Materials for Production

Composite Materials - Identifying composite materials in the locality

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify composite materials in the locality
- Name items made from composite materials
- Show interest in learning about composite materials

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Study pictures showing composite materials
- Identify materials shown in the pictures
- Discuss which materials are found in their locality
- Identify constituent materials of composites

What are composite materials and where can we find them?

- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 63
- Pictures of composite materials
- Realia (concrete, bricks, manufactured boards)
- Digital devices

- Observation - Oral questions - Group discussions

Materials for Production

Composite Materials - Composition of composite materials
Composite Materials - Constituent materials of composites

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe the composition of composite materials
- Identify constituent materials in composites
- Appreciate the combination of materials in composites

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Discuss and fill in constituent materials of composites
- Participate in group presentations
- Search for information on constituent materials using digital devices
- Study composition of concrete, bricks, papier-mâché, stone, manufactured boards

How are composite materials made?

- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 64
- Digital devices
- Internet access
- Charts showing composite compositions
- Sample composite materials
- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 65
- Print resources
- Internet link provided
- Reference books

- Written assignments - Practical work - Group presentations

Materials for Production

Composite Materials - Matching composite materials to their uses
Composite Materials - Uses in work environment
Composite Materials - Searching for information on uses

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Match composite materials to their uses
- Identify uses of composite materials in work environment
- Appreciate the importance of composite materials

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Match composite materials to their uses in notebooks
- Discuss uses of manufactured boards for furniture
- Study uses of plastic-coated paper for packaging
- Identify uses of concrete in construction
- Share work with classmates

How are composite materials used in different workplaces?

- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 67
- Charts showing composite uses
- Pictures of furniture and buildings
- Real composite items
- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 68
- Pictures of work environments
- Charts showing sector applications
- Digital devices
- Video clips
- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 69
- Internet access
- Manila papers for charts

- Practical work - Oral questions - Peer assessment

Materials for Production

Composite Materials - Importance in the locality
Ceramic Materials - Identifying common ceramic materials
Ceramic Materials - Collecting ceramic items

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain importance of composite materials in locality
- Identify structures made from composites
- Value the impact of composites on community life

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Identify structures or items made from composites in locality
- Explain importance to the community
- Discuss how lives have been impacted by composites
- Present findings to classmates

Why are composite materials important in our community?

- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 70
- Community resources
- Pictures of local structures
- Digital devices
- Sample composite items
- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 71
- Pictures of ceramic items
- Real ceramic items (pots, plates, tiles)
- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 72
- Collection bags
- Notebooks for recording
- Storage boxes
- Safety gloves

- Oral presentations - Written tests - Observation

Materials for Production

Ceramic Materials - Physical properties of ceramics

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Define physical properties
- Identify physical properties of ceramic materials
- Appreciate the unique properties of ceramics

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Brainstorm meaning of physical properties
- Discuss physical properties of ceramic materials
- Use print and digital media to search for properties
- Study pictures showing brittleness, fire resistance, heat resistance

What are the physical properties of ceramic materials?

- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 73
- Digital devices
- Print resources
- Pictures showing properties
- Sample ceramic items

- Observation - Written tests - Group discussions

Materials for Production

Ceramic Materials - Investigating properties

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Investigate brittleness of ceramic materials
- Test fire resistance of ceramics
- Examine heat and water resistance
- Demonstrate safe investigation procedures

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Drop ceramic material from height to test brittleness
- Hold ceramic using tongs and place on flame
- Place pot over low flame to test heat resistance
- Place water inside glass to test water resistance
- Record observations

How can we test the properties of ceramic materials?

- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 74
- Ceramic items (glass, pots)
- Water
- Source of heat
- Tongs
- Safety equipment

- Practical work - Observation - Written reports - Safety compliance

Materials for Production

Ceramic Materials - Understanding properties

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain brittleness of ceramics
- Describe fire, heat, water and corrosion resistance
- Value the properties of ceramic materials

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Study explanations of basic properties
- Discuss brittleness and why ceramics break easily
- Learn about fire resistance in flames
- Understand corrosion resistance
- Discuss water and heat resistance applications

Why do ceramic materials have these specific properties?

- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 75
- Charts showing properties
- Sample ceramic items
- Pictures demonstrating properties
- Reference books

- Written tests - Oral questions - Observation

Materials for Production

Ceramic Materials - Uses in work environment
Ceramic Materials - Importance in the locality

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Match ceramic materials to their uses
- Identify uses of ceramics in different sectors
- Prepare charts showing types and uses
- Appreciate ceramic material applications

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Match ceramic items with uses in work environment
- Search for information on uses using digital resources
- Prepare chart showing types and uses
- Visit workplaces to identify ceramic materials
- Record findings in tables

How are ceramic materials used in different workplaces?

- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 76
- Digital devices
- Manila papers for charts
- Workplace access
- Resource persons
- Sample ceramic items
- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 78
- Pictures of ceramic uses
- Debate guidelines
- Reference materials
- Community resources

- Chart assessment - Practical work - Oral presentations - Written reports

Tools and Production

Cutting Tools - Identifying cutting tools
Cutting Tools - Collecting and identifying cutting tools
Cutting Tools - Uses of hacksaws and handsaws

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify various cutting tools used in the work environment
- Name cutting tools found in the locality
- Appreciate the diversity of cutting tools

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Study pictures of different cutting tools
- Identify each of the tools
- Discuss which tools have been seen or used
- Name other cutting tools found in the locality

What cutting tools are commonly used in our locality?

- Mentor Pre-Technical Studies Grade 8 pg. 80
- Pictures of cutting tools
- Real cutting tools (hacksaws, handsaws, chisels, planes, snips)
- Charts showing cutting tools
- Mentor Pre-Technical Studies Grade 8 pg. 81
- Various cutting tools from locality
- Storage containers
- Notebooks for recording
- Hacksaws and handsaws
- Metal rods, plastic pipes, wood pieces
- Pictures showing tool applications

- Observation - Oral questions - Written assignments

Tools and Production

Cutting Tools - Uses of chisels and planes
Cutting Tools - Uses of snips, scrappers and other cutting tools

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify different types of chisels and their uses
- Explain the function of planes in woodwork
- Demonstrate responsibility in tool handling

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Study wood chisels and cold chisels
- Discuss uses of chisels in cutting or shaping wood, metals or stone
- Learn about planes used to cut thin layers from timber
- Discuss types of planes (bench planes, block planes, specialty planes)

How do chisels and planes shape materials differently?

- Mentor Pre-Technical Studies Grade 8 pg. 82
- Wood chisels and cold chisels
- Various types of planes
- Wood and metal samples
- Safety equipment
- Tin snips and aviation snips
- Scrappers
- Various knives
- Wire strippers
- Different types of cutters

- Observation - Oral questions - Written tests

Tools and Production

Cutting Tools - Selecting appropriate cutting tools
Cutting Tools - Using a handsaw safely
Cutting Tools - Using a hacksaw safely

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Select appropriate cutting tools for specific tasks
- Sort tools according to their uses
- Present findings in an organized manner

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Discuss the use of each cutting tool collected earlier
- Sort tools for cutting paper and fabric
- Sort tools for cutting wood, metallic rods, pipes and sheets
- Identify tools for stripping wire insulations
- Present findings in a table format

How do we select the right tool for a specific task?

- Mentor Pre-Technical Studies Grade 8 pg. 83
- Previously collected cutting tools
- Classification charts
- Notebooks for recording
- Mentor Pre-Technical Studies Grade 8 pg. 85
- Handsaws
- Pieces of timber
- Tape measure, try square, pencil
- Clamps
- Working surface
- Protective gear (gloves, goggles)
- Mentor Pre-Technical Studies Grade 8 pg. 86
- Hacksaws
- Metal rods and plastic pipes
- Scriber
- Bench vice
- Working bench
- Protective gloves and overalls

- Observation - Written assignments - Peer assessment

Tools and Production

Cutting Tools - Using a wood chisel

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Use a wood chisel to cut grooves and shape timber
- Follow proper procedures when using a chisel
- Demonstrate safe handling of sharp tools

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Secure timber on working surface using a clamp
- Mark the point to be cut using pencil and ruler
- Hold chisel correctly with sharp end facing down
- Strike chisel with mallet to remove thin slices
- Practice cutting grooves and shaping wood edges

How is a chisel used to shape wood?

- Mentor Pre-Technical Studies Grade 8 pg. 88
- Wood chisels
- Pieces of timber
- Mallet
- Pencil and ruler
- Clamps
- Protective gloves and goggles

- Practical work - Observation - Safety assessment

Tools and Production

Cutting Tools - Using snips to cut metal sheets
Cutting Tools - Using wire cutters

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Use snips to cut metallic sheets
- Apply correct technique when using snips
- Cut safely away from the body

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Wear protective gloves
- Secure metallic sheet on flat working surface
- Measure and mark cut line using scriber and steel rule
- Hold snips correctly
- Open snips and align blades with cut line
- Practice cutting along the marked line

How do we use snips to cut metal sheets safely?

- Mentor Pre-Technical Studies Grade 8 pg. 89
- Tin snips or aviation snips
- Metallic sheets
- Scriber and steel rule
- Tape measure
- Protective gloves
- Working surface
- Mentor Pre-Technical Studies Grade 8 pg. 91
- Wire cutters
- Wires of different sizes
- Marking tools

- Practical work - Observation - Written tests

Tools and Production

Cutting Tools - Using planes and scrappers

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Use a plane to smoothen and reduce timber thickness
- Use a scrapper to remove embedded dirt
- Apply proper techniques for each tool

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Use jack plane to smoothen timber surface
- Practice reducing thickness of timber
- Wear protective gear (safety goggles)
- Use scrapper to remove embedded dirt from surfaces
- Hold scrapper at 30° angle
- Practice scraping different surfaces

How do planes and scrappers prepare surfaces?

- Mentor Pre-Technical Studies Grade 8 pg. 90
- Jack plane
- Scrappers
- Pieces of timber
- Surfaces with embedded dirt
- Safety goggles
- Protective gloves

- Practical work - Observation - Safety compliance

Tools and Production

Cutting Tools - Using wire strippers and knives

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Use wire strippers to remove wire insulation
- Use utility knives to cut cardboard and paper
- Observe safety precautions with sharp tools

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Open jaws of wire stripper
- Place wire between jaws at correct distance from end
- Squeeze and rotate stripper to remove insulation
- Practice stripping and cutting wires
- Use utility knife to cut cardboard at 45° angle
- Store knife with blade retracted

How do we safely strip wires and cut with knives?

- Mentor Pre-Technical Studies Grade 8 pg. 92
- Wire strippers
- Insulated wires
- Utility/sliding knives
- Cardboard paper
- Ruler and pencil
- Protective gloves

- Practical work - Observation - Peer assessment

Tools and Production

Cutting Tools - Caring for cutting tools
Cutting Tools - Importance of cutting tools in the workplace

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify ways of caring for different cutting tools
- Explain maintenance procedures for each tool
- Demonstrate responsibility in tool care

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Study pictures showing ways of caring for cutting tools
- Discuss how tools are being cared for
- Use digital devices or print resources to search for ways of caring for cutting tools
- Discuss maintenance for hacksaws, handsaws, chisels, snips, cutters, planes, scrappers, strippers and knives

Why is it important to care for cutting tools?

- Mentor Pre-Technical Studies Grade 8 pg. 95
- Various cutting tools
- Digital devices
- Internet access
- Tool maintenance materials
- Pictures of tool care
- Mentor Pre-Technical Studies Grade 8 pg. 96
- Manila papers
- Markers and colors
- Pictures of cutting tools
- Reference materials

- Observation - Oral questions - Written assignments

Tools and Production

Computer Software - Meaning and examples of computer software

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Define the term computer software
- Give examples of computer software
- Appreciate the role of software in computers

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Study pictures of different computer hardware performing tasks
- Identify activities taking place in each picture
- Brainstorm on the meaning of 'computer software'
- Use digital or printed resources to search for meaning and examples of computer software
- Learn about word processors, spreadsheets, presentation and desktop publishing

What is computer software and why is it important?

- Mentor Pre-Technical Studies Grade 8 pg. 97
- Digital devices (computers, tablets)
- Pictures showing software use
- Internet access
- Reference books

- Observation - Oral questions - Written notes

Tools and Production

Computer Software - Categories of computer software

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify categories of computer software
- Distinguish between system software and application software
- Explain the role of operating systems

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Learn about system software and application software
- Discuss system software (operating systems like Microsoft Windows)
- Study application software (word processors, spreadsheets, presentations)
- Understand that system software runs in the background
- Learn that application software is user-oriented

How do system software and application software differ?

- Mentor Pre-Technical Studies Grade 8 pg. 99
- Computers with different software
- Microsoft Windows
- Examples of application software
- Digital devices
- Charts showing software categories

- Observation - Oral questions - Written tests

Tools and Production

Computer Software - Functions of word processors
Computer Software - Using Microsoft Word

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain the functions of word processing software
- Identify Microsoft Word as a word processor
- Use word processors to create documents

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Visit computer laboratory or ICT centre
- Observe how word processors are used
- Learn about creating, saving, formatting, editing and printing documents
- Discuss the five main functions of word processors
- Share findings with classmates

What can we do with word processing software?

- Mentor Pre-Technical Studies Grade 8 pg. 100
- Computer laboratory
- Microsoft Word software
- Digital devices
- Sample documents
- Internet access
- Mentor Pre-Technical Studies Grade 8 pg. 101
- Computers with Microsoft Word
- Printers
- Practice documents
- Step-by-step guides

- Observation - Oral questions - Practical demonstrations

Tools and Production

Computer Software - Functions of presentation software

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain the functions of presentation software
- Identify Microsoft PowerPoint as presentation software
- Create visual presentations for audiences

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Learn about PowerPoint for creating visual presentations
- Discuss functions: creating presentations from templates, adding text, images, art and videos
- Study adding transitions, animations and cinematic motion
- Observe how presentations are used in different settings

What is presentation software used for?

- Mentor Pre-Technical Studies Grade 8 pg. 100
- Microsoft PowerPoint software
- Digital devices
- Sample presentations
- Projector (if available)

- Observation - Oral questions - Written assignments

Tools and Production

Computer Software - Using Microsoft PowerPoint

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Start Microsoft PowerPoint application
- Create a blank presentation
- Add text and new slides to presentations

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Click Start button and select PowerPoint
- Create blank presentation
- Learn about PowerPoint features (title bar, ribbon, thumbnail slides, placeholders)
- Click in title and subtitle placeholders to add text
- Practice adding new slides with different layouts
- Save presentation using "Save As"

How do we create presentations in PowerPoint?

- Mentor Pre-Technical Studies Grade 8 pg. 103
- Computers with Microsoft PowerPoint
- Practice presentation topics
- Step-by-step guides
- Digital devices

- Practical work - Observation - Saved presentations assessment

Tools and Production

Computer Software - Saving and printing PowerPoint presentations

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Save PowerPoint presentations with appropriate names
- Print presentations or selected slides
- Share presentations via email

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Practice saving presentations by clicking File then Save As
- Type presentation name and choose save location
- Learn to print all slides or selected slides
- Adjust print settings before printing
- Practice printing presentations or sharing via email

How do we save and share PowerPoint presentations?

- Mentor Pre-Technical Studies Grade 8 pg. 107
- Computers with PowerPoint
- Printers
- Email access
- Sample presentations
- USB drives for saving

- Practical work - Observation - Peer assessment

Tools and Production

Computer Software - Functions of spreadsheet software
Computer Software - Using Microsoft Excel

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain the functions of spreadsheet software
- Identify Microsoft Excel as spreadsheet software
- Understand how spreadsheets organize data

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Learn about spreadsheets arranged in rows and columns
- Discuss Microsoft Excel functions: creating charts and graphs, searching, sorting and calculating data
- Study data analysis and saving capabilities
- Understand spreadsheet applications in workplaces

What tasks can spreadsheet software perform?

- Mentor Pre-Technical Studies Grade 8 pg. 100
- Microsoft Excel software
- Sample spreadsheets with data
- Charts and graphs examples
- Digital devices
- Mentor Pre-Technical Studies Grade 8 pg. 109
- Computers with Microsoft Excel
- Sample data for entry
- Step-by-step guides
- Practice worksheets

- Observation - Oral questions - Written tests

Tools and Production

Computer Software - Saving and printing Excel worksheets

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Save Excel worksheets with appropriate names
- Print Excel worksheets
- Manage Excel files effectively

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Practice saving worksheets by clicking File then Save As
- Select location and type file name
- Learn to print worksheets with print settings
- Practice creating, saving and printing a class project spreadsheet
- Store printed work in portfolio

How do we save and print Excel worksheets?

- Mentor Pre-Technical Studies Grade 8 pg. 111
- Computers with Excel
- Printers
- Sample worksheets
- USB drives
- Portfolios for storing work

- Practical work - Observation - Saved files assessment

Tools and Production
Entrepreneurship

Computer Software - Importance of application software
Bookkeeping - Meaning of assets, liabilities and capital

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain the importance of application software in workplaces
- Identify benefits of using application software
- Appreciate the role of software in productivity

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Discuss importance in schools, companies, agriculture and sports
- Learn that software creates professional documents and presentations
- Understand software improves creativity and increases productivity
- Debate: "Without computer application software, it would be difficult to perform different tasks in our school"
- Prepare charts showing importance in various workplaces

Why is application software important in different workplaces?

- Mentor Pre-Technical Studies Grade 8 pg. 112
- Manila papers and markers
- Case studies of software use
- Reference materials
- Digital devices
- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 114
- Textbooks
- Internet access

- Observation - Debate participation - Chart assessment - Oral presentations

Entrepreneurship

Bookkeeping - Identifying assets
Bookkeeping - Understanding liabilities and capital
Bookkeeping - Meaning and importance of bookkeeping

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify assets in a business
- Explain how assets produce income
- Appreciate the importance of assets

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Study pictures showing various assets
- Identify assets shown in pictures (machinery, stock, vehicles)
- Discuss how each asset is used to produce income
- Share work with other groups

How do assets help a business generate income?

- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 115
- Pictures of assets
- Charts
- Real business examples
- Digital devices
- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 116
- Case study materials
- Business scenarios
- Reference books
- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 117
- Charts showing bookkeeping importance
- Sample business records

- Practical work - Oral questions - Group discussions

Entrepreneurship

Bookkeeping - Bookkeeping equation (Assets = Capital)
Bookkeeping - Bookkeeping equation (Assets = Capital + Liabilities)
Bookkeeping - Expressing scenarios using bookkeeping equation

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Understand the basic bookkeeping equation
- Calculate assets and capital
- Apply the equation in business scenarios

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Learn that assets equal owner's contribution at business start
- Read statement about Anne's salon business
- Calculate value of assets and capital using equation
- Share findings with class

How do we show the relationship between assets and capital?

- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 118
- Calculators
- Practice worksheets
- Business scenarios
- Charts showing equation
- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 119
- Practice exercises
- Worksheets
- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 120
- Practice tables

- Practical work - Written assignments - Observation

Entrepreneurship

Bookkeeping - Business transactions (Cash and Credit)
Bookkeeping - Types of business transactions

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify parties in business transactions
- Differentiate between cash and credit transactions
- Appreciate different payment methods

In groups, learners are guided to:
- List three items bought in the past
- Identify buyer and seller in transactions
- Read case study about Gesusu Junior School
- Discuss how headteacher paid for desks
- Explain differences between cash and credit transactions

What is the difference between cash and credit transactions?

- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 121
- Case study materials
- Real transaction examples
- Charts
- Reference materials
- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 122
- School canteen examples
- Transaction scenarios
- Digital devices

- Observation - Oral questions - Written tests

Entrepreneurship

Bookkeeping - Cost, price, profit and loss

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Differentiate between cost and price
- Calculate profit and loss
- Apply calculations in business scenarios

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Study pictures of Benson selling electronics
- Discuss cost versus price in business
- Read statements about transactions at Masomo Bookshop
- Calculate profit or loss from each transaction
- Present findings in table format

How do we determine if a business is making profit or loss?

- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 123
- Pictures of business transactions
- Calculators
- Practice scenarios
- Worksheets

- Practical work - Written assignments - Observation

Entrepreneurship

Bookkeeping - Statement of financial position

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify components of statement of financial position
- Explain how to prepare the statement
- Appreciate importance of financial statements

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Discuss what shows financial position of business
- Identify components of statement
- Study example of Brian Mobile Phones
- Learn structure: Assets = Capital + Liabilities
- Discuss how both sides must balance

What is a statement of financial position?

- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 124
- Sample statements
- Charts
- Business examples
- Reference materials

- Observation - Written tests - Oral questions

Entrepreneurship

Bookkeeping - Preparing statement of financial position
Income and Budgeting - Sources of income for an individual

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Prepare statement of financial position
- List assets and capital with liabilities correctly
- Demonstrate accuracy in preparation

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Study preparation steps from Brian's example
- List assets on left side
- List capital and liabilities on right side
- Ensure both totals are equal
- Complete practice exercise for ABC Groceries
- Submit work for assessment

How do we prepare a statement of financial position?

- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 125
- Practice exercises
- Calculators
- Blank statement templates
- Business data
- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 136
- Charts showing income sources
- Digital devices
- Case study materials
- Reference books

- Practical work - Written assignments - Portfolio assessment

Entrepreneurship

Income and Budgeting - Understanding income sources

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain employment income
- Describe business income
- Identify investment income and other sources

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Study chart showing income sources in detail
- Discuss employment income (salary, wages, allowances)
- Learn about business income (profits from sales)
- Understand investment income (rent, dividends, interest)
- Explore gifts, donations, and government transfers

What are the different categories of income sources?

- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 137
- Income source charts
- Real-life examples
- Digital resources
- Sample income statements

- Written tests - Oral presentations - Group discussions

Entrepreneurship

Income and Budgeting - Importance of budgeting

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Define budget and budgeting
- Explain importance of budgeting
- Value financial planning

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Discuss pocket money and spending plans
- Search for meaning of budget and budgeting
- Read conversation between Mrs Bundi and children
- Discuss how much family earns and spends
- Explain importance of budgeting

Why is it important to make a budget?

- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 138
- Budget examples
- Family scenario materials
- Digital devices
- Reference materials

- Observation - Written assignments - Oral questions

Entrepreneurship

Income and Budgeting - Benefits of budgeting
Income and Budgeting - Ways of spending money wisely

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- List benefits of budgeting
- Explain how budgeting helps in daily life
- Appreciate budget discipline

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Read case study about Maria's income
- Discuss how budgeting helps her
- Learn budgeting helps spend on important things
- Understand budgeting helps track spending
- Learn budgeting helps save money and avoid debt

How does budgeting improve our financial lives?

- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 139
- Case study materials
- Charts showing benefits
- Real-life examples
- Digital resources
- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 140
- Sample posters
- Manila papers
- Markers
- Digital devices
- Display materials

- Written tests - Oral presentations - Group discussions

Entrepreneurship

Income and Budgeting - Preparing a simple budget

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Prepare a personal budget
- List income and expenses
- Include savings in budget

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Discuss what to consider when preparing budget
- Study Rehema's monthly budget example
- Identify income sources and expenses
- Calculate savings target
- Prepare simple budget for Shs 3,000 shopping money
- Present budget for feedback

How do we prepare a personal budget?

- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 141
- Sample budgets
- Budget templates
- Calculators
- Practice scenarios

- Practical work - Written assignments - Peer assessment

Entrepreneurship

Income and Budgeting - Ethical practices in budgeting

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Define ethics and ethical practices
- Identify ethical practices in budgeting
- Value honesty in financial management

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Discuss meaning of ethics
- Brainstorm ethical and unethical practices
- Read case study about Mitundu Self-help Group
- Identify ethical practices (honesty, transparency, fairness)
- Discuss integrity and avoiding bribes

What ethical practices should we follow when budgeting?

- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 142
- Case study materials
- Charts
- Digital devices
- Reference materials

- Observation - Written tests - Oral presentations

Entrepreneurship

Income and Budgeting - Unethical practices to avoid
Income and Budgeting - Importance of financial planning

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify unethical practices in budgeting
- Explain consequences of unethical practices
- Demonstrate commitment to ethical behavior

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Identify unethical practices from case study
- Learn about budgeting beyond means
- Understand dangers of not sticking to budget
- Discuss budgeting from illegal sources
- Learn about saving before spending

What unethical practices should we avoid in budgeting?

- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 143
- Charts showing practices
- Scenarios
- Discussion materials
- Reference books
- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 144
- Case study materials
- Financial planning examples
- Digital devices
- Charts

- Written tests - Group discussions - Observation

Entrepreneurship

Marketing of Goods and Services - Meaning of market and marketing

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Define market and marketing
- Differentiate between market and marketing
- Show interest in learning about marketing

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Discuss scenarios about farmers buying tractors
- Identify who is buying and selling
- Discuss meaning of market
- Explain meaning of marketing
- Present findings to classmates

What is the difference between market and marketing?

- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 147
- Scenarios
- Charts
- Digital devices
- Reference materials

- Observation - Oral questions - Written tests

Entrepreneurship

Marketing of Goods and Services - Understanding marketing process

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain advertising
- Describe selling process
- Understand product delivery

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Learn marketing includes advertising, selling, delivery
- Discuss advertising through TV, radio, internet
- Understand selling as exchange for money
- Learn about delivery of products to customers
- Study examples of each marketing activity

What activities are involved in marketing?

- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 148
- Marketing examples
- Pictures of advertisements
- Digital resources
- Sample marketing materials

- Written tests - Oral presentations - Group discussions

Entrepreneurship

Marketing of Goods and Services - Importance of marketing

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain importance of marketing
- Identify benefits of marketing to business
- Appreciate role of marketing

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Study pictures showing marketing activities
- Discuss poster offering weekend deals
- Analyze delivery services
- Read flashcards on importance of marketing
- Explain how marketing helps business

Why is marketing important to a business?

- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 149
- Pictures and posters
- Flashcards
- Marketing examples
- Digital devices

- Observation - Written assignments - Oral questions

Entrepreneurship

Marketing of Goods and Services - Sources of market information
Marketing of Goods and Services - Analyzing market information sources

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify sources of market information
- Explain how to gather market information
- Value research in marketing

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Read newspaper article about Rita's business
- Identify potential customers from article
- Discuss sources of information about market
- Learn about newspapers, magazines, radio, TV
- Understand surveys and social media as sources

Where can businesses find information about their market?

- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 150
- Newspaper articles
- Digital devices
- Sample surveys
- Social media examples
- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 151
- Internet access
- Textbooks
- Sample market research
- Notebooks

- Written tests - Practical work - Oral presentations

Entrepreneurship

Marketing of Goods and Services - Factors in selecting markets

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify factors for selecting markets
- Explain importance of each factor
- Appreciate market research

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Read case study about Mr Omar's uniform business
- Explore factors considered (demand, purchasing power)
- Discuss market preferences and size
- Learn about competition and infrastructure
- Understand legal requirements

What factors should we consider when selecting a market?

- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 152
- Case study materials
- Charts showing factors
- Business examples
- Digital devices

- Observation - Written tests - Oral presentations

Entrepreneurship

Marketing of Goods and Services - ICT tools for marketing

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify ICT applications for marketing
- Explain how each tool is used
- Select appropriate marketing tools

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Search for ICT applications used in marketing
- Learn about Facebook ads and YouTube advertising
- Study LinkedIn and Instagram for marketing
- Understand TikTok marketing
- Discuss choosing tools based on target customers

What ICT tools can be used to market goods and services?

- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 153
- Digital devices
- Internet access
- Social media examples
- Marketing case studies

- Practical work - Written assignments - Portfolio assessment

Entrepreneurship

Marketing of Goods and Services - Recognizing suitable markets
Distribution of Goods and Services - Meaning and role of intermediaries

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify suitable markets for products
- Match products to appropriate markets
- Demonstrate market selection skills

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Analyze different products and their markets
- Discuss suitability of markets for goods
- Match services to appropriate markets
- Present findings on market selection
- Review market selection criteria

How do we identify suitable markets for different products?

- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 154
- Product samples
- Market analysis charts
- Digital resources
- Case studies
- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 156
- Pictures of distribution
- Charts
- Product examples
- Digital devices

- Written tests - Oral presentations - Practical work

Entrepreneurship

Distribution of Goods and Services - Roles of wholesalers and retailers

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain roles of wholesalers
- Describe functions of retailers
- Appreciate importance of intermediaries

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Search for information on intermediary roles
- Study sticky notes on wholesaler roles
- Learn wholesalers break bulk and transport goods
- Understand retailers offer easy access to goods
- Discuss how retailers advise wholesalers

What roles do wholesalers and retailers play in distribution?

- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 157
- Charts showing roles
- Digital devices
- Case study materials
- Reference books

- Written tests - Oral presentations - Group discussions

Entrepreneurship

Distribution of Goods and Services - Channels for distributing goods

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify different distribution channels
- Explain Channel 1 (direct distribution)
- Describe other channels

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Search for video clips on distribution channels
- Study chart showing different channels
- Learn Channel 1: Producer to Consumer direct
- Understand Channel 2: Producer to Retailer to Consumer
- Study Channel 3 with wholesaler

What are the different channels for distributing goods?

- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 158
- Distribution charts
- Video clips
- Digital devices
- Business examples

- Observation - Written assignments - Practical work

Entrepreneurship

Distribution of Goods and Services - Preparing distribution charts
Distribution of Goods and Services - Case study on distribution

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Prepare charts showing distribution channels
- Illustrate product distribution
- Demonstrate understanding of channels

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Read about Chui Cement, Bahati Dairies, Faulu Flour
- Identify distribution channels for each business
- Prepare charts showing channels
- Illustrate how products move to consumers
- Present charts to class

How do different businesses distribute their products?

- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 159
- Manila papers
- Markers
- Business case studies
- Chart examples
- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 160
- Case study materials
- Charts
- Product samples
- Digital resources

- Chart assessment - Practical work - Oral presentations

Entrepreneurship

Distribution of Goods and Services - Ethics in distribution
Distribution of Goods and Services - Importance of distribution in community

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify ethical practices in distribution
- Explain unethical practices to avoid
- Value ethical business conduct

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Debate on ethical practices statement
- Study diagram on ethics in distribution
- Identify ethical practices (honesty, quality goods, legal compliance)
- Learn about keeping customer information private
- Discuss avoiding discrimination and corruption

What ethical practices should be followed in distribution?

- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 161
- Debate guidelines
- Ethics diagrams
- Case studies
- Reference materials
- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 162
- Case study materials
- Community examples
- Charts
- Digital devices

- Debate participation - Written tests - Observation