Communication in Pre-Technical Studies

Plane Geometry - Instruments used in drawing
Plane Geometry - Layout of a drawing environment

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify drawing instruments and equipment
- Describe the uses of drawing instruments
- Show interest in using drawing instruments properly

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Identify tools and instruments used in drawing from pictures
- Discuss how instruments are used in drawing
- Search for information on drawing instruments using digital devices
- Draw some instruments on paper

How do drawing instruments help us make accurate drawings?

- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 18
- Drawing instruments (set squares, compasses, rulers)
- Digital devices
- Internet access
- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 20
- Drawing sheets
- Pencils and straight edges
- Sample drawings showing layout

- Observation - Oral questions - Practical demonstration

Communication in Pre-Technical Studies

Plane Geometry - Constructing combined shapes
Plane Geometry - Use of plane geometry in drawing
Dimensioning - Types of dimensioning in drawing
Dimensioning - Linear and angular dimensioning
Dimensioning - Radial dimensioning and lines used for dimensioning

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify shapes used to create combined shapes
- Sketch combined shapes
- Demonstrate interest in constructing combined shapes

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Search for information on drawing rectangles, triangles, circles, and squares
- Study combined shapes and identify component shapes
- Discuss how to construct combined shapes
- Sketch combined shapes on paper

How can we combine different shapes to create complex figures?

- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 23
- Drawing books
- Geometrical sets
- Compasses and rulers
- Digital resources
- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 26
- Drawing equipment
- Digital devices
- Internet access
- Career brochures
- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 27
- Charts showing dimensioned drawings
- Sample technical drawings
- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 28
- Drawing instruments
- Sample dimensioned drawings
- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 30
- Rulers and compasses
- Charts showing line types

- Observation - Written assignments - Portfolio assessment

Communication in Pre-Technical Studies

Dimensioning - Rules for dimensioning straight lines
Dimensioning - Rules for dimensioning circles and curves
Dimensioning - Forms of dimensioning (chain, parallel, combined)

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain rules for dimensioning straight lines
- Apply correct dimensioning rules
- Show precision in dimensioning work

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Study dimensioned drawings and identify dimensioning rules
- Discuss placement of dimension lines and text
- Search for dimensioning standards using digital devices
- Practice applying dimensioning rules on sample drawings

What rules must we follow when dimensioning technical drawings?

- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 32
- Drawing equipment
- Digital devices
- Reference books on technical drawing
- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 34
- Drawing instruments
- Compasses
- Sample drawings with circles
- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 36
- Charts showing dimensioning forms
- Drawing books
- Digital resources

- Written tests - Practical work - Observation

Communication in Pre-Technical Studies

Dimensioning - Dimensioning shapes in drawings
Plain Scale Drawing - Features of a plain scale
Plain Scale Drawing - Understanding plain scale components

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Measure dimensions of shapes accurately
- Dimension shapes correctly using appropriate techniques
- Display quality work in portfolio

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Measure dimensions of given combined shapes
- Draw shapes to measured dimensions
- Dimension each drawing correctly following rules
- Display dimensioned drawings in portfolio for peer assessment

How do we dimension complex combined shapes?

- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 38
- Drawing equipment
- Rulers and measuring tools
- Drawing books
- Portfolio folders
- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 41
- Charts showing plain scales
- Digital devices
- Reference books
- Sample scale drawings
- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 43
- Drawing instruments
- Manila papers
- Markers
- Sample plain scales

- Practical work - Portfolio assessment - Peer assessment

Communication in Pre-Technical Studies

Plain Scale Drawing - Interpreting a plain scale
Plain Scale Drawing - Drawing figures to a given scale

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Read measurements from main scale
- Read measurements from sub-scale
- Calculate total distance from plain scale readings

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Study plain scale showing distance between two points
- Practice reading main scale (part A)
- Practice reading sub-scale (part B)
- Calculate total distance by adding readings from both parts

How do we determine actual distances from a plain scale?

- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 44
- Plain scale examples
- Rulers
- Practice worksheets
- Digital devices
- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 46
- Drawing books
- Calculators
- Practice exercises

- Written tests - Practical work - Oral questions

Communication in Pre-Technical Studies
Entrepreneurship

Plain Scale Drawing - Drawing plane figures to scale
Plain Scale Drawing - Uses of plain scale drawing
Bookkeeping - Meaning of assets, liabilities and capital

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Draw rectangular shapes to scale
- Calculate both length and width using R.F
- Demonstrate accuracy in scale drawing

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Practice drawing rectangular football field to scale
- Calculate drawing length and width separately
- Draw school playground to given scale
- Complete multiple scale drawing exercises

How do we draw rectangular areas to scale?

- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 47
- Drawing instruments
- Graph paper
- Calculators
- Reference materials
- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 50
- Maps and plans
- Digital devices
- Career brochures
- Community resources
- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 114
- Textbooks
- Internet access

- Practical work - Observation - Written tests

Entrepreneurship

Bookkeeping - Identifying assets
Bookkeeping - Understanding liabilities and capital
Bookkeeping - Meaning and importance of bookkeeping
Bookkeeping - Bookkeeping equation (Assets = Capital)
Bookkeeping - Bookkeeping equation (Assets = Capital + Liabilities)

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify assets in a business
- Explain how assets produce income
- Appreciate the importance of assets

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Study pictures showing various assets
- Identify assets shown in pictures (machinery, stock, vehicles)
- Discuss how each asset is used to produce income
- Share work with other groups

How do assets help a business generate income?

- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 115
- Pictures of assets
- Charts
- Real business examples
- Digital devices
- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 116
- Case study materials
- Business scenarios
- Reference books
- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 117
- Charts showing bookkeeping importance
- Sample business records
- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 118
- Calculators
- Practice worksheets
- Charts showing equation
- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 119
- Practice exercises
- Worksheets

- Practical work - Oral questions - Group discussions

Entrepreneurship

Bookkeeping - Expressing scenarios using bookkeeping equation
Bookkeeping - Business transactions (Cash and Credit)
Bookkeeping - Types of business transactions
Bookkeeping - Cost, price, profit and loss

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Express business scenarios using equation
- Apply equation to different situations
- Demonstrate understanding of equation components

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Study Mohamed's bookshop scenario
- Express bookkeeping equation for different situations
- Calculate values when business expands
- Work on scenarios involving loans
- Complete practice exercise table

How can we use the bookkeeping equation in real business situations?

- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 120
- Business scenarios
- Calculators
- Practice tables
- Worksheets
- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 121
- Case study materials
- Real transaction examples
- Charts
- Reference materials
- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 122
- School canteen examples
- Transaction scenarios
- Digital devices
- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 123
- Pictures of business transactions
- Practice scenarios

- Practical work - Written assignments - Portfolio assessment

Entrepreneurship

Bookkeeping - Statement of financial position
Bookkeeping - Preparing statement of financial position

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify components of statement of financial position
- Explain how to prepare the statement
- Appreciate importance of financial statements

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Discuss what shows financial position of business
- Identify components of statement
- Study example of Brian Mobile Phones
- Learn structure: Assets = Capital + Liabilities
- Discuss how both sides must balance

What is a statement of financial position?

- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 124
- Sample statements
- Charts
- Business examples
- Reference materials
- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 125
- Practice exercises
- Calculators
- Blank statement templates
- Business data

- Observation - Written tests - Oral questions

Entrepreneurship

Income and Budgeting - Sources of income for an individual
Income and Budgeting - Understanding income sources
Income and Budgeting - Importance of budgeting

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Define income
- Identify sources of income
- Appreciate diverse income sources

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Search for meaning of 'income for an individual'
- Read about Hadijah and Lemayian's sources of income
- Identify salary, royalties, dividends, business profits
- Study chart showing various income sources
- Discuss meaning of sources of income

Where can individuals get income from?

- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 136
- Charts showing income sources
- Digital devices
- Case study materials
- Reference books
- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 137
- Income source charts
- Real-life examples
- Digital resources
- Sample income statements
- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 138
- Budget examples
- Family scenario materials
- Reference materials

- Observation - Oral questions - Written tests

Entrepreneurship

Income and Budgeting - Benefits of budgeting
Income and Budgeting - Ways of spending money wisely

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- List benefits of budgeting
- Explain how budgeting helps in daily life
- Appreciate budget discipline

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Read case study about Maria's income
- Discuss how budgeting helps her
- Learn budgeting helps spend on important things
- Understand budgeting helps track spending
- Learn budgeting helps save money and avoid debt

How does budgeting improve our financial lives?

- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 139
- Case study materials
- Charts showing benefits
- Real-life examples
- Digital resources
- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 140
- Sample posters
- Manila papers
- Markers
- Digital devices
- Display materials

- Written tests - Oral presentations - Group discussions

Entrepreneurship

Income and Budgeting - Preparing a simple budget
Income and Budgeting - Ethical practices in budgeting
Income and Budgeting - Unethical practices to avoid

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Prepare a personal budget
- List income and expenses
- Include savings in budget

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Discuss what to consider when preparing budget
- Study Rehema's monthly budget example
- Identify income sources and expenses
- Calculate savings target
- Prepare simple budget for Shs 3,000 shopping money
- Present budget for feedback

How do we prepare a personal budget?

- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 141
- Sample budgets
- Budget templates
- Calculators
- Practice scenarios
- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 142
- Case study materials
- Charts
- Digital devices
- Reference materials
- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 143
- Charts showing practices
- Scenarios
- Discussion materials
- Reference books

- Practical work - Written assignments - Peer assessment

Entrepreneurship

Income and Budgeting - Importance of financial planning
Marketing of Goods and Services - Meaning of market and marketing

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain financial planning
- Describe importance of financial planning
- Practice financial goal setting

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Read story about Edwin buying bicycle
- Discuss how financial planning helped Edwin
- Discuss importance of financial planning
- Learn financial planning helps achieve goals
- Understand planning helps manage income effectively

Why is financial planning important in income management?

- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 144
- Case study materials
- Financial planning examples
- Digital devices
- Charts
- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 147
- Scenarios
- Reference materials

- Observation - Oral questions - Written reports

Entrepreneurship

Marketing of Goods and Services - Understanding marketing process
Marketing of Goods and Services - Importance of marketing

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain advertising
- Describe selling process
- Understand product delivery

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Learn marketing includes advertising, selling, delivery
- Discuss advertising through TV, radio, internet
- Understand selling as exchange for money
- Learn about delivery of products to customers
- Study examples of each marketing activity

What activities are involved in marketing?

- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 148
- Marketing examples
- Pictures of advertisements
- Digital resources
- Sample marketing materials
- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 149
- Pictures and posters
- Flashcards
- Digital devices

- Written tests - Oral presentations - Group discussions

Entrepreneurship

Marketing of Goods and Services - Sources of market information
Marketing of Goods and Services - Analyzing market information sources
Marketing of Goods and Services - Factors in selecting markets

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify sources of market information
- Explain how to gather market information
- Value research in marketing

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Read newspaper article about Rita's business
- Identify potential customers from article
- Discuss sources of information about market
- Learn about newspapers, magazines, radio, TV
- Understand surveys and social media as sources

Where can businesses find information about their market?

- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 150
- Newspaper articles
- Digital devices
- Sample surveys
- Social media examples
- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 151
- Internet access
- Textbooks
- Sample market research
- Notebooks
- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 152
- Case study materials
- Charts showing factors
- Business examples

- Written tests - Practical work - Oral presentations

Entrepreneurship

Marketing of Goods and Services - ICT tools for marketing
Marketing of Goods and Services - Recognizing suitable markets

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify ICT applications for marketing
- Explain how each tool is used
- Select appropriate marketing tools

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Search for ICT applications used in marketing
- Learn about Facebook ads and YouTube advertising
- Study LinkedIn and Instagram for marketing
- Understand TikTok marketing
- Discuss choosing tools based on target customers

What ICT tools can be used to market goods and services?

- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 153
- Digital devices
- Internet access
- Social media examples
- Marketing case studies
- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 154
- Product samples
- Market analysis charts
- Digital resources
- Case studies

- Practical work - Written assignments - Portfolio assessment

Entrepreneurship

Distribution of Goods and Services - Meaning and role of intermediaries
Distribution of Goods and Services - Roles of wholesalers and retailers
Distribution of Goods and Services - Channels for distributing goods

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Define channels of distribution
- Identify intermediaries
- Explain role of intermediaries

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Think about how soft drinks move from manufacturer
- Discuss meaning of channels of distribution
- Learn who intermediaries are
- Study pictures showing soda distribution
- Identify roles of wholesalers and retailers

What are channels of distribution?

- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 156
- Pictures of distribution
- Charts
- Product examples
- Digital devices
- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 157
- Charts showing roles
- Case study materials
- Reference books
- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 158
- Distribution charts
- Video clips
- Business examples

- Observation - Oral questions - Written tests

Entrepreneurship

Distribution of Goods and Services - Preparing distribution charts
Distribution of Goods and Services - Case study on distribution
Distribution of Goods and Services - Ethics in distribution
Distribution of Goods and Services - Importance of distribution in community

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Prepare charts showing distribution channels
- Illustrate product distribution
- Demonstrate understanding of channels

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Read about Chui Cement, Bahati Dairies, Faulu Flour
- Identify distribution channels for each business
- Prepare charts showing channels
- Illustrate how products move to consumers
- Present charts to class

How do different businesses distribute their products?

- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 159
- Manila papers
- Markers
- Business case studies
- Chart examples
- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 160
- Case study materials
- Charts
- Product samples
- Digital resources
- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 161
- Debate guidelines
- Ethics diagrams
- Case studies
- Reference materials
- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 162
- Community examples
- Digital devices

- Chart assessment - Practical work - Oral presentations