Themes in African History and Citizenship

Contributions of early civilisations - Governance, trade and cultural heritage

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Document the contributions of early civilisations to governance, trade and cultural heritage
- Explain how traditional governance systems influenced modern political structures
- Value the preservation of indigenous knowledge by visiting or learning about local cultural sites

In groups, learners are guided to:

- Participate in class activities showing contributions of early civilisations
- Write journals documenting contributions
- Share findings with family members

Why is it important to preserve and learn from the achievements of early African civilisations?

- Oxford Evolving World Bk 10 pg. 87
- Journals
- Reference materials
- Cultural artefacts

- Journal assessment - Reflective writing - Oral questions

Themes in African History and Citizenship

Berlin Conference - Significance in the scramble for Africa
Colonisation of Africa - Economic, political and strategic reasons

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Discuss the significance of the Berlin Conference in relation to scramble for and partition of Africa
- Explain the terms agreed upon by European nations during the conference
- Relate the arbitrary drawing of colonial boundaries to current border disputes between African nations

In groups, learners are guided to:

- Research on the significance of the Berlin Conference
- Discuss the terms agreed upon by European powers
- Draw charts showing outcomes of the conference

How did the Berlin Conference shape the colonisation of Africa?

- Oxford Evolving World Bk 10 pg. 89
- Maps showing partition of Africa
- Digital devices
- Historical documents
- Oxford Evolving World Bk 10 pg. 92
- Charts
- Reference books
- Digital resources

- Written tests - Oral questions - Group discussions

Themes in African History and Citizenship

Key players who determined the colonisation of Africa
African leaders and their responses to colonisation

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Evaluate how key players contributed to the colonisation of Africa
- Identify the roles of European monarchs, explorers, missionaries and chartered companies
- Analyse how the actions of historical figures like Cecil Rhodes continue to influence land ownership patterns in Southern Africa

In groups, learners are guided to:

- Engage with a resource person to identify key players in colonisation
- Research on the roles of missionaries, explorers, European powers and trading companies
- Match key players with their roles in colonisation

How did different actors contribute to the colonisation of Africa?

- Oxford Evolving World Bk 10 pg. 93
- Pictures of key figures
- Resource persons
- Reference materials
- Oxford Evolving World Bk 10 pg. 94
- Historical accounts
- Pictures of African leaders
- Reference books

- Matching exercises - Oral questions - Written tests

Themes in African History and Citizenship

Why the end of colonisation was necessary
End of colonisation - Promoting national pride and self-determination
Modern nationalism - Factors that have influenced nationalism in Africa

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Justify why the end of colonisation in Africa was necessary
- Explain the negative impacts of colonial rule on African societies
- Connect the struggles for independence to ongoing efforts to achieve economic self-determination in African countries

In groups, learners are guided to:

- Read articles on the negative impacts of colonisation
- Discuss factors that contributed to decolonisation
- Debate on whether colonialism needed to end for Africa to prosper

Why was the end of colonial rule necessary for African development?

- Oxford Evolving World Bk 10 pg. 95
- Newspaper articles
- Historical documents
- Digital resources
- Oxford Evolving World Bk 10 pg. 96
- Creative writing materials
- Song/poem collections
- Reference materials
- Oxford Evolving World Bk 10 pg. 98
- Digital devices
- Newspapers
- Reference books

- Debate performance - Written essays - Oral questions

Themes in African History and Citizenship

Key nationalist leaders - Lessons from Thomas Sankara
Key nationalist leaders - Lessons from Desmond Tutu

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Draw lessons from Thomas Sankara's contributions to nationalism in Africa
- Explain Sankara's policies on self-reliance, gender equality and environmental conservation
- Apply Sankara's principles of self-reliance by supporting locally made products in daily purchases

In groups, learners are guided to:

- Read newsletters/articles on Thomas Sankara's contributions
- Discuss lessons on nationalism from Sankara
- Write summaries highlighting key lessons

What lessons can we learn from Thomas Sankara's approach to nationalism?

- Oxford Evolving World Bk 10 pg. 100
- Newsletters
- Pictures of Thomas Sankara
- Reference materials
- Oxford Evolving World Bk 10 pg. 101
- Digital devices
- Pictures of Desmond Tutu
- Reference books

- Written summaries - Oral questions - Peer assessment

Themes in African History and Citizenship

Key nationalist leaders - Lessons from Julius Nyerere
Key nationalist leaders - Lessons from Anwar Sadat

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Draw lessons from Julius Nyerere's contributions to Pan-Africanism and Ujamaa philosophy
- Explain how Nyerere promoted self-reliance, education and national unity
- Connect Nyerere's Ujamaa principles of communal living to modern cooperative societies and community development initiatives

In groups, learners are guided to:

- Read speech excerpts from Julius Nyerere
- Discuss his contributions to nationalism and Pan-Africanism
- Write key points on Ujamaa and self-reliance

What values did Julius Nyerere promote for national development?

- Oxford Evolving World Bk 10 pg. 102
- Speech excerpts
- Pictures of Julius Nyerere
- Reference materials
- Oxford Evolving World Bk 10 pg. 103
- Digital devices
- Pictures of Anwar Sadat
- Reference books

- Comprehension assessment - Oral questions - Written assignments

Themes in African History and Citizenship

Best practices adopted by African nations to strengthen nationalism
Modern nationalism - Practical application and demonstration
Global wars - Overview of World War I and World War II

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Exemplify best practices adopted by African nations to strengthen modern nationalism
- Explain how language promotion, inclusive governance and cultural preservation foster unity
- Participate actively in national celebrations like Jamhuri Day with awareness of their role in building national unity

In groups, learners are guided to:

- Read case studies on best practices in strengthening nationalism
- Engage resource persons to discuss practices
- Develop charts/posters showing best practices
- Document practices within school environment

Which practices have African nations adopted to promote national unity and pride?

- Oxford Evolving World Bk 10 pg. 104
- Case studies
- Charts/posters
- Resource persons
- Oxford Evolving World Bk 10 pg. 105
- Video recording devices
- AU anthem lyrics
- Reference materials
- Oxford Evolving World Bk 10 pg. 107
- Digital devices
- Maps showing war zones
- Reference books

- Case study analysis - Project assessment - Oral presentations

Themes in African History and Citizenship

World Wars - Social, economic and political impact on Africa
Cold War - Causes, characteristics and impact on Africa

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Analyse the social, economic and political impacts of World Wars on Africa
- Explain how African involvement in the wars contributed to independence movements
- Connect the political awareness gained by African soldiers to the emergence of freedom fighters in Kenya's independence struggle

In groups, learners are guided to:

- Discuss how Africans served in the wars as soldiers, porters and labourers
- Analyse the impacts on African resources and economies
- Present findings in class

How did World War I and II impact African societies and independence movements?

- Oxford Evolving World Bk 10 pg. 108
- Historical accounts
- Pictures of African soldiers
- Reference materials
- Oxford Evolving World Bk 10 pg. 109
- Research forms
- Digital devices
- Reference books

- Analysis assessment - Written tests - Oral presentations

Themes in African History and Citizenship

Gulf War - Impact on Africa
Russia-Ukraine War - Current impact on Africa

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Examine how the Gulf War affected African economies and politics
- Explain the causes, participants and outcomes of the Gulf War
- Relate the economic disruptions caused by the Gulf War to current fuel price fluctuations and their impact on daily life

In groups, learners are guided to:

- Read newspaper headlines about the Gulf War
- Discuss economic and political impacts on Africa
- Present findings in class

How did the Gulf War affect African nations economically and politically?

- Oxford Evolving World Bk 10 pg. 110
- Newspaper excerpts
- Digital devices
- Reference materials
- Oxford Evolving World Bk 10 pg. 112
- Newspaper articles
- Social media content
- Digital devices

- Comprehension assessment - Oral questions - Written tests

Themes in African History and Citizenship

Application of lessons learnt from global wars to build a better society
Strategies to safeguard African states from negative impacts of global wars

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Apply lessons learnt from global wars to build a better society
- Explain the importance of peaceful conflict resolution and international cooperation
- Apply conflict resolution skills learnt from global war lessons to peacefully resolve disputes in school or at home

In groups, learners are guided to:

- Discuss lessons learnt from global wars
- Identify common disputes in school and suggest resolutions
- Design school peace charters

What lessons from global wars can help us build a more peaceful society?

- Oxford Evolving World Bk 10 pg. 114
- Charts for peace charters
- Reference materials
- Creative writing materials
- Oxford Evolving World Bk 10 pg. 116
- UN and AU documents
- Digital devices
- Reference books

- Peace charter assessment - Group discussions - Oral questions

Themes in African History and Citizenship
Themes in World History and Citizenship
Themes in World History and Citizenship

Advocating for a world free of war
Modern slavery and servitude - Understanding slavery and servitude
Modern slavery and servitude - Forms of modern slavery

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Advocate for a world free of war to achieve sustainable peace
- Compose songs, poems or messages promoting peace
- Create and share peace messages on school noticeboards or social media to promote awareness in the community

In groups, learners are guided to:

- Develop posters with messages promoting peace
- Display posters in public places
- Share peace messages on social media platforms

How can we contribute to building a world free of war?

- Oxford Evolving World Bk 10 pg. 119
- Poster-making materials
- Digital devices
- Creative writing materials
- Oxford Evolving World Bk 10 pg. 136
- Digital resources
- Reference books
- Oxford Evolving World Bk 10 pg. 137
- Library resources

- Poster assessment - Peer review - Creative work evaluation

Themes in World History and Citizenship

Modern slavery and servitude - Factors causing slavery and servitude
Modern slavery and servitude - Government and civil society collaboration

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify factors that lead to slavery and servitude in the modern world
- Analyse how poverty, conflict, corruption and lack of awareness contribute to exploitation
- Discuss how addressing poverty in communities can prevent exploitation

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Use digital devices to search or watch on factors that lead to slavery and servitude
- Discuss in groups factors such as poverty, economic inequality, displacement, conflicts and lack of awareness
- Present findings in class

What factors lead to slavery and servitude in the modern world?

- Oxford Evolving World Bk 10 pg. 138
- Digital resources
- Documentaries
- Oxford Evolving World Bk 10 pg. 139
- Resource persons
- Digital resources

- Oral questions - Written assignments - Group discussions

Themes in World History and Citizenship

Modern slavery and servitude - Roles of abolitionists
Modern slavery and servitude - Abolitionist movements

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify key abolitionists and their contributions
- Explain the roles of Olaudah Equiano, William Wilberforce, Granville Sharp, Frederick Douglass and Harriet Tubman
- Draw inspiration from abolitionists to stand against injustice in daily life

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Use charts/posters to present information on the roles of abolitionists
- Discuss contributions of Olaudah Equiano, William Wilberforce, Thomas Clarkson, Granville Sharp, Frederick Douglass and Harriet Tubman
- Exchange views on their impact

What roles did abolitionists play in ending slavery?

- Oxford Evolving World Bk 10 pg. 141
- Charts and posters
- Digital resources
- Oxford Evolving World Bk 10 pg. 142
- Debate materials
- Creative writing materials

- Oral questions - Written assignments - Chart creation

Themes in World History and Citizenship

Global governance - Meaning and guiding principles
Global governance - Addressing transnational challenges
Global governance - Solutions to transnational challenges

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Define global governance
- Explain the guiding principles of global governance (sovereignty, equality, cooperation, rule of law)
- Apply principles of cooperation and equality in group work and school activities

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Research using print and non-print sources on the guiding principles of global governance
- Discuss sovereignty, equality, cooperation and rule of law
- Role play to demonstrate guiding principles of global governance

What are the guiding principles of global governance?

- Oxford Evolving World Bk 10 pg. 145
- Digital resources
- Reference books
- Oxford Evolving World Bk 10 pg. 148
- Charts and posters
- Case studies
- Oxford Evolving World Bk 10 pg. 150
- Charts
- Digital resources

- Oral questions - Written tests - Role play assessment

Themes in World History and Citizenship

Global governance - Key areas for global stability
Global governance - Role of the United Nations

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify key areas of global governance that ensure stability in global trends
- Explain the role of climate change protection, health governance and peace and security
- Create slogans promoting environmental protection and peace for school displays

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Use digital or print media to research on key areas in global governance
- Discuss climate change and environmental protection, health governance, peace and security
- Prepare slogans on key areas of global governance and display

What key areas of global governance help ensure stability in global trends?

- Oxford Evolving World Bk 10 pg. 151
- Digital resources
- Slogan materials
- Oxford Evolving World Bk 10 pg. 153
- Documentaries
- Digital resources

- Oral questions - Slogan creation - Group presentations

Themes in World History and Citizenship

Global governance - Role of the African Union
Global governance - Emerging issues and opportunities

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe the structure of the African Union
- Explain the roles of AU organs in promoting peace, development and human rights
- Discuss how AU decisions affect Kenya and everyday life

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Research on the African Union structure and roles
- Discuss the Assembly, Executive Council, Pan-African Parliament, AU Commission and Peace and Security Council
- Draw the structure of the African Union

What is the role of the African Union in global governance?

- Oxford Evolving World Bk 10 pg. 154
- Digital resources
- Charts
- Oxford Evolving World Bk 10 pg. 156
- Resource persons
- Creative writing materials

- Oral questions - Written tests - Diagram creation

Themes in World History and Citizenship

First Generation Industrial Revolution - Characteristics and factors in Britain
First Generation Industrial Revolution - Comparison of factors in Britain and USA
First Generation Industrial Revolution - Early inventions and machines

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Define industrial revolution
- Explain factors that led to the First Generation Industrial Revolution in Britain
- Connect industrial revolution innovations to modern manufacturing processes observed locally

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Brainstorm on the characteristics of industrial revolution
- Discuss factors that led to the 1st Generation of Industrial Revolution in Britain
- Research using digital or print media on causes of industrial revolution

What factors led to the First Generation Industrial Revolution in Britain?

- Oxford Evolving World Bk 10 pg. 160
- Digital resources
- Reference books
- Oxford Evolving World Bk 10 pg. 161
- Charts
- Digital resources
- Oxford Evolving World Bk 10 pg. 163

- Oral questions - Written assignments - Group discussions

Themes in World History and Citizenship

First Generation Industrial Revolution - Economic impact on Africa
First Generation Industrial Revolution - Social and political impact on Africa

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain economic impacts of the 1st Generation Industrial Revolution on Africa
- Analyse how industrialization led to resource extraction and exploitation
- Connect historical economic exploitation to current discussions on fair trade

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Use digital or print media to research on economic impacts of the 1st Generation of Industrial Revolution on Africa
- Discuss demand for raw materials, introduction of cash crops and disruption of traditional economies
- Present findings in class

What were the economic impacts of the Industrial Revolution on Africa?

- Oxford Evolving World Bk 10 pg. 166
- Digital resources
- Reference books
- Documentaries
- Digital resources

- Written tests - Oral questions - Group presentations

Themes in World History and Citizenship
Themes in Contemporary History and Citizenship

First Generation Industrial Revolution - Measures to address impact on Africa
First Generation Industrial Revolution - Recognizing African responses and resilience
National activities that promote peace in Kenya

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify measures taken to address the impact of the 1st Generation Industrial Revolution on Africa
- Explain decolonization, economic reforms and environmental restoration efforts
- Discuss ongoing efforts to address historical injustices in local and national contexts

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Watch a video clip or documentary on measures taken to address the impact
- Discuss decolonization, economic policies, labour reforms and environmental initiatives
- Discuss in class the effectiveness of these measures

What measures have been taken to address the impact of the Industrial Revolution on Africa?

- Oxford Evolving World Bk 10 pg. 168
- Documentaries
- Charts
- Oxford Evolving World Bk 10 pg. 169
- Creative writing materials
- Performance space
- Oxford Evolving World Bk 10 pg. 171
- Pictures of peace activities
- Digital devices
- Charts/posters

- Written tests - Oral questions - Group discussions

Themes in Contemporary History and Citizenship

Ways in which the Constitution of Kenya, 2010 prevents conflicts between National and County Governments
Ways in which the Constitution prevents conflicts between organs of government and citizens
Incidences where the Constitution has been applied to foster peace and curb conflicts
Alternative Dispute Resolution mechanisms in peace-building
Role playing situations showing how to uphold peace and curb conflicts

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Examine ways in which the Constitution of Kenya, 2010 strives to prevent conflicts between National and County Governments
- Explain constitutional provisions for intergovernmental relations and dispute resolution
- Follow news on Senate mediation processes to understand how constitutional mechanisms work in practice

In groups, learners are guided to:

- Engage a resource person/watch a documentary on constitutional conflict prevention mechanisms
- Discuss Articles 189 and 190 on intergovernmental relations
- Write summary points on constitutional provisions

How does the Constitution of Kenya, 2010 help prevent conflicts between different levels of government?

- Oxford Evolving World Bk 10 pg. 173
- Constitution of Kenya, 2010
- Documentaries
- Resource persons
- Oxford Evolving World Bk 10 pg. 175
- Pictures
- Reference materials
- Oxford Evolving World Bk 10 pg. 177
- Case studies
- Charts/posters
- Digital resources
- Oxford Evolving World Bk 10 pg. 178
- Resource persons
- Reference materials
- Digital devices
- Oxford Evolving World Bk 10 pg. 179
- Role play materials
- Charts

- Written tests - Oral questions - Observation

Themes in Contemporary History and Citizenship

Major historical milestones in the history of communication and technology
Factors that led to evolution of communication and technology up to 20th century
Impact of evolution of communication and technology in developed nations

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain the major historical milestones in the history of communication and technology
- Trace communication developments from prehistoric times to the digital age
- Compare communication tools used by grandparents with current smartphones and social media platforms

In groups, learners are guided to:

- Use digital or print resources to trace major milestones in communication history
- Identify means of communication from different eras
- Draw charts showing communication developments across periods

How has communication technology evolved from ancient times to the present?

- Oxford Evolving World Bk 10 pg. 180
- Pictures of communication tools
- Digital devices
- Charts
- Oxford Evolving World Bk 10 pg. 183
- Resource persons
- Charts
- Reference materials
- Oxford Evolving World Bk 10 pg. 184
- Case studies
- Reference books

- Chart assessment - Oral questions - Written assignments

Themes in Contemporary History and Citizenship

Impact of evolution of communication and technology in developing nations
Challenges that faced the evolution of communication and technology
Solutions to challenges facing evolution of communication and technology

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Evaluate the impact of evolution of communication and technology in developing nations up to 20th century
- Analyse how mobile phones and M-Pesa transformed Kenya's economy and society
- Use mobile money services like M-Pesa with awareness of how this innovation has transformed financial access in Kenya

In groups, learners are guided to:

- Read case studies on mobile phones and change in Kenya
- Compare communication technology impacts between developed and developing nations
- Discuss unique impacts on developing countries

How has communication technology uniquely impacted developing nations like Kenya?

- Oxford Evolving World Bk 10 pg. 185
- Case studies
- Digital devices
- Reference materials
- Oxford Evolving World Bk 10 pg. 187
- Charts
- Reference books
- Oxford Evolving World Bk 10 pg. 188
- Charts/posters
- Creative materials
- Digital devices

- Comparative analysis - Oral presentations - Written assignments

Themes in Contemporary History and Citizenship

Promoting responsible digital citizenship
Factors that promote equity and non-discrimination in society

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Design messages on the impact of communication technology and responsible digital citizenship
- Explain behaviours expected of responsible digital citizens
- Apply digital etiquette in online interactions by respecting others' privacy and avoiding cyberbullying

In groups, learners are guided to:

- Make posters showing messages on responsible digital citizenship
- Display posters on school noticeboards
- Organize visits to factories/companies dealing with communication technology

How can we use digital technology responsibly and ethically?

- Oxford Evolving World Bk 10 pg. 189
- Poster-making materials
- Digital devices
- Reference materials
- Oxford Evolving World Bk 10 pg. 190
- Posters
- Pictures
- Digital devices

- Poster assessment - Observation - Oral presentations

Themes in Contemporary History and Citizenship

Historical injustices that promote inequality and discrimination
Measures that promote equity and non-discrimination in society
Government and institutional measures for equity and non-discrimination
Participating in activities that curb inequality and discrimination

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify historical injustices in society that promote inequality and discrimination
- Explain how land dispossession, ethnic discrimination and colonial policies created lasting inequalities
- Understand the experiences of historically marginalized communities in Kenya through documentaries or guest speakers

In groups, learners are guided to:

- Read blog posts/articles on historical injustices
- Use print or digital resources to research on historical injustices
- Prepare reports on findings and share in class

How have historical injustices contributed to current inequalities in society?

- Oxford Evolving World Bk 10 pg. 192
- Blog posts/articles
- Digital devices
- Reference materials
- Oxford Evolving World Bk 10 pg. 194
- Speech excerpts
- Flashcards/charts
- Oxford Evolving World Bk 10 pg. 195
- Government reports
- Reference books
- Oxford Evolving World Bk 10 pg. 196
- Journals
- Activity planning materials

- Report writing - Oral presentations - Written tests