg. 62
- Computers or tablets with Scratch
- Internet access
- Longhorn Pre-Technical Studies Grade 8 pg. 63

- Oral questions - Written assignments

Communication in Pre-Technical Studies

Visual Programming - Creating instructions using visual programming

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Use event blocks to trigger actions in a Scratch program
- Apply an IF selection block to change sprite behaviour based on a condition
- Show creativity when using event and control blocks in Scratch

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Drag an Events block and a Looks block into the script area
- Press the space bar and observe the effect on the sprite's colour
- Change the key in the block drop-down and observe the new behaviour; select a backdrop from the Stage panel

How does changing the key in an event block affect what happens when the program runs?

- Longhorn Pre-Technical Studies Grade 8 pg. 64
- Computers or tablets with Scratch
- Internet access

- Practical assessment - Observation

Communication in Pre-Technical Studies

Visual Programming - Creating instructions using visual programming

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Create a Scratch project of own choice using a sequence of coding blocks
- Write down the steps followed to create the instructions
- Show confidence and creativity in building an independent visual programming project

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Create instructions of own choice using Scratch and write down the steps followed
- Create a project where the sprite says 'Hello' when the green flag is clicked
- Share the complete sequence of instructions with classmates and explain coding choices

How do you plan and organise coding blocks before building a Scratch project?

- Longhorn Pre-Technical Studies Grade 8 pg. 65
- Computers or tablets with Scratch
- Internet access

- Practical assessment - Portfolio

Communication in Pre-Technical Studies
Communication in Pre-Technical Studies
Entrepreneurship

Visual Programming - Creating instructions using visual programming
Visual Programming - Types of visual programming applications
Bookkeeping - Importance of bookkeeping in entrepreneurship

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Create a Scratch project of own choice using a sequence of coding blocks
- Write down the steps followed to create the instructions
- Show confidence and creativity in building an independent visual programming project

- Explain the importance of visual programming in day-to-day life
- Describe the types and features of visual programming applications
- Show appreciation for visual programming as a tool for creativity and problem solving

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Create instructions of own choice using Scratch and write down the steps followed
- Create a project where the sprite says 'Hello' when the green flag is clicked
- Share the complete sequence of instructions with classmates and explain coding choices
- Read the newspaper article on visual programming and identify three importances stated
- Discuss other importances of visual programming (accessibility, creativity, digital literacy)
- Answer review exercises: define terms, describe types and create an electronic keyboard project

How do you plan and organise coding blocks before building a Scratch project?
How has visual programming made coding more accessible to people who are not trained programmers?

- Longhorn Pre-Technical Studies Grade 8 pg. 65
- Computers or tablets with Scratch
- Internet access
- Longhorn Pre-Technical Studies Grade 8 pg. 66
- Digital devices and internet access
- Reference books
- Longhorn Pre-Technical Studies Grade 8 pg. 108
- Digital devices and reference books
- Sample financial records

- Practical assessment - Portfolio
- Oral questions - Written test - Peer and self-assessment

Entrepreneurship

Bookkeeping - Classifying business transactions

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Define assets, liabilities and capital as used in bookkeeping
- Write the bookkeeping equation: Capital = Assets − Liabilities
- Classify given business items into assets, liabilities and capital

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Study the beam balance showing the bookkeeping equation and discuss what it represents
- Sort and group items from Karo Company's records into assets, liabilities and capital
- Discuss the relationship between assets, liabilities and capital using the bookkeeping equation

What is the relationship between assets, liabilities and capital in the bookkeeping equation?

- Longhorn Pre-Technical Studies Grade 8 pg. 110
- Digital devices and reference books
- Sample business records

- Oral questions - Written assignments

Entrepreneurship

Bookkeeping - Classifying business transactions

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Calculate assets, liabilities and capital using the bookkeeping equation
- Solve problems involving capital given assets and liabilities of a business
- Show accuracy when working with financial figures in bookkeeping

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Study the worked example for ABC Wholesalers and follow the steps to calculate capital
- Solve exercises: calculate capital for Nyamu Enterprises and Mbao Supplies as at given dates
- Complete the capital calculation table and solve Tina's equipment purchase scenario

How do you calculate the capital of a business when given its assets and liabilities?

- Longhorn Pre-Technical Studies Grade 8 pg. 112
- Exercise books for calculations
- Sample business records
- Longhorn Pre-Technical Studies Grade 8 pg. 113
- Digital devices and reference books
- Sample receipts and invoices

- Written test - Oral questions

Entrepreneurship

Bookkeeping - Classifying business transactions
Bookkeeping - Preparing simple financial statements

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Define cost, price, profit and loss as used in business
- Apply the formulae: Price = Cost + Profit and Profit = Price − Cost
- Determine the cost and price of a product to calculate profit or loss

- Identify the components of a statement of financial position
- Explain the relationship between total assets and total capital plus liabilities
- Prepare a simple statement of financial position for a given business

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Study Diana's bakery and rental business tables showing expenses and selling prices
- Define cost (money spent to produce), price (amount paid by customer) and apply the profit/loss formula
- Calculate whether Diana makes a profit or loss from each business and discuss the effect of a rent increase
- Study the statement of financial position for Bei Nafuu Limited and identify components (assets, capital, liabilities)
- Compare total assets with total capital and liabilities and discuss what the equality shows
- Discuss the relationship between the bookkeeping equation and the statement of financial position

How does a business person determine whether they have made a profit or a loss?
Why must the total assets always equal total capital plus liabilities in a statement of financial position?

- Longhorn Pre-Technical Studies Grade 8 pg. 114
- Exercise books for calculations
- Sample business expense records
- Longhorn Pre-Technical Studies Grade 8 pg. 115
- Digital devices for reference
- Longhorn Pre-Technical Studies Grade 8 pg. 116
- Sample statements of financial position
- Exercise books for preparation

- Oral questions - Written assignments

Entrepreneurship

Bookkeeping - Preparing simple financial statements

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Prepare a statement of financial position from given financial data
- Arrange assets, capital and liabilities in the correct format
- Show accuracy and neatness when presenting a statement of financial position

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Study the worked example for Mukuchu Traders and follow the steps to prepare a complete SFP
- Prepare statements of financial position for Jua Kali Enterprises, Nguvu Construction and Imara Retail Shop from given data
- Verify that total assets equal total capital plus liabilities in each statement prepared

How do you arrange the components of a statement of financial position in the correct order?

- Longhorn Pre-Technical Studies Grade 8 pg. 117
- Exercise books for SFP preparation
- Reference books and sample records
- Longhorn Pre-Technical Studies Grade 8 pg. 120
- Sample statements of cash flow
- Exercise books for preparation

- Written test - Practical assessment

Entrepreneurship

Bookkeeping - Preparing simple financial statements

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Prepare a statement of cash flow from given financial data for operating, investing and financing activities
- Calculate net cash flows for each activity category and the overall net cash change
- Appreciate the importance of a statement of cash flow in monitoring business liquidity

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Prepare a statement of cash flow for Tumaini Solutions from given operating, investing and financing data
- Prepare a statement of cash flow for Rafiki Traders using the same format
- Prepare a statement of cash flow for Bora Enterprises from a mixed list of financial items

How does a statement of cash flow help a business person monitor the flow of money in and out of the business?

- Longhorn Pre-Technical Studies Grade 8 pg. 123
- Exercise books for preparation
- Sample statements of cash flow

- Written test - Practical assessment

Entrepreneurship

Bookkeeping - Preparing simple financial statements

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify and explain the components of an income statement (revenue, gross profit, expenses, net income)
- Prepare a simple income statement from given financial data
- Appreciate how an income statement shows whether a business is profitable

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Study the income statement for Baraka Enterprises and identify and discuss its four components
- Define revenue, gross profit, expenses and net income and explain how each is calculated
- Study the worked example for Wendo Limited and prepare income statements for Jenga Enterprises and Nyota Limited

How does an income statement help a business person determine whether a profit or loss has been made?

- Longhorn Pre-Technical Studies Grade 8 pg. 124
- Sample income statements
- Exercise books for preparation

- Oral questions - Written test

Entrepreneurship

Bookkeeping - Importance of bookkeeping in entrepreneurship
Income and Budgeting - Sources of income for an individual

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain the importance of financial records in a business
- Use spreadsheet software to prepare financial records
- Show appreciation for accurate record keeping as a foundation of business success

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Follow the road map to identify benefits of financial records and name the financial record that supports each benefit
- Discuss three importances of financial records: monitoring performance, financial planning and tax determination
- Use spreadsheet software to prepare the financial records from previous activities; answer review exercises on bookkeeping equation, SFP, cash flow and income statement

Why is it important for every business, no matter how small, to keep accurate financial records?

- Longhorn Pre-Technical Studies Grade 8 pg. 127
- Computers with spreadsheet software
- Sample financial records
- Longhorn Pre-Technical Studies Grade 8 pg. 130
- Digital devices and reference books
- Resource persons

- Written test - Peer and self-assessment

Entrepreneurship

Income and Budgeting - Importance of budgeting

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain the importance of budgeting in managing personal finances
- Compare wise and unwise spending patterns using a given scenario
- Show willingness to apply budgeting principles in personal financial management

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Compare Amina and Furaha's spending from the figure and discuss who spent more wisely and why
- Brainstorm and discuss the six importances of budgeting (controlling spending, saving, living within means, avoiding unnecessary purchases, preparing for emergencies, achieving financial goals)
- Discuss ways of spending money wisely and how budgeting helps achieve financial goals

How does having a budget help an individual avoid unnecessary spending and debt?

- Longhorn Pre-Technical Studies Grade 8 pg. 131
- Sample personal budgets
- Digital devices and reference books

- Oral questions - Written assignments

Entrepreneurship

Income and Budgeting - Preparing a simple budget
Income and Budgeting - Ethical and unethical practices in budgeting
Income and Budgeting - Importance of financial planning
Income and Budgeting - Sources of income for an individual

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Define a budget and explain its components (income and expenses)
- Prepare a simple personal budget showing income, expenses and savings
- Appreciate the importance of planning expenditure before spending

- Outline the steps involved in financial planning
- Explain the importance of financial planning using a real-life dialogue
- Appreciate that early financial planning leads to long-term financial security

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Study Njeri's budget, compare total income and total expenses and calculate savings
- Define a budget as a plan for spending money showing income, expenses and savings
- Prepare a personal budget for Nelson's Lake Nakuru trip and for the Grade 8 children's home visit
- Read the dialogue between Ayub and Joan about Liz's financial planning journey and answer questions
- Outline the four steps of financial planning from the learning points (assess finances, set goals, create budget, build emergency fund)
- Discuss how financial planning leads to confidence and financial stability

How do you prepare a simple personal budget and what does it show about your financial plan?
What are the steps involved in financial planning and why is it important to start planning early?

- Longhorn Pre-Technical Studies Grade 8 pg. 133
- Budget templates and exercise books
- Digital devices
- Longhorn Pre-Technical Studies Grade 8 pg. 135
- Digital devices and reference books
- Case study cards
- Longhorn Pre-Technical Studies Grade 8 pg. 137
- Digital devices and library resources
- Reference books
- Longhorn Pre-Technical Studies Grade 8 pg. 138
- Exercise books

- Written assignments - Practical assessment
- Oral questions - Written assignments

Entrepreneurship

Marketing of Goods and Services - Importance of marketing to a business
Marketing of Goods and Services - Sources of information about the market

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Define marketing and explain its role in a business
- Explain the importance of marketing: revenue generation and customer acquisition and retention
- Appreciate how marketing contributes to the growth and sustainability of a business

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Read the business article on marketing and discuss why marketing is important for a business
- Define marketing as the process of promoting and selling products or services by identifying and meeting customer needs
- Discuss two importances: revenue generation (attracting purchases) and customer acquisition and retention (building loyalty and attracting new customers)

How does effective marketing contribute to the growth and financial stability of a business?

- Longhorn Pre-Technical Studies Grade 8 pg. 139
- Digital devices and internet access
- Business articles and reference books
- Longhorn Pre-Technical Studies Grade 8 pg. 140
- Digital devices with internet access
- Newspapers, magazines and business reports

- Oral questions - Observation

Entrepreneurship

Marketing of Goods and Services - Factors considered when selecting a suitable market

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain the factors considered when selecting a suitable market for goods and services
- Analyse how target customers, market size, competition, accessibility and profitability affect market selection
- Appreciate the importance of research before selecting a market

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Study Mr Mbati's summary on factors to consider when selecting a market and discuss each factor
- Discuss five factors: target customers, market size and growth rate, level of competition, market accessibility and market profitability
- Brainstorm enabling conditions that support or hinder marketing in the community

What factors would you consider before deciding which market to enter when starting a new business?

- Longhorn Pre-Technical Studies Grade 8 pg. 142
- Digital devices and internet access
- Business reference books

- Oral questions - Written assignments

Entrepreneurship

Marketing of Goods and Services - Selecting tools to market goods and services
Marketing of Goods and Services - Recognising suitable markets for goods and services
Distribution of Goods and Services - Role of intermediaries in distribution
Distribution of Goods and Services - Channels of distribution

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain the enabling conditions for marketing of goods and services
- Distinguish between digital and traditional marketing tools
- Select appropriate marketing tools for a given business context

- Define distribution and channels of distribution
- Identify common intermediaries and explain their roles in the distribution of goods and services
- Appreciate the importance of intermediaries in making goods accessible to consumers

- Explain five enabling conditions: type of roads, quality of vehicles, communication networks, storage facilities and power supply
- Study the chart of marketing tools created by Grade 8 learners of Fanaka Junior School and classify into digital and traditional
- Select suitable marketing tools for a clothing line targeting teenagers; discuss digital tools (website, social media, email/SMS, content marketing, SEO) and traditional tools (print media, TV/radio, events)
- Discuss the meaning of distribution and explain the role of student governors as a parallel to intermediaries
- Define intermediaries (wholesalers, retailers, distributors, agents, brokers, co-operatives) and discuss their roles in the figure
- Discuss the eight roles of intermediaries: transport and storage, facilitating transactions, reducing risk, expanding market access, promoting and marketing, breaking bulk, gathering market information and offering customer service

How do you decide which marketing tools to use when launching a new product or service?
Why are intermediaries important in ensuring that goods produced in one location reach consumers in another?

- Longhorn Pre-Technical Studies Grade 8 pg. 144
- Digital devices and internet access
- Charts on marketing tools
- Longhorn Pre-Technical Studies Grade 8 pg. 147
- Exercise books for written responses
- Longhorn Pre-Technical Studies Grade 8 pg. 148
- Digital devices and internet access
- Charts on channels of distribution
- Longhorn Pre-Technical Studies Grade 8 pg. 151
- Charts and flowchart templates

- Oral questions - Observation

Entrepreneurship

Distribution of Goods and Services - Ethics in distribution of goods and services

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain ethical and unethical practices in the distribution of goods and services
- Explain the importance of distributing goods and services in the community
- Value the need for ethical distribution for sustainable economic development

- Study the Grade 8 learners' model on ethical practices and discuss the seven ethical practices (fair pricing, honesty, consumer rights, sustainability, privacy, compliance, ethical marketing)
- Read the article on unethical distribution practices (price gouging, misleading advertising) and debate the motion: 'Ethical practices in distribution lead to greater profits than unethical practices'
- Read Rachael's story and discuss the five importances of distribution: accessibility, economic growth, consumer satisfaction, innovation and competition, and global trade

Why is it important for businesses to maintain ethical practices in the distribution of goods and services?

- Longhorn Pre-Technical Studies Grade 8 pg. 156
- Digital devices and internet access
- Debate cards and exercise books

- Oral questions - Written test - Peer and self-assessment