Tools and Production

Computer Software - Meaning and examples of computer software

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Define the term computer software
- Give examples of computer software
- Appreciate the role of software in computers

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Study pictures of different computer hardware performing tasks
- Identify activities taking place in each picture
- Brainstorm on the meaning of 'computer software'
- Use digital or printed resources to search for meaning and examples of computer software
- Learn about word processors, spreadsheets, presentation and desktop publishing

What is computer software and why is it important?

- Mentor Pre-Technical Studies Grade 8 pg. 97
- Digital devices (computers, tablets)
- Pictures showing software use
- Internet access
- Reference books

- Observation - Oral questions - Written notes

Tools and Production

Computer Software - Categories of computer software
Computer Software - Functions of word processors

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify categories of computer software
- Distinguish between system software and application software
- Explain the role of operating systems

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Learn about system software and application software
- Discuss system software (operating systems like Microsoft Windows)
- Study application software (word processors, spreadsheets, presentations)
- Understand that system software runs in the background
- Learn that application software is user-oriented

How do system software and application software differ?

- Mentor Pre-Technical Studies Grade 8 pg. 99
- Computers with different software
- Microsoft Windows
- Examples of application software
- Digital devices
- Charts showing software categories
- Mentor Pre-Technical Studies Grade 8 pg. 100
- Computer laboratory
- Microsoft Word software
- Sample documents
- Internet access

- Observation - Oral questions - Written tests

Tools and Production

Computer Software - Using Microsoft Word
Computer Software - Functions of presentation software

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Start Microsoft Word application
- Create a new Word document
- Save and print Word documents

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Click Start button and select Microsoft Word
- Create a blank document
- Learn about Word window features (title bar, ribbon, status bar, quick access toolbar)
- Type text about computer software
- Practice saving document using "Save As"
- Learn to print documents

How do we create and save documents in Microsoft Word?

- Mentor Pre-Technical Studies Grade 8 pg. 101
- Computers with Microsoft Word
- Printers
- Practice documents
- Step-by-step guides
- Mentor Pre-Technical Studies Grade 8 pg. 100
- Microsoft PowerPoint software
- Digital devices
- Sample presentations
- Projector (if available)

- Practical work - Observation - Saved documents assessment

Tools and Production

Computer Software - Using Microsoft PowerPoint
Computer Software - Saving and printing PowerPoint presentations

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Start Microsoft PowerPoint application
- Create a blank presentation
- Add text and new slides to presentations

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Click Start button and select PowerPoint
- Create blank presentation
- Learn about PowerPoint features (title bar, ribbon, thumbnail slides, placeholders)
- Click in title and subtitle placeholders to add text
- Practice adding new slides with different layouts
- Save presentation using "Save As"

How do we create presentations in PowerPoint?

- Mentor Pre-Technical Studies Grade 8 pg. 103
- Computers with Microsoft PowerPoint
- Practice presentation topics
- Step-by-step guides
- Digital devices
- Mentor Pre-Technical Studies Grade 8 pg. 107
- Computers with PowerPoint
- Printers
- Email access
- Sample presentations
- USB drives for saving

- Practical work - Observation - Saved presentations assessment

Tools and Production

Computer Software - Functions of spreadsheet software
Computer Software - Using Microsoft Excel

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain the functions of spreadsheet software
- Identify Microsoft Excel as spreadsheet software
- Understand how spreadsheets organize data

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Learn about spreadsheets arranged in rows and columns
- Discuss Microsoft Excel functions: creating charts and graphs, searching, sorting and calculating data
- Study data analysis and saving capabilities
- Understand spreadsheet applications in workplaces

What tasks can spreadsheet software perform?

- Mentor Pre-Technical Studies Grade 8 pg. 100
- Microsoft Excel software
- Sample spreadsheets with data
- Charts and graphs examples
- Digital devices
- Mentor Pre-Technical Studies Grade 8 pg. 109
- Computers with Microsoft Excel
- Sample data for entry
- Step-by-step guides
- Practice worksheets

- Observation - Oral questions - Written tests

Tools and Production
Entrepreneurship

Computer Software - Saving and printing Excel worksheets
Computer Software - Importance of application software
Bookkeeping - Meaning of assets, liabilities and capital

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Save Excel worksheets with appropriate names
- Print Excel worksheets
- Manage Excel files effectively

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Practice saving worksheets by clicking File then Save As
- Select location and type file name
- Learn to print worksheets with print settings
- Practice creating, saving and printing a class project spreadsheet
- Store printed work in portfolio

How do we save and print Excel worksheets?

- Mentor Pre-Technical Studies Grade 8 pg. 111
- Computers with Excel
- Printers
- Sample worksheets
- USB drives
- Portfolios for storing work
- Mentor Pre-Technical Studies Grade 8 pg. 112
- Manila papers and markers
- Case studies of software use
- Reference materials
- Digital devices
- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 114
- Textbooks
- Internet access

- Practical work - Observation - Saved files assessment

Entrepreneurship

Bookkeeping - Identifying assets
Bookkeeping - Understanding liabilities and capital
Bookkeeping - Meaning and importance of bookkeeping
Bookkeeping - Bookkeeping equation (Assets = Capital)

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify assets in a business
- Explain how assets produce income
- Appreciate the importance of assets

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Study pictures showing various assets
- Identify assets shown in pictures (machinery, stock, vehicles)
- Discuss how each asset is used to produce income
- Share work with other groups

How do assets help a business generate income?

- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 115
- Pictures of assets
- Charts
- Real business examples
- Digital devices
- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 116
- Case study materials
- Business scenarios
- Reference books
- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 117
- Charts showing bookkeeping importance
- Sample business records
- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 118
- Calculators
- Practice worksheets
- Charts showing equation

- Practical work - Oral questions - Group discussions

Entrepreneurship

Bookkeeping - Bookkeeping equation (Assets = Capital + Liabilities)
Bookkeeping - Expressing scenarios using bookkeeping equation
Bookkeeping - Business transactions (Cash and Credit)
Bookkeeping - Types of business transactions

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Apply full bookkeeping equation
- Calculate assets, capital and liabilities
- Solve bookkeeping equation problems

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Learn expanded equation: Assets = Capital + Liabilities
- Read scenarios involving loans and debts
- Calculate value of liabilities in examples
- Complete practice exercises
- Share findings with class

How do liabilities affect the bookkeeping equation?

- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 119
- Calculators
- Practice exercises
- Business scenarios
- Worksheets
- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 120
- Practice tables
- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 121
- Case study materials
- Real transaction examples
- Charts
- Reference materials
- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 122
- School canteen examples
- Transaction scenarios
- Digital devices

- Written tests - Practical work - Oral questions

Entrepreneurship

Bookkeeping - Cost, price, profit and loss
Bookkeeping - Statement of financial position

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Differentiate between cost and price
- Calculate profit and loss
- Apply calculations in business scenarios

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Study pictures of Benson selling electronics
- Discuss cost versus price in business
- Read statements about transactions at Masomo Bookshop
- Calculate profit or loss from each transaction
- Present findings in table format

How do we determine if a business is making profit or loss?

- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 123
- Pictures of business transactions
- Calculators
- Practice scenarios
- Worksheets
- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 124
- Sample statements
- Charts
- Business examples
- Reference materials

- Practical work - Written assignments - Observation

Entrepreneurship

Bookkeeping - Preparing statement of financial position
Income and Budgeting - Sources of income for an individual

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Prepare statement of financial position
- List assets and capital with liabilities correctly
- Demonstrate accuracy in preparation

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Study preparation steps from Brian's example
- List assets on left side
- List capital and liabilities on right side
- Ensure both totals are equal
- Complete practice exercise for ABC Groceries
- Submit work for assessment

How do we prepare a statement of financial position?

- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 125
- Practice exercises
- Calculators
- Blank statement templates
- Business data
- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 136
- Charts showing income sources
- Digital devices
- Case study materials
- Reference books

- Practical work - Written assignments - Portfolio assessment

Entrepreneurship

Income and Budgeting - Understanding income sources
Income and Budgeting - Importance of budgeting

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain employment income
- Describe business income
- Identify investment income and other sources

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Study chart showing income sources in detail
- Discuss employment income (salary, wages, allowances)
- Learn about business income (profits from sales)
- Understand investment income (rent, dividends, interest)
- Explore gifts, donations, and government transfers

What are the different categories of income sources?

- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 137
- Income source charts
- Real-life examples
- Digital resources
- Sample income statements
- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 138
- Budget examples
- Family scenario materials
- Digital devices
- Reference materials

- Written tests - Oral presentations - Group discussions

Entrepreneurship

Income and Budgeting - Benefits of budgeting
Income and Budgeting - Ways of spending money wisely

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- List benefits of budgeting
- Explain how budgeting helps in daily life
- Appreciate budget discipline

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Read case study about Maria's income
- Discuss how budgeting helps her
- Learn budgeting helps spend on important things
- Understand budgeting helps track spending
- Learn budgeting helps save money and avoid debt

How does budgeting improve our financial lives?

- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 139
- Case study materials
- Charts showing benefits
- Real-life examples
- Digital resources
- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 140
- Sample posters
- Manila papers
- Markers
- Digital devices
- Display materials

- Written tests - Oral presentations - Group discussions

Entrepreneurship

Income and Budgeting - Preparing a simple budget
Income and Budgeting - Ethical practices in budgeting
Income and Budgeting - Unethical practices to avoid

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Prepare a personal budget
- List income and expenses
- Include savings in budget

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Discuss what to consider when preparing budget
- Study Rehema's monthly budget example
- Identify income sources and expenses
- Calculate savings target
- Prepare simple budget for Shs 3,000 shopping money
- Present budget for feedback

How do we prepare a personal budget?

- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 141
- Sample budgets
- Budget templates
- Calculators
- Practice scenarios
- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 142
- Case study materials
- Charts
- Digital devices
- Reference materials
- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 143
- Charts showing practices
- Scenarios
- Discussion materials
- Reference books

- Practical work - Written assignments - Peer assessment

Entrepreneurship

Income and Budgeting - Importance of financial planning
Marketing of Goods and Services - Meaning of market and marketing

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain financial planning
- Describe importance of financial planning
- Practice financial goal setting

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Read story about Edwin buying bicycle
- Discuss how financial planning helped Edwin
- Discuss importance of financial planning
- Learn financial planning helps achieve goals
- Understand planning helps manage income effectively

Why is financial planning important in income management?

- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 144
- Case study materials
- Financial planning examples
- Digital devices
- Charts
- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 147
- Scenarios
- Reference materials

- Observation - Oral questions - Written reports

Entrepreneurship

Marketing of Goods and Services - Understanding marketing process
Marketing of Goods and Services - Importance of marketing

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain advertising
- Describe selling process
- Understand product delivery

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Learn marketing includes advertising, selling, delivery
- Discuss advertising through TV, radio, internet
- Understand selling as exchange for money
- Learn about delivery of products to customers
- Study examples of each marketing activity

What activities are involved in marketing?

- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 148
- Marketing examples
- Pictures of advertisements
- Digital resources
- Sample marketing materials
- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 149
- Pictures and posters
- Flashcards
- Digital devices

- Written tests - Oral presentations - Group discussions

Entrepreneurship

Marketing of Goods and Services - Sources of market information
Marketing of Goods and Services - Analyzing market information sources

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify sources of market information
- Explain how to gather market information
- Value research in marketing

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Read newspaper article about Rita's business
- Identify potential customers from article
- Discuss sources of information about market
- Learn about newspapers, magazines, radio, TV
- Understand surveys and social media as sources

Where can businesses find information about their market?

- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 150
- Newspaper articles
- Digital devices
- Sample surveys
- Social media examples
- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 151
- Internet access
- Textbooks
- Sample market research
- Notebooks

- Written tests - Practical work - Oral presentations

Entrepreneurship

Marketing of Goods and Services - Factors in selecting markets
Marketing of Goods and Services - ICT tools for marketing

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify factors for selecting markets
- Explain importance of each factor
- Appreciate market research

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Read case study about Mr Omar's uniform business
- Explore factors considered (demand, purchasing power)
- Discuss market preferences and size
- Learn about competition and infrastructure
- Understand legal requirements

What factors should we consider when selecting a market?

- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 152
- Case study materials
- Charts showing factors
- Business examples
- Digital devices
- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 153
- Internet access
- Social media examples
- Marketing case studies

- Observation - Written tests - Oral presentations

Entrepreneurship

Marketing of Goods and Services - Recognizing suitable markets
Distribution of Goods and Services - Meaning and role of intermediaries

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify suitable markets for products
- Match products to appropriate markets
- Demonstrate market selection skills

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Analyze different products and their markets
- Discuss suitability of markets for goods
- Match services to appropriate markets
- Present findings on market selection
- Review market selection criteria

How do we identify suitable markets for different products?

- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 154
- Product samples
- Market analysis charts
- Digital resources
- Case studies
- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 156
- Pictures of distribution
- Charts
- Product examples
- Digital devices

- Written tests - Oral presentations - Practical work

Entrepreneurship

Distribution of Goods and Services - Roles of wholesalers and retailers
Distribution of Goods and Services - Channels for distributing goods

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain roles of wholesalers
- Describe functions of retailers
- Appreciate importance of intermediaries

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Search for information on intermediary roles
- Study sticky notes on wholesaler roles
- Learn wholesalers break bulk and transport goods
- Understand retailers offer easy access to goods
- Discuss how retailers advise wholesalers

What roles do wholesalers and retailers play in distribution?

- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 157
- Charts showing roles
- Digital devices
- Case study materials
- Reference books
- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 158
- Distribution charts
- Video clips
- Business examples

- Written tests - Oral presentations - Group discussions

Entrepreneurship

Distribution of Goods and Services - Preparing distribution charts
Distribution of Goods and Services - Case study on distribution

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Prepare charts showing distribution channels
- Illustrate product distribution
- Demonstrate understanding of channels

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Read about Chui Cement, Bahati Dairies, Faulu Flour
- Identify distribution channels for each business
- Prepare charts showing channels
- Illustrate how products move to consumers
- Present charts to class

How do different businesses distribute their products?

- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 159
- Manila papers
- Markers
- Business case studies
- Chart examples
- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 160
- Case study materials
- Charts
- Product samples
- Digital resources

- Chart assessment - Practical work - Oral presentations

Entrepreneurship

Distribution of Goods and Services - Ethics in distribution
Distribution of Goods and Services - Importance of distribution in community

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify ethical practices in distribution
- Explain unethical practices to avoid
- Value ethical business conduct

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Debate on ethical practices statement
- Study diagram on ethics in distribution
- Identify ethical practices (honesty, quality goods, legal compliance)
- Learn about keeping customer information private
- Discuss avoiding discrimination and corruption

What ethical practices should be followed in distribution?

- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 161
- Debate guidelines
- Ethics diagrams
- Case studies
- Reference materials
- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 162
- Case study materials
- Community examples
- Charts
- Digital devices

- Debate participation - Written tests - Observation