Themes in World History and Citizenship

First Generation Industrial Revolution - Characteristics and factors in Britain

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Define industrial revolution
- Explain factors that led to the First Generation Industrial Revolution in Britain
- Connect industrial revolution innovations to modern manufacturing processes observed locally

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Brainstorm on the characteristics of industrial revolution
- Discuss factors that led to the 1st Generation of Industrial Revolution in Britain
- Research using digital or print media on causes of industrial revolution

What factors led to the First Generation Industrial Revolution in Britain?

- Oxford Evolving World Bk 10 pg. 160
- Digital resources
- Reference books

- Oral questions - Written assignments - Group discussions

Themes in World History and Citizenship

First Generation Industrial Revolution - Characteristics and factors in Britain

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Define industrial revolution
- Explain factors that led to the First Generation Industrial Revolution in Britain
- Connect industrial revolution innovations to modern manufacturing processes observed locally

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Brainstorm on the characteristics of industrial revolution
- Discuss factors that led to the 1st Generation of Industrial Revolution in Britain
- Research using digital or print media on causes of industrial revolution

What factors led to the First Generation Industrial Revolution in Britain?

- Oxford Evolving World Bk 10 pg. 160
- Digital resources
- Reference books

- Oral questions - Written assignments - Group discussions

Themes in World History and Citizenship

First Generation Industrial Revolution - Comparison of factors in Britain and USA

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Compare factors that led to industrial revolution in Britain and USA
- Identify similarities and differences in industrialization processes
- Analyse how different countries can learn from each other's development experiences

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Discuss similarities and differences in factors that led to 1st Generation of Industrial Revolution in Britain and USA
- Summarise key points on charts
- Present findings in class

How did factors leading to industrial revolution compare between Britain and USA?

- Oxford Evolving World Bk 10 pg. 161
- Charts
- Digital resources

- Written tests - Oral questions - Comparative analysis

Themes in World History and Citizenship

First Generation Industrial Revolution - Early inventions and machines

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify early inventions and machines of the 1st Generation Industrial Revolution
- Explain contributions of spinning jenny, flying shuttle, power loom, cotton gin and steam engine
- Trace how early inventions evolved into machines used in modern industries

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Research on contributions of early inventions and machines
- Discuss spinning jenny, flying shuttle, power loom, cotton gin, steam engine and water frame
- Complete charts showing inventions, inventors and their contributions

What were the contributions of early inventions and machines during the Industrial Revolution?

- Oxford Evolving World Bk 10 pg. 163
- Charts
- Digital resources

- Oral questions - Written assignments - Chart completion

Themes in World History and Citizenship

First Generation Industrial Revolution - Early inventions and machines

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify early inventions and machines of the 1st Generation Industrial Revolution
- Explain contributions of spinning jenny, flying shuttle, power loom, cotton gin and steam engine
- Trace how early inventions evolved into machines used in modern industries

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Research on contributions of early inventions and machines
- Discuss spinning jenny, flying shuttle, power loom, cotton gin, steam engine and water frame
- Complete charts showing inventions, inventors and their contributions

What were the contributions of early inventions and machines during the Industrial Revolution?

- Oxford Evolving World Bk 10 pg. 163
- Charts
- Digital resources

- Oral questions - Written assignments - Chart completion

Themes in World History and Citizenship

First Generation Industrial Revolution - Economic impact on Africa

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain economic impacts of the 1st Generation Industrial Revolution on Africa
- Analyse how industrialization led to resource extraction and exploitation
- Connect historical economic exploitation to current discussions on fair trade

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Use digital or print media to research on economic impacts of the 1st Generation of Industrial Revolution on Africa
- Discuss demand for raw materials, introduction of cash crops and disruption of traditional economies
- Present findings in class

What were the economic impacts of the Industrial Revolution on Africa?

- Oxford Evolving World Bk 10 pg. 166
- Digital resources
- Reference books

- Written tests - Oral questions - Group presentations

Themes in World History and Citizenship

First Generation Industrial Revolution - Economic impact on Africa

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain economic impacts of the 1st Generation Industrial Revolution on Africa
- Analyse how industrialization led to resource extraction and exploitation
- Connect historical economic exploitation to current discussions on fair trade

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Use digital or print media to research on economic impacts of the 1st Generation of Industrial Revolution on Africa
- Discuss demand for raw materials, introduction of cash crops and disruption of traditional economies
- Present findings in class

What were the economic impacts of the Industrial Revolution on Africa?

- Oxford Evolving World Bk 10 pg. 166
- Digital resources
- Reference books

- Written tests - Oral questions - Group presentations

Themes in World History and Citizenship

First Generation Industrial Revolution - Social and political impact on Africa

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain social and political impacts of the 1st Generation Industrial Revolution on Africa
- Analyse effects such as forced labour, displacement and arbitrary borders
- Discuss how colonial borders continue to affect African nations today

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Watch a video clip or documentary on impacts of the 1st Generation of Industrial Revolution on Africa
- Discuss social impacts such as forced labour and slavery
- Analyse political impacts including colonization and arbitrary drawing of borders

What were the social and political impacts of the Industrial Revolution on Africa?

- Oxford Evolving World Bk 10 pg. 166
- Documentaries
- Digital resources

- Oral questions - Written assignments - Group discussions

Themes in World History and Citizenship

First Generation Industrial Revolution - Social and political impact on Africa

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain social and political impacts of the 1st Generation Industrial Revolution on Africa
- Analyse effects such as forced labour, displacement and arbitrary borders
- Discuss how colonial borders continue to affect African nations today

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Watch a video clip or documentary on impacts of the 1st Generation of Industrial Revolution on Africa
- Discuss social impacts such as forced labour and slavery
- Analyse political impacts including colonization and arbitrary drawing of borders

What were the social and political impacts of the Industrial Revolution on Africa?

- Oxford Evolving World Bk 10 pg. 166
- Documentaries
- Digital resources

- Oral questions - Written assignments - Group discussions

Themes in World History and Citizenship

First Generation Industrial Revolution - Measures to address impact on Africa

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify measures taken to address the impact of the 1st Generation Industrial Revolution on Africa
- Explain decolonization, economic reforms and environmental restoration efforts
- Discuss ongoing efforts to address historical injustices in local and national contexts

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Watch a video clip or documentary on measures taken to address the impact
- Discuss decolonization, economic policies, labour reforms and environmental initiatives
- Discuss in class the effectiveness of these measures

What measures have been taken to address the impact of the Industrial Revolution on Africa?

- Oxford Evolving World Bk 10 pg. 168
- Documentaries
- Charts

- Written tests - Oral questions - Group discussions

Themes in World History and Citizenship

First Generation Industrial Revolution - Recognizing African responses and resilience

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain how Africans responded to the impact of the Industrial Revolution
- Identify ongoing efforts towards sustainable development
- Compose songs or poems celebrating African resilience for school events

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Compose songs/poems/messages to elaborate on measures taken to address the impact of the 1st Generation Industrial Revolution on Africa
- Discuss African resilience and adaptability
- Recite poems during school events

How did Africans respond to the impact of the Industrial Revolution?

- Oxford Evolving World Bk 10 pg. 169
- Creative writing materials
- Performance space

- Creative performances - Peer assessment - Observation

Themes in World History and Citizenship

First Generation Industrial Revolution - Recognizing African responses and resilience

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain how Africans responded to the impact of the Industrial Revolution
- Identify ongoing efforts towards sustainable development
- Compose songs or poems celebrating African resilience for school events

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Compose songs/poems/messages to elaborate on measures taken to address the impact of the 1st Generation Industrial Revolution on Africa
- Discuss African resilience and adaptability
- Recite poems during school events

How did Africans respond to the impact of the Industrial Revolution?

- Oxford Evolving World Bk 10 pg. 169
- Creative writing materials
- Performance space

- Creative performances - Peer assessment - Observation

Themes in Contemporary History and Citizenship

National activities that promote peace in Kenya

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify national activities that promote peace in Kenya for harmonious living
- Explain how government initiatives and community programmes foster peace
- Participate in school peace clubs or community dialogue forums as practical peace-building activities

In groups, learners are guided to:

- Hold discussions to identify national activities that promote peace in Kenya
- Examine pictures showing peace-building activities
- Prepare summaries highlighting these activities and share with the class

What national activities help promote peace and unity in Kenya?

- Oxford Evolving World Bk 10 pg. 171
- Pictures of peace activities
- Digital devices
- Charts/posters

- Oral questions - Group discussions - Written summaries

Themes in Contemporary History and Citizenship

Ways in which the Constitution of Kenya, 2010 prevents conflicts between National and County Governments

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Examine ways in which the Constitution of Kenya, 2010 strives to prevent conflicts between National and County Governments
- Explain constitutional provisions for intergovernmental relations and dispute resolution
- Follow news on Senate mediation processes to understand how constitutional mechanisms work in practice

In groups, learners are guided to:

- Engage a resource person/watch a documentary on constitutional conflict prevention mechanisms
- Discuss Articles 189 and 190 on intergovernmental relations
- Write summary points on constitutional provisions

How does the Constitution of Kenya, 2010 help prevent conflicts between different levels of government?

- Oxford Evolving World Bk 10 pg. 173
- Constitution of Kenya, 2010
- Documentaries
- Resource persons

- Written tests - Oral questions - Observation

Themes in Contemporary History and Citizenship

Ways in which the Constitution prevents conflicts between organs of government and citizens
Incidences where the Constitution has been applied to foster peace and curb conflicts

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Analyse how the Constitution of Kenya, 2010 prevents conflicts between organs of government and citizens
- Explain constitutional provisions on Bill of Rights, public participation and accountability
- Exercise constitutional rights responsibly, such as peaceful assembly or public participation in county budget processes

In groups, learners are guided to:

- Examine pictures showing conflicts between government organs and citizens
- Discuss constitutional provisions that protect citizens' rights
- Complete tables showing conflicts and constitutional solutions

How does the Constitution protect citizens from conflicts with government organs?

- Oxford Evolving World Bk 10 pg. 175
- Constitution of Kenya, 2010
- Pictures
- Reference materials
- Oxford Evolving World Bk 10 pg. 177
- Case studies
- Charts/posters
- Digital resources

- Table completion - Oral questions - Written assignments

Themes in Contemporary History and Citizenship

Alternative Dispute Resolution mechanisms in peace-building

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain the role of Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) mechanisms in fostering peace
- Describe mediation, arbitration and community dialogues as conflict resolution tools
- Apply ADR techniques like mediation to resolve disagreements among classmates or family members

In groups, learners are guided to:

- Discuss ADR mechanisms such as mediation, arbitration and community dialogues
- Engage resource persons to explain ADR practices
- Research on how elders resolve disputes in communities

How can Alternative Dispute Resolution mechanisms help prevent conflicts from escalating?

- Oxford Evolving World Bk 10 pg. 178
- Resource persons
- Reference materials
- Digital devices

- Oral questions - Written tests - Group discussions

Themes in Contemporary History and Citizenship

Role playing situations showing how to uphold peace and curb conflicts

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Demonstrate desire to uphold peace and curb conflicts in Kenya
- Role play different situations on promoting peace in school and community
- Initiate or join peer mediation programmes in school to help resolve student conflicts peacefully

In groups, learners are guided to:

- Role play different situations showing how to uphold peace
- Discuss peace efforts in the community with family members
- Write key points on personal roles in peace-building

How can you personally contribute to promoting peace in your school and community?

- Oxford Evolving World Bk 10 pg. 179
- Role play materials
- Charts
- Reference materials

- Role play assessment - Observation - Reflective writing

Themes in Contemporary History and Citizenship

Major historical milestones in the history of communication and technology

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain the major historical milestones in the history of communication and technology
- Trace communication developments from prehistoric times to the digital age
- Compare communication tools used by grandparents with current smartphones and social media platforms

In groups, learners are guided to:

- Use digital or print resources to trace major milestones in communication history
- Identify means of communication from different eras
- Draw charts showing communication developments across periods

How has communication technology evolved from ancient times to the present?

- Oxford Evolving World Bk 10 pg. 180
- Pictures of communication tools
- Digital devices
- Charts

- Chart assessment - Oral questions - Written assignments

Themes in Contemporary History and Citizenship

Factors that led to evolution of communication and technology up to 20th century

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Analyse factors that led to evolution of communication and technology up to 20th century
- Explain how human needs, trade expansion and technological innovation drove communication development
- Observe how local businesses use technology for communication and relate this to historical patterns of trade-driven innovation

In groups, learners are guided to:

- Engage a resource person to discuss factors influencing communication evolution
- Complete charts showing factors and their influence
- Group factors into political, social, economic and technological categories

What factors drove the development of communication technology over time?

- Oxford Evolving World Bk 10 pg. 183
- Resource persons
- Charts
- Reference materials

- Chart completion - Oral questions - Group presentations

Themes in Contemporary History and Citizenship

Impact of evolution of communication and technology in developed nations

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Evaluate the impact of evolution of communication and technology in developed nations up to 20th century
- Analyse social, economic and political impacts using case studies
- Compare internet usage patterns in developed countries with Kenya's growing digital economy

In groups, learners are guided to:

- Read case studies on communication technology in developed nations (e.g., United Kingdom)
- Discuss how the internet changed life in developed countries
- Analyse positive and negative impacts

How did communication technology transform societies in developed nations?

- Oxford Evolving World Bk 10 pg. 184
- Case studies
- Digital devices
- Reference books

- Case study analysis - Written tests - Oral questions

Themes in Contemporary History and Citizenship

Impact of evolution of communication and technology in developing nations

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Evaluate the impact of evolution of communication and technology in developing nations up to 20th century
- Analyse how mobile phones and M-Pesa transformed Kenya's economy and society
- Use mobile money services like M-Pesa with awareness of how this innovation has transformed financial access in Kenya

In groups, learners are guided to:

- Read case studies on mobile phones and change in Kenya
- Compare communication technology impacts between developed and developing nations
- Discuss unique impacts on developing countries

How has communication technology uniquely impacted developing nations like Kenya?

- Oxford Evolving World Bk 10 pg. 185
- Case studies
- Digital devices
- Reference materials

- Comparative analysis - Oral presentations - Written assignments

Themes in Contemporary History and Citizenship

Challenges that faced the evolution of communication and technology

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify challenges that faced the evolution of communication and technology up to 20th century
- Classify challenges into social, legal, environmental, economic, ethical and political categories
- Recognize current digital challenges like misinformation and relate them to historical challenges of communication accuracy

In groups, learners are guided to:

- Study charts showing challenges facing communication evolution
- Discuss social, technological, legal, environmental, economic, ethical and political challenges
- Research other challenges using digital/print resources

What obstacles hindered the development of communication technology?

- Oxford Evolving World Bk 10 pg. 187
- Charts
- Digital devices
- Reference books

- Classification exercises - Oral questions - Written tests

Themes in Contemporary History and Citizenship

Challenges that faced the evolution of communication and technology

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify challenges that faced the evolution of communication and technology up to 20th century
- Classify challenges into social, legal, environmental, economic, ethical and political categories
- Recognize current digital challenges like misinformation and relate them to historical challenges of communication accuracy

In groups, learners are guided to:

- Study charts showing challenges facing communication evolution
- Discuss social, technological, legal, environmental, economic, ethical and political challenges
- Research other challenges using digital/print resources

What obstacles hindered the development of communication technology?

- Oxford Evolving World Bk 10 pg. 187
- Charts
- Digital devices
- Reference books

- Classification exercises - Oral questions - Written tests

Themes in Contemporary History and Citizenship

Solutions to challenges facing evolution of communication and technology

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Propose solutions to challenges that faced the evolution of communication and technology
- Explain how continuous innovation, policy development and expanded access addressed challenges
- Practice responsible digital citizenship by verifying information before sharing on social media

In groups, learners are guided to:

- Propose solutions for each challenge identified
- Use charts/posters to present solutions
- Design key messages on responsible use of communication technology

How can we address challenges facing communication technology development?

- Oxford Evolving World Bk 10 pg. 188
- Charts/posters
- Creative materials
- Digital devices

- Solution proposals - Poster assessment - Peer review

Themes in Contemporary History and Citizenship

Solutions to challenges facing evolution of communication and technology

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Propose solutions to challenges that faced the evolution of communication and technology
- Explain how continuous innovation, policy development and expanded access addressed challenges
- Practice responsible digital citizenship by verifying information before sharing on social media

In groups, learners are guided to:

- Propose solutions for each challenge identified
- Use charts/posters to present solutions
- Design key messages on responsible use of communication technology

How can we address challenges facing communication technology development?

- Oxford Evolving World Bk 10 pg. 188
- Charts/posters
- Creative materials
- Digital devices

- Solution proposals - Poster assessment - Peer review

Themes in Contemporary History and Citizenship

Promoting responsible digital citizenship

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Design messages on the impact of communication technology and responsible digital citizenship
- Explain behaviours expected of responsible digital citizens
- Apply digital etiquette in online interactions by respecting others' privacy and avoiding cyberbullying

In groups, learners are guided to:

- Make posters showing messages on responsible digital citizenship
- Display posters on school noticeboards
- Organize visits to factories/companies dealing with communication technology

How can we use digital technology responsibly and ethically?

- Oxford Evolving World Bk 10 pg. 189
- Poster-making materials
- Digital devices
- Reference materials

- Poster assessment - Observation - Oral presentations

Themes in Contemporary History and Citizenship

Factors that promote equity and non-discrimination in society

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Analyse factors that promote equity and non-discrimination in society
- Explain how legislation, education and inclusive policies foster fairness
- Advocate for inclusive practices in school by supporting classmates with different abilities or backgrounds

In groups, learners are guided to:

- Discuss the meaning of equity, non-discrimination and equality
- Examine posters and pictures showing equity practices
- Explain how various factors promote equity and non-discrimination

What factors help create a fair and inclusive society?

- Oxford Evolving World Bk 10 pg. 190
- Posters
- Pictures
- Digital devices

- Oral questions - Written summaries - Group discussions

Themes in Contemporary History and Citizenship

Factors that promote equity and non-discrimination in society

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Analyse factors that promote equity and non-discrimination in society
- Explain how legislation, education and inclusive policies foster fairness
- Advocate for inclusive practices in school by supporting classmates with different abilities or backgrounds

In groups, learners are guided to:

- Discuss the meaning of equity, non-discrimination and equality
- Examine posters and pictures showing equity practices
- Explain how various factors promote equity and non-discrimination

What factors help create a fair and inclusive society?

- Oxford Evolving World Bk 10 pg. 190
- Posters
- Pictures
- Digital devices

- Oral questions - Written summaries - Group discussions

Themes in Contemporary History and Citizenship

Historical injustices that promote inequality and discrimination

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify historical injustices in society that promote inequality and discrimination
- Explain how land dispossession, ethnic discrimination and colonial policies created lasting inequalities
- Understand the experiences of historically marginalized communities in Kenya through documentaries or guest speakers

In groups, learners are guided to:

- Read blog posts/articles on historical injustices
- Use print or digital resources to research on historical injustices
- Prepare reports on findings and share in class

How have historical injustices contributed to current inequalities in society?

- Oxford Evolving World Bk 10 pg. 192
- Blog posts/articles
- Digital devices
- Reference materials

- Report writing - Oral presentations - Written tests

Themes in Contemporary History and Citizenship

Historical injustices that promote inequality and discrimination

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify historical injustices in society that promote inequality and discrimination
- Explain how land dispossession, ethnic discrimination and colonial policies created lasting inequalities
- Understand the experiences of historically marginalized communities in Kenya through documentaries or guest speakers

In groups, learners are guided to:

- Read blog posts/articles on historical injustices
- Use print or digital resources to research on historical injustices
- Prepare reports on findings and share in class

How have historical injustices contributed to current inequalities in society?

- Oxford Evolving World Bk 10 pg. 192
- Blog posts/articles
- Digital devices
- Reference materials

- Report writing - Oral presentations - Written tests

Themes in Contemporary History and Citizenship

Measures that promote equity and non-discrimination in society

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Develop measures that promote equity and non-discrimination in society
- Explain affirmative action, inclusive policies and community engagement as tools for fairness
- Support initiatives in school that ensure equal participation of all students regardless of background or ability

In groups, learners are guided to:

- Read speech excerpts on measures promoting equity
- Discuss effectiveness of various measures
- Use flashcards/charts to develop measures promoting equity

What measures can be taken to promote fairness and equal opportunities for all?

- Oxford Evolving World Bk 10 pg. 194
- Speech excerpts
- Flashcards/charts
- Reference materials

- Measure development - Oral questions - Written assignments

Themes in Contemporary History and Citizenship

Measures that promote equity and non-discrimination in society

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Develop measures that promote equity and non-discrimination in society
- Explain affirmative action, inclusive policies and community engagement as tools for fairness
- Support initiatives in school that ensure equal participation of all students regardless of background or ability

In groups, learners are guided to:

- Read speech excerpts on measures promoting equity
- Discuss effectiveness of various measures
- Use flashcards/charts to develop measures promoting equity

What measures can be taken to promote fairness and equal opportunities for all?

- Oxford Evolving World Bk 10 pg. 194
- Speech excerpts
- Flashcards/charts
- Reference materials

- Measure development - Oral questions - Written assignments

Themes in Contemporary History and Citizenship

Government and institutional measures for equity and non-discrimination

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe measures put in place by the government to promote equity and non-discrimination
- Explain the role of institutions like NCIC, KNCHR and affirmative action programmes
- Report instances of discrimination to appropriate authorities like teachers or the National Cohesion and Integration Commission

In groups, learners are guided to:

- Research on government initiatives promoting equity
- Discuss the role of institutions in addressing discrimination
- Create awareness messages on government measures

What role does the government play in promoting equity and fighting discrimination?

- Oxford Evolving World Bk 10 pg. 195
- Government reports
- Digital devices
- Reference books

- Research assessment - Oral presentations - Written tests

Themes in Contemporary History and Citizenship

Participating in activities that curb inequality and discrimination

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Desire to promote equity and non-discrimination in society
- Participate in activities that curb inequality and discrimination
- Volunteer in community activities that support marginalized groups or promote inclusivity in the school environment

In groups, learners are guided to:

- Identify activities that curb inequity and discrimination
- Plan and participate in chosen activities
- Document experiences in journals and share with family

How can you actively participate in promoting equity and fighting discrimination?

- Oxford Evolving World Bk 10 pg. 196
- Journals
- Activity planning materials
- Reference materials

- Journal assessment - Participation observation - Reflective writing

Themes in Contemporary History and Citizenship

Participating in activities that curb inequality and discrimination

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Desire to promote equity and non-discrimination in society
- Participate in activities that curb inequality and discrimination
- Volunteer in community activities that support marginalized groups or promote inclusivity in the school environment

In groups, learners are guided to:

- Identify activities that curb inequity and discrimination
- Plan and participate in chosen activities
- Document experiences in journals and share with family

How can you actively participate in promoting equity and fighting discrimination?

- Oxford Evolving World Bk 10 pg. 196
- Journals
- Activity planning materials
- Reference materials

- Journal assessment - Participation observation - Reflective writing